GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 REVIEWER - Supports & protects cells

- Maintenance of cell shape

Cell Theory Cytoplasm
Level of Organization: - Gel-like mixture
Cell --- Tissue --- Organ --- Organ System --- Organism - Provides turgor pressure to plant cells
--- Nucleus
- Directs synthesis of ribosomes and protein
Discovered The First Cell - Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
Robert Hooke (1653-1703) Nuclear Membrane
- Saw the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) - Surrounds nucleus
- 1665 publication micrographia - Made of two layers
Anton Vann Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - Openings allow material to enter and leave
- witness a live cell under a microscope nucleus
- describe the algae spirogyra Chromosomes
Nucleulus
Proponets of Cell Theory - Darkened area within the nucleus where
ribosomal sub-units are synthesized.
Matthias Schleiden Ribosomes
- discovered that all plants were made of cell - Make proteins
Theodore Schwann - Attached to ER, Nuclear Membrane & floating
throughout the Cytoplasm
- animals are made up of cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rudolf Virchow
- Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
- Omnis cellula e cellula (new cells arise from
existing cells) - Smooth type: no ribosomes
- Rough type: has ribosomes
Cell Golgi Bodies
- Basic unit of human lives. Makes up every - packaging plant’
living organisms - distributes proteins and lipids
- Smallest form of life Mitochondria
- 200 Cell Types - Produces energy through chemical reactions
- Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic carbohydrates
Lysosomes
Prokaryotes - Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
- pro- = “before”; -kary- = “nucleus”
- mostly single-celled /unicellular - Transports undigested material to cell
- lacks membraned membrane for removal
- bound organelle Centrosome
Eukaryotes - microtubule source/organizing center found
- most living organisms near the nuclei of animal cells
- eu- = “true” Peroxisomes
- has a membrane-bound nucleus and - break down fatty acids and amino acids
organelles - detoxifies the cells
Vacuoles
Cell Structures and Functions - Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion,
and waste removal for plant
Cell Organelle - The word “organelle” means “little - Contains water solution
organ,” and have specialized cellular functions - Help plants maintain shape
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane - Usually found in plant cells
- Separates cell from external environment - Contains green chlorophyll and where
- Double layer photosynthesis places
Cell Wall Cytoskeleton
- Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria - help maintainthe cell's shape
- secure some organelles
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 - allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within - Cell modifications found on the basal surface
the cell of the cell
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Hemidesomosome
- source of energy for use and storage at the - Anchoring junction on the basal surface of
cellular level. the cell
- Rivet-like links between the cytoskeleton and
Animal Cells VS Plant Cell extracellular matrix components
Animal cells has centrosome and lysosomes - Composed of Keratin, Integrins and
Plant cells has a cell wall, chloroplasts and other Cadherins
specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole Lateral Modifications
- Cell modifications found on the side surface of
All Cell Share Four Common Components the cell
Tight Junction
Plasma Membrane - an outer covering that separates - Act as barrier that prevent the movement of
the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment water
Cytoplasm - consisting of a jelly-like cytosol within the Adhering Junction
cell in which there are other cellular components - Very similar to the anchoring junction
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - the cell's genetic - Fasten cells to one another
material Gap Junction
Ribosomes - which synthesize proteins - known as communicating junctions
- Closable chanels that connect the cytoplasm of
Cell Modification adjoining animal cell

ANIMAL CELL – have a Centrosome and Lysosomes. For Plants: Plasmodesmata

PLANT CELL – have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other - are microscopic channels which traverse the cell
specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole. walls of plant cells and some algal cells
Their Common Component s:
- Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane and Transport Mechanisms
- Cytoplasm
- DNA Cell Membrane
- Ribosomes - Semi permeable membrane that facilitate the
movement of molecules
Cell Modification - Plasma Membrane
-are specialized or modifications reacquired by the cell - Control the entry and exit
after cell division that helps the cell in different bineficial
ways CELL MEMBRANE LIPIDS

