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As you gear up to study mathematics, you are probably wondering,
What will I learn this year? There are three focal points this year:

Use basic principles of algebra to analyze and represent

proportional and nonproportional linear relationships,

Apply operations with rational numbers, and

Use probability and statistics to make predictions.

Along the way, youll learn more about problem solving, how to use
the tools and language of mathematics, and how to THINK
mathematically.
Start Smart 1
Digital Vision/Getty Images
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Real -Worl d Probl em
Solving Tuning musical
instruments is a science that
also involves mathematics.
All music is caused by
vibrations. The number of
vibrations per second is
called the frequency. There
is a pattern in the
frequencies: the frequency
of any note is 1.059 times
the frequency of the note
that is one-half step lower.
There are many problem-solving strategies in mathematics. One of the most
common is to look for a pattern. To use this strategy, analyze the first few
numbers in a pattern and identify a rule that is used to go from the first
number in the pattern to the second, and then to the third, and so on. Then
use the rule to extend the pattern and find a solution.
E-MAIL Ramon got an E-mail from his friend Angela. After 10 minutes,
he forwarded it to 2 of his friends. After 10 more minutes, those 2
friends forwarded it to 2 more friends. If the message was forwarded
like this every 10 minutes, how many people received Angelas E-mail
message after 40 minutes?
1
EXPLORE What are you trying to find? Restate the problem in your
own words. Use as few words as possible.
You need to find the total number of people who received
the E-mail.
What other information do you need? Do you think youll
need any additional information such as a formula or a
measurement conversion?
You do not need any additional information.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern
2 2 Start Smart
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
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2 PLAN Orgaize the data in a table. Look for a
pattern in the data. Then extend the
pattern.
3 SOLVE 1, 2, 4, , ,
2 2 2 2
To continue the pattern, multiply each
term by 2.
4 2 = 8 8 2 = 16
So, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 or 31 people got the message.
4
CHECK In the 40
th
minute, 16 people received the E-mail. Half as
many received it each time before that. So, it is reasonable that
the total will be less than 16 2 or 32.
Practice
Solve each problem by looking for a pattern.
1. List the first five common multiples of 3, 4, and 6. Write an expression to
describe all common multiples of 3, 4, and 6.
2. Two workers can make two chairs in two days. How many chairs can
8 workers working at the same rate make in 20 days?
3. Courtney travels south on her bicycle riding
8 miles per hour. One hour later, her friend
Horacio starts riding his bicycle from the
same location. If he travels south at 10 miles
per hour, how long will it take him to catch
Courtney?
4. What is the perimeter of the twelfth figure?
Figure 1
Perimeter 6
Figure 2
Perimeter 8
Figure 3
Perimeter 10
5. A ball bounces back 0.6 of its height on
every bounce. If a ball is dropped from 200
feet, how high does it bounce on the fifth
bounce? Round to the nearest tenth.
6. A forest fire spread to 41 acres in 10 hours.
Each hour the fire spreads to four more
acres than the previous hour. How many
acres were consumed during each hour of
the fire?
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Time
(min)
People
Receiving
Message
0 1
10 2
20 4
30
40
Problem-Solving Strategy: Look for a Pattern 3
John Evans
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One strategy for solving problems is to make a table or list. A table allows
you to organize information in an understandable way. When you make a list,
use an organized approach so you do not leave out important items.
A fruit machine accepts dollars, and each piece of fruit costs 65 cents.
If the machine gives only nickels, dimes, and quarters, what
combinations of those coins are possible as change for a dollar?
The machine will give back $1.00 - $0.65 or 35 cents in change in a
combination of nickels, dimes, and quarters.
Make a table showing different combinations of nickels, dimes, and
quarters that total 35 cents. Organize the table by starting with the
combinations that include the most quarters.
quarters dimes nickels
1 1 0
1 0 2
0 3 1
0 2 3
0 1 5
0 0 7
The total for each combination of the coins is 35 cents. There are
6 combinations possible.
Practice
Solve each problem by making a table or list.
1. How many ways can you make change for a half-dollar using only nickels,
dimes, and quarters?
2. A number cube has faces numbered 1 to 6. If a red and a blue cube are
tossed and the faces landing up are added, how many ways can you roll a
sum less than 8?
3. A penny, a nickel, a dime, and a quarter are in a purse. How many
amounts of money are possible if you grab two coins at random?
4. The three counters at the right are used for
a board game. If the counters are tossed,
how many ways can at least one counter
with Side A turn up?
5. How many ways can you receive change for a
