Android & Kotlin Study Material

1. Introduction to Android

1.1. IntroductiontoMobileApplicationDevelopment
Mobile OS are keep on introducing from Palm OS in 1996 to Windows pocket PC in
2000 then to Blackberry OS and Android. One of the most popular used mobile OS
now days are ANDROID. There are around 2.0 lack+ games, application and
widgets available on the market for Android users. Android is a powerful Operating
System supporting a large number of applications in Smart Phones. These
applications make life more comfortable and advanced for the users. Android is a
Linux-based operating system designed for mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablet computers. The Android is a light weight OS and can easily embedded
into different hardware devices like networking equipment, smart TV systems
including set top boxes and built in systems and various devices like as house hold
appliances and wrist watches.

1.2.What is Android

It is a platform that provides tools and technologies which can used to develop and
build mobile.
Applications. The Android platform is open and free software stack that includes an
operating system, middleware services and also key applications for use on mobile
devices.The Android environment uses the Linux operating system at its core.
Middleware Services makes it easier for software developers to perform
communication and input/output, so that developers can concentrate on the specific
purpose of their application without need of concentrating on input output resource
coding of device. Android provides a middleware layer including libraries that provide
services such as data storage, screen display, multimedia, and web browsing.
Because the middleware libraries are compiled to machine language, services
execute quickly.
Android also provides an application framework that developers integrate into their
applications for application development.

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1.3. Why Android?

1.4. Features
1) Open source framework, Android OS is open source and it is part of the Open
Handset Alliance, most of the leading handset manufacturers in the world have
Android phones.
2) Uses of tools are very simple.
3) Availability of Apps, majority of the apps in Google Play are free as compared to
the paid apps on iPhone. 4) Inbuilt support for the Flash.
5) Social networking integration like with Twitter, Facebook, ..etc
6)Integrated Applications & Features, Eg: Android allows an option to share, after
taking a photo with the Camera.
7) Free to customizes, we can customize widgets as our wish with new properties.
8) Better Notification System (comprises emails, updates from various widgets.)
9) Updated user interface design
10) It has a better App Market, to easily upload and download.
11) Different Resolutions for Different Screen Sizes.
12) System wide copy and paste functionalities.
13) Multi touch interfacing
14) Java Support so can develop Robust applications.
15) Multi language support
16) Multitask Support, i.e Android phone can run different applications
simultaneously, which obviously makes it easier to multitask and improves the
overall functionality of the phone.

What is Open Source Project ?

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Key features of Android

1. Storage: SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage

purposes.
2. Connectivity: Android supports connectivity technologies including
GSM/CDMA/ Blue tooth, Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G,..etc.
3. Messaging : SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging
4. Multiple language support : Android supports multiple languages
5. Web browser : The web browser available in Android is based on the open-
source WebKit layout engine
6. Java support : Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on
Dalvik, a specialized virtual
7. machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered
mobile devices with limited memory and CPU
8. Media support : Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats,
like WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF,BMP, 3GP or MP4 container
9. Streaming media support : HTTP Live Streaming is supported by RealPlayer
and others for Android
10. Additional hardware support : Android can use video/still cameras,
touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers,gyroscopes, barometers,
magnetometers, gaming Controllers, sensors.
11. Multi-touch : Android has native support for multi-touch
12. Bluetooth : Supports sending files, accessing the phone book, voice dialing
and sending contacts between phones.
13. Video calling : Skype 2.1 offers video calling in Android 2.3, including front
camera supporting
14. Multitasking : Multitasking of applications
15. Tethering : Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a
wireless/wired Wi-Fi
16. External storage : Most Android devices include MicroSD slot and can read
MicroSD cards formatted with FAT32, Ext3 or Ext4 file system.

1.5. History & Versions

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The code names of android ranges from A to M currently, such as Aestro, Blender,
Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich,
Jelly Bean, KitKat and Lollipop, Marshmallow, nougat, oreo, pie,Quince Tart,Red
Velvet Cake,Snow Cone,Tiramisu Upside Down Cake & Vanilla Ice Cream. Let's
understand the android history in a sequence.

What is API level?

versio SDK Version code Codename Cumulativ Year

n / API e
level
usage

Androi Leve VANILLA_ICE_CREAM Vanilla Ice — TBD

d 15 l 35 Cream 2
DEV

Androi Leve UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE Upside 12.6% 2023

d 14 l 34 Down Cake
2

▪ will need to be 34+ for new apps

targetSdk
and app updates by August 31, 2024.

Androi Leve TIRAMISU Tiramisu 2 41.4% 2022

d 13 l 33

▪ must be 33+ for new apps and

targetSdk
app updates since August 31, 2023.

Androi Leve S_V2 Snow Cone 58.5%

d 12 l 32 2
Androi
d 12L

Leve S 2021
l 31
Androi
d 12

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Androi Leve R Red Velvet 75.0% 2020

d 11 l 30 Cake 2

Androi Leve Q Quince Tart 84.0% 2019

d 10 l 29 2

Androi Leve P Pie 90.0% 2018

d9 l 28

Androi Leve O_MR1 Oreo 92.1% 2017

d8 l 27
Androi
d 8.1

Leve O 95.1%
l 26
Androi
d 8.0

Androi Leve N_MR1 Nougat 95.6% 2016

d7 l 25
Androi
d 7.1

Leve N 97.0%
l 24
Androi
d 7.0

Androi Leve M Marshmallo 98.4% 2015

d6 l 23 w

Androi Leve LOLLIPOP_MR1 Lollipop 99.2%

d5 l 22
Androi
d 5.1

Leve LOLLIPOP, L 99.5% 2014

l 21
Androi
d 5.0

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▪ Jetpack Compose requires a minSdk of 21

or higher.
▪ Google Play services v23.30.99+ (August
2023) drops support for API levels below
21.