Apical Modification Phospholipids

-found on the apical surface of the cell -Major components of cell membrane
Cilia and Flagella -allows certain molecules to diffuse across the
- Cillia are short hair-like structures membrane
- Flagella are long whiplike structures -lipid bilayer
- Formed by Microtubes Hydrophilic head (attracted to water)
Villi and Microvilli Hydrophobic tail (repelled by water)
- Are finger-like projections that arise from the
epithelial layer in some organs. Cholesterol
Pseudopods -Dispersed between the membrane of
- Temporary, irregular lobes formed by phospholipids
amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells -helps to keep cell membrane from becoming
Extra Cellular Matrix stiff
- Compound secreted by the cell on its apical Glycolipid
surface -Carbohydrated
- Glycoprotein is the main ingredient in animal -helps the cell to recognize other cells of the
cells body.
Glycoproteins
Basal Modifications

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 – have carbohydrate attached to them that helps Hypertonic Solution
cell to cell communications and molecule - Solution that contains more solutes (dissolved
transport across the membrane particles such as salt) than is found in normal
cells and blood.
Transport Proteins - Shrinking Out
Globular Protein – To transport molecules across cell Hypotonic Solution
membranes through facilitated diffusion. -Solution that contains less solutes (dissolved
Channel Protein – Only transport substances through particles such as salt) than is found in normal
membranes passively cells and blood.
Carrier Proteins – Can transport ions and molecules -Swelling/Burst In
either passively through facilitated diffusion, or via Isotonic Solution
secondary active transport. -Contains equal concentrations of impermeable
solutes on either side of the membrane and so
CHARACTERISTIC OF PLASMA MEMBRANE the cell neither swells nor shrinks. In and out
- Made up of two layers of phospholipids, the
hydrophobic tail and the hydrophilic head. Active Transport
- Regulate the entry and exit of the cell - Relies on the expense of energy (ATP)
- Forms stable barrier between two aqueous - Energy is needed to move against
compartment. concentration Gradient to maintain internal
- Has many proteins embedded in it. The protein condition
present in the plasma membrane acts as
pumps, channels, receptors, enzymes, or Primary Active transport - Intentional and uphill move
structural components. of transport and directly uses energy from ATP
Phosphorylation
TRANSPORT MECHANISM Secondary Active Transport - Aftermath of Primary AT
and molecule is transported due to the difference in
Types of Transport Mechanism energy from the phosphorylation of energy – does not
Passive Transport – Don’t need energy use energy directly
- Diffusion
- Osmosis Coupled/Co- transport
Active Transport – Requires energy - 1 protein shuttles two molecules in the same
- Bulk transport direction, referred as symporter
Counter-Transport
Passive Transport - A process that allows substances - 1 transporter moves two molecules in 2
to move across cell membranes without the use of different direction, referred as antiporter
energy.
Uniport - Movement of one molecule independent of the
Types of Passive Transport other molecules
Simple Diffusion - The movement of small, non-polar Symport - Movement of two molecules in the same
molecules (like oxygen) directly through the lipid bilayer direction through a protein channel
of the cell membrane. Antiport - Movement of two molecules in the opposite
Facilitated Diffusion - Involves the use of specific direction through a protein channel
proteins to help transport molecules that cannot directly
cross the membrane. Bulk Transport – The movement of macromolecules
- Ungated Channel - remains open such as proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the
- Gated Channel - opened or closed by the cell.
presence of stimulus
Channel Proteins - Provide a passageway for ions and TYPES OF BULK TRANSPORT
small molecules. Exocytosis -The process of actively transporting (e.g.,
Carrier Proteins - Bind to specific molecules and neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell by
change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. secreting them through an energy-dependent process.
Endocytosis - The process of actively transporting
Osmosis – The movement of water across the semi- molecules into the cells by engulfing it with its
permeable membrane. membrane.
Tonicity - movement of water due to the difference in
osmotic concentration 3 TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis – cellular eating
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Pinocytosis – cellular drinking "Discovered by Warren
Lewis in 1G2G"
Receptor-Mediated-Endocytosis – a form of
endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell
surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.