quarter if at least one coin is a dime?
6. Jorge had 55 football cards. He traded 8 cards for 5 from Elise. He traded 6
more for 4 from Leon and 5 for 3 from Bret. Finally, he traded 12 cards for
9 from Ginger. How many cards does Jorge have now?
Problem-Solving Strategy: Make a Table or List
Counters Side 1 Side 2
Counter 1 A B
Counter 2 A C
Counter 3 B C
4 4 Start Smart
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In most problems, a set of conditions or facts is given and an end result must
be found. However, some problems start with the result and ask for
something that happened earlier. The strategy of working backward can be
used to solve problems like this. To use this strategy, start with the end result
and undo each step.
Kendrick spent half of the money he had this morning on lunch.
After lunch, he loaned his friend a dollar. Now he has $1.50. How
much money did Kendrick start with?
Start with the end result, $1.50, and work backward to find the amount
Kendrick started with.
Kendrick now has $1.50. $1.50
Undo the $1 he loaned to his friend. +1.00
$2.50
Undo the half he spent for lunch. 2
$5.00
The amount Kendrick started with was $5.00.
CHECK Kendrick started with $5.00. If he spent half of that, or
$2.50, on lunch and loaned his friend $1.00, he would
have $1.50 left. This matches the amount stated in the
problem, so the solution is correct.
Practice
Solve each problem by working backward.
1. Tia used half of her allowance to buy a ticket to the class play. Then she
spent $1.75 for an ice cream cone. Now she has $2.25 left. How much is her
allowance?
2. Lawanda put $15 of her paycheck in savings. Then she spent one-half of
what was left on clothes. She paid $24 for a concert ticket and later spent
one-half of what was then left on a book. When she got home, she had $14
left. What was the amount of Lawandas paycheck?
3. A certain number is multiplied by 3, and then 5 is added to the result. The
final answer is 41. What is the number?
4. Mr. and Mrs. Delgado each own an equal number of shares of a stock.
Mr. Delgado sells one-third of his shares for $2700. What was the total
value of Mr. and Mrs. Delgados stock before the sale?
5. A certain bacteria doubles its population every 12 hours. After 3 full days,
there are 1600 bacteria in a culture. How many bacteria were there at the
beginning of the first day?
6. To catch a 7:30 A.M. bus, Don needs 30 minutes to get dressed, 30 minutes
for breakfast, and 15 minutes to walk to the bus stop. What time should he
wake up?
Problem-Solving Strategy: Work Backward
Add $1.00 to undo
giving his friend $1.00.
Multiply by 2 to
undo spending half
the original amount.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Work Backward 5
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Problem-Solving Strategy: Guess and Check
To solve some problems, you can make a reasonable guess and then check it
in the problem. You can then use the results to improve your guess until you
find the solution. This strategy is called guess and check.
The product of two consecutive even integers is 1088. What are the
integers?
The product is close to 1000.
Make a guess. Lets try 24 and 26. 24 26 = 624
Adjust the guess upward.
Try 30 and 32. 30 32 = 960
Adjust the guess upward again.
Try 34 and 36. 34 36 = 1224
Try between 30 and 34.
Try 32 and 34. 32 34 = 1088
The integers are 32 and 34.
Practice
Use the guess-and-check strategy to solve each problem.
1. The product of two consecutive odd integers is 783. What are the integers?
2. Brianne is three times as old as Camila. Four years from now she will be
just two times as old as Camila. How old are Brianne and Camila now?
3. Rafael is burning a CD for Selma. The CD will hold 35 minutes of music.
Which songs should he select from the list to record the maximum time on
the CD without going over?
Song A B C D E F G H I J
Time
5 min
4 s
9 min
10 s
4 min
12 s
3 min
9 s
3 min
44 s
4 min
30 s
5 min
0 s
7 min
21 s
4 min
33 s
5 min
58 s
4. Each hand in the human body has 27 bones. There are 6 more bones in the
fingers than in the wrist. There are 3 fewer bones in the palm than in the
wrist. How many bones are in each part of the hand?
5. The Science Club sold candy bars and soft pretzels to raise money for an
animal shelter. They raised a total of $62.75. They made 25 profit on each
candy bar and 30 profit on each pretzel sold. How many of each did they
sell?
6. Odell has the same number of quarters, dimes, and nickels. In all he has $4
in change. How many of each coin does he have?
7. Anita sold tickets to the school musical. She had 12 bills worth $175 for the
tickets she sold. If all the money was in $5 bills, $10 bills, and $20 bills,
how many of each bill did she have?
This product is
too low.
This product is
still too low.
This product is
too high.
This is the
correct product.
6 6 Start Smart
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One of the strategies you can use to solve a problem is to solve a simpler
problem. To use this strategy, first solve a simpler or more familiar case of
the problem. Then use the same concepts and relationships to solve the
original problem.
Find the sum of the numbers 1 through 500.
Consider a simpler problem. Find the sum of the numbers 1 through 10.
Notice that you can group the addends into partial sums as shown below.
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55
11
11
11
11
11
The sum is 5 11 or 55.
Use the same concepts to find the sum of the numbers 1 through 500.
1 + 2 + 3 + + 499 + 500 = 250 501
= 125,250
Practice
Solve each problem by first solving a simpler problem.
1. Find the sum of the numbers 1 through 1000.
2. Find the number of squares of any size in the
game board shown at the right.
3. How many links are needed to join 30 pieces of
chain into one long chain?
4. Three people can pick six baskets of apples in one
hour. How many baskets of apples can 12 people
pick in one-half hour?
5. A shirt shop has 112 orders for T-shirt designs.
Three designers can make 12 shirts in 2 hours. How many designers are
needed to complete the orders in 8 hours?
6. Stamps for postcards cost $0.24, and stamps for first-class letters cost $0.39.
Diego wants to send postcards and letters to 10 friends. If he has $3.15 for
stamps, how many postcards and how many letters can he send?
Problem-Solving Strategy: Solve a
Simpler Problem
Each partial sum is 11, the sum
of the first and last numbers.
Multiply half the number of
addends, 250, by the sum of
the first and last numbers, 501.
The number of sums is 5, or
half the number of addends.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Solve a Simpler Problem 7
0001-0021_Ch0_873819.indd 7 3/28/06 2:02:47 PM
Problem-Solving Strategy: Draw a Diagram
Another strategy for solving problems is to draw a diagram. There will be
times when a sketch or diagram will give you a better picture of how to tackle
a mathematics problem. Adding details like units, labels, and numbers to the
drawing or sketch can help you make decisions on how to solve the problem.
Imani is trying to determine the number of 9-inch tiles needed to
cover her patio. The rectangular patio measures 8-feet by 10-feet.
What is the minimum number of 9-inch tiles Imani should purchase?
First, draw a diagram of the situation. Express the measurement of the
patio in inches.
If each tile is 9 inches square, the minimum
number of tiles for the width of the patio is
96 9 10.7 or 11 tiles.
The minimum number of tiles for the length of
the patio is 120 9 13.3 or 14 tiles.
So, the minimum number of tiles Imani needs to cover the patio is
11 14 or 154 tiles.
Practice
Solve each problem by drawing a diagram.
1. The area of a rectangular flower bed is 48 square feet. If the sides are
whole number dimensions, how many combinations of lengths and
widths are possible for the flower bed? List them.
2. Kevin was hired to paint a mural on a wall that measures 15 feet by
20 feet. Starting from the center of the wall, he will paint a square that
measures 3 feet. The dimensions of the next square will be 1.5 times
greater than and centered on the previous square. How many squares can
Kevin paint on the wall?
3. A 500-gallon bathtub is being filled with water. Eighty gallons of water are
in the bathtub after 4 minutes. How long will it take to fill the bathtub?
4. It takes 42 minutes to cut a 2-inch by 4-inch piece of wood into 7 equally-
sized pieces. How long will it take to cut a similar 2-by-4 into 4 equally-
sized pieces?
5. Find the number of line segments that can be drawn between any two
vertices of an octagon.
6. How many different teams of 3 players can be chosen from 8 players?
1O lt12O in.
8 ltOG in.
Fatio
8 8 Start Smart
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There are problem situations where acting the problem out will provide you
with a visual image and provide direction for solving the problem. To act it
out, you could use real people, models of the real objects, or manipulatives
like tiles and cubes, which will help you visualize the problem and make
decisions about how to proceed with solving the problem.
A quiz has 5 multiple-choice items each with choices A, B, C, and D.
Is spinning a spinner with 4 equal sections to decide the answers a
good strategy for taking the quiz?
First, make a spinner with 4 equal sections and use it
to act out taking the quiz. Each section represents one
of the choices A, B, C, and D for each question.
Suppose the correct answers to the quiz are D, D, B,
C, and A. Do 5 trials.
Answers D D B C A
Number
Correct
Trial 1 D A D B C 1
Trial 2 C B C A B 0
Trial 3 B C D A A 1
Trial 4 B D A C B 2
Trial 5 D A B A D 2
The experiment only produces 1 or 2 correct answers. So, spinning a
spinner is not a good strategy to use to answer a multiple-choice quiz
with 4 choices.
Practice
Solve each problem by acting the problem out.
1. A test has 10 true-false questions. Is tossing a coin to decide the answers a
good strategy for taking the test? Explain.
2. A pizza parlor has thin crust and deep dish, 2 different cheeses, and
4 toppings. How many different one-cheese and one-topping pizzas can
be ordered?
3. A field hockey conference has four teams. In how many ways can first,
second, and third place be awarded at the end of the season?
4. Waban makes 2 out of every 3 free throws he attempts. How many would
you expect him to make in his next 25 attempts?
5. A gumball machine has an equal number of red, yellow, and orange
gumballs. If it costs $0.25 per gumball, how much would you have to
spend to get at least one gumball of each color?
Problem-Solving Strategy: Act It Out


Problem-Solving Strategy: Act It Out 9
0001-0021_Ch0_873819.indd 9 3/28/06 2:02:54 PM

is used to enter
equations.
Press 2nd to access
the additional
functions listed
above each key.
The key is used
to find the second
power of a number
or expression.
( ) is used to
indicate a negative
or opposite value.
Press 2nd

[TABLE]
to display a table of
values for
equations entered
using the key.
Press CLEAR once
to clear an entry.
Press CLEAR twice
to clear the screen.
Use the operation
keys to add,
subtract, multiply
or divide.
Multiplication is
shown as * on the
screen and division
is displayed as /.
The ENTER key acts
like an equals
button to evaluate
an expression. It is
also used to select
menu items.
Press ON

to turn
on your calculator.
Press 2nd [OFF] to
turn off your
calculator.
This year, you may use an exciting tool to help you solve problemsa
graphing calculator. Graphing Calculator Labs have been included in
your textbook so you can use technology to explore concepts. These labs
use the TI-83 Plus or TI-84 Plus calculator. A graphing calculator does
more than just graph. You can also use it to calculate.
The Graphing Calculator
10 Start Smart 10
Matt Meadows
0001-0021_Ch0_873819.indd 10 3/28/06 2:02:57 PM
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Entering and Evaluating Expressions
Evaluate each expression.
a. -2[4(11 - 6)] + (-23)
KEYSTROKES: 2 4 11 6
( )
23

ENTER
b. 3(-4) + [(12 6) - 5(-8)]
KEYSTROKES: 3
( )
4 12

6 5
( )
8
ENTER
Evaluate each expression.
1. 8 + [7(12 4)] 2. 5[(5 + 14) - 2(7)] 3. [6(8 12)] 3
4. 5 + [(8 2) - 7] 5. 4[3(21 - 17) + 3] 6. 7[5 + (13 - 4) 3]
Evaluate each expression.
a. 5
2
2
3
KEYSTROKES: 5

2 3
ENTER
b. (-4)3 25
KEYSTROKES:
( )
4 3

2 5
ENTER
Evaluate each expression.
7. 3
8
8. 2 6
3
9. 4
3
2
7
10. 5
4
- 3
3
11. 3 2
5
4
5
12. 3 5
3
+ 4 2
5
EXAMPLE
Evaluate each expression.
a. - 625 + 5
KEYSTROKES:
( )

[ ]
625 5
ENTER
b.

6
2
+ 8
2

KEYSTROKES:
[ ]
6 8
ENTER
Evaluate each expression.
13.

144 + 26 14. 324 - 12 15. 225 + 6

16. 169 - 3 17. 32 + 7 18.

142 + 27
C00-07A-873818
C00-08A-873818
C00-09A-873818
Powers and Exponents EXAMPLE
Roots EXAMPLE
The Graphing Calculator 11
Solving problems is more than using paper and pencil. Follow the path
to choose the best method of computation.
Choose the Best Method of Computation
$10 25
$250
$19.99 2
is ABOUT $40
1.99 2.15
4.2785
&INISH
02/",%-
3/,6%$
Can do this
"in my head?
f so, use
Need an
exact answer?
f not, then
%34)-!4%
$3.99 2.15
$6.14
-%.4!,-!4(
0!0%2!.$0%.#),
Are the numbers
very large or are there
lots of calculations?
f so, use a
Are the calculations
simple? Use
3TART
Read the problem
carefully. Look for key
words and numbers.
#!,#5,!4/2
12 Start Smart 12
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Practice
Choose the best method of computation to solve each problem. Then solve.
1. Kimi paid $677.48, including tax, for a surfboard. She then decided to have
a protective spray applied to her board for $47.98. What was the total cost
of the surfboard and the spray?
2. An average-sized orca whale eats about 551 pounds of food a day. How
many pounds of food will an orca whale eat in one year?
For Exercises 3-5, use the information in
the table that shows the sales of Caf
Mochas coffee of the month.
3. How many more cups of this kind of
coffee did Caf Mocha sell in January
than in April?
4. If Caf Mocha charges $1.98 for each
cup of coffee, about how much money
did Caf Mocha earn in March?
5. In the month of May, Caf Mocha had to raise their prices for each cup
of coffee to $2.25. How much money did Caf Mocha earn in the month
of May?
6. The Student Council is making pizzas to sell at the football game on
Friday. Each pizza needs 2
1

_

4
cups of cheese. If the student council members
make 25 pizzas, how many cups of cheese will they need?
7. The length of Fun Centers go-kart track is 843 feet. If Nadia circled the
track 9 times, about how many feet did she travel?
8. Use the table below to find the total area of the Great Lakes.
Great Lakes
Great Lake Area (mi
2
)
Lake Superior 31,698
Lake Huron 23,011
Lake Michigan 22,316
Lake Erie 9,922
Lake Ontario 7,320
Source: worldatlas.com
9. Music Megastore was having a sale on blank CDs and DVDs. Ivan bought
a package of 300 blank CDs for $39 including tax. What is the individual
cost of each CD?
10. An art supply store sells 5 different sized canvases. The surface area of the
middle-size canvas is 3.5 times larger than the surface area of the extra-
small canvas. If the surface area of the extra-small canvas is 81 square
inches, what is the surface area of the middle-sized canvas?
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Coffee of the Month Sales
Month Number of Cups Sold
January 850
February 765
March 587
April 500
May 387
Choose the Best Method of Computation 13
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Why do I need my math book? Have you ever been in class and not
understood all of what was presented? Or, you understood everything in
class, but at home, got stuck on how to solve a couple of problems?
Maybe you just wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff?
These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your
math book can be used for besides homework problems!
Before you read, have a goal.
What information are you trying to find?
Why is this information important to you?
How will you use the information?
Have a plan when you read.
Read the Main IDEA at the beginning of the lesson.
Look over photos, tables, graphs, and opening activities.
Locate words highlighted in yellow and read their definitions.
Find Key Concept and Concept Summary boxes for a preview of
whats important.
Skim the example problems.
Keep a positive attitude.
Expect mathematics reading to take time.
It is normal to not understand some concepts the
first time.
If you dont understand something you read, it is
likely that others dont understand it either.
Reading Your Math Book
14 Start Smart
John Evans
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Regardless of how well you paid attention in class, by the time you arrive at
home, your notes may no longer make any sense and your homework seems
impossible. Its during these times that your book can be most useful.
Each lesson has example problems, solved step-by-step, so you can review
the days lesson material.
has extra examples at tx.pre-alg.com to coach you through solving those
difficult problems.
Each exercise set has
HOMEWORK
HELP
boxes that show you which examples
may help with your homework problems.
Answers to the odd-numbered problems are in the back of the book. Use
them to see if you are solving the problems correctly. If you have difficulty
on an even problem, do the odd problem next to it. That should give you a
hint about how to proceed with the even problem.
Doing Your Homework
Doing Your Homework 15
John Evans
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You may think there is no way to study for a math test! However, there are
ways to review before a test. Your book can help!
Review all of the new vocabulary words and be sure you understand their
definitions. These can be found on the first page of each lesson or
highlighted in yellow in the text.
Review the notes youve taken on your and write down any
questions that you still need answered.
Practice all of the concepts presented in the chapter by using the chapter
Study Guide and Review. It has additional problems for you to try as well
as more examples to help you understand. You can also take the Chapter
Practice Test.
Take the Self-check Quizzes at tx.pre-alg.com.
Studying for a Test
16 Start Smart
John Evans
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Use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are located
in each chapter.
1. What is the title of Chapter 1?
2. How can you tell what youll learn in Lesson 1-1?
3. What is the key concept presented in Lesson 1-2?
4. List the new vocabulary words that are presented in
Lesson 1-3.
5. In the margin of Lesson 1-3, there is a Vocabulary Link.
What can you learn from that feature?
6. How many examples are presented in Lesson 1-3?
7. What is the web address where you could find extra
examples?
8. Suppose youre doing your homework on page 38 and you
get stuck on Exercise 19. Where could you find help?
9. What is the title of the feature in Lesson 1-5 that tells you
how to read the symbol?
10. What is the title of the feature in Lesson 1-6 that tells you
about the units on the x- and y-axes?
11. Sometimes you may ask When am I ever going to use
this? Name a situation that uses the concepts from
Lesson 1-7.
12. There is a Real-World Career mentioned in Lesson 1-7.
What is it?
13. What is the web address that would allow you to take a
self-check quiz to be sure you understand the lesson?
14. On what pages will you find the Study Guide and Review
for Chapter 1?
15. Suppose you cant figure out how to do Exercise 35 in the
Study Guide on page 72. Where could you find help?
Lets Get Started
Scavenger Hunt 17
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