Androi Leve KITKAT_WATCH KitKat 99.8%

d4 l 20
Androi
d 4.4W
3

Leve KITKAT 2013

l 19
Androi
d 4.4

▪ Jetpack/AndroidX libraries require a minSdk

of 19 or higher since October 2023.
▪ Google Play services v21.33.56+ (July
2021) drops support for API levels below
19.

Leve JELLY_BEAN_MR2 Jelly Bean 99.8%

l 18
Androi
d 4.3

Leve JELLY_BEAN_MR1 99.8% 2012

l 17
Androi
d 4.2

Leve JELLY_BEAN 99.8%

l 16
Androi
d 4.1

▪ Google Play services v14.8.39+

(December 2018) drops support for API
levels below 16.

Leve ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH_M 99.9% 2011

l 15 R1
Androi

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d 4.0.3
– 4.0.4
Ice Cream
Sandwich
Leve ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH
l 14
Androi
d 4.0.1
– 4.0.2

▪ Earlier Jetpack/AndroidX libraries

required a minSdk of 14 or higher.

Androi Leve HONEYCOMB_MR2 Honeycomb No data

d3 l 13
Androi
d 3.2

Leve HONEYCOMB_MR1
l 12
Androi
d 3.1

Leve HONEYCOMB
l 11
Androi
d 3.0

Androi Leve GINGERBREAD_MR1 Gingerbrea

d2 l 10 d
Androi
d 2.3.3
– 2.3.7

Leve GINGERBREAD 2010

l9
Androi
d 2.3.0
– 2.3.2

Leve FROYO Froyo

l8
Androi
d 2.2

Leve ECLAIR_MR1 Eclair

l7
Androi
d 2.1

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Leve ECLAIR_0_1 2009

l6
Androi
d 2.0.1

Leve ECLAIR
l5
Androi
d 2.0

Androi Leve DONUT Donut

d1 l4
Androi
d 1.6

Leve CUPCAKE Cupcake

l3
Androi
d 1.5

Leve BASE_1_1 Petit Four

l2
Androi
d 1.1

Leve BASE None 2008

l1
Androi
d 1.0

VERSIONS & VERSION WISE

FEATURES
Cupcake
This is first version as operating system and released on April 30, 2009.
Features

• In this version onscreen soft keyboard introduced with auto-

rotation option
• Supports both land and porttaint modes
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• Dictionary with custom words

• Copy and Paste feature added in the web browser.
• Introduced on screen widgets like analog clock, calendar,music
player,and search option etc.
Donut
This version released on September 15, 2009.
Fearures:

• Introduced quick search

• Virtual Private Network settings, user can add his/her vpn settings
in control panel.
• Voice search and Search box were added.
• Battery usage indicator introduced like for which application how
battry in consuming
• Faster OS boot times and fast web browsing experience.
• Google play store updates like catogiries in google play like
games,apps
• Getsures for storing, loading,volume controls.

Éclair
This version released on October 26, 2009.
Features

• This version Bluetooth 2.1

• Typing speed is Improved with virtual keyboard, with dictionary
option
• Introduced adding events in calendar also invite some one for your
event as well.
• From this version onwards only we can build dynamic applications.
• Suppoting zoom option in browser
• no Adobe flash media support.
Froyo
This version is realsed on Released on May 20, 2010.
Features

• It is Support Adobe Flash

• Multi touch event getures are introduced.
• From this version on words we can set mode like night/day mode
so that we can save some battery life.
• Device policy manager feature in updated like password & security
etc.
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• Data backup application is also introduced.

• Crash reporting to developer paly stotre account
• Hotspot also introduced.
• Improved Application launcher with better browser
• No internet calling.

Gingerbread
This version is released on December 6, 2010.
Features:

• User Interface is updated with high efficiency and speed

• Internet calling is introduced
• One touch word selection and copy/paste.
• Supports third party keyboards as well
• 3d motion sensors are updated
• Data encoding and decoding introduced
• Not supports multi-core processors.
Honeycomb
This version released on February 22, 2011.
Features:

• Its Supporing multi-core processors

• It is suitable for tablets with high reach user interface
• Action bar also introduced.
• http live streaming introdiced

IceCreamSandwich
This version released on November 14, 2011.
Features

• Home Screen folder and favorites grouping

• Introduced Virtual button in the UI.
• User can adjust the sizes of widgets
• With swipe user can clear browsers tabs, notifications, older tasks
• Screen shot sharing
• Android beam app for data sharing.

JellyBean
This version released on June 27, 2012.

• Autocomplete option for dial pad

• Smoother user interface is updated
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• Multi language support is introduced

• Location accuracy updated .

Kitkat:
This version released on Sep 30, 2013.
Features

• Battery management option introduced.

• “OK google” voice commonds improved.
• Cloud storage optionintroduced.
• Cloud printer introduced.
• Multi tasking introduced like Responds faster, touch is more
accurate so that multiple things can also be done at a time like
browsing the web, listening to music,

Lollipop
This version released on Oct 15, 2014.
Features

• From this version android is 64-bit system architecture

• From this version apps can support tv, watches and cars
• More security is introduced.
• You can create your rules in your device like settings quick menu
customization.
MarshMallow:
This version released on May 28, 2015.
Features

• Design and visual changes

• “Google now tap on” this the most and important feature in android
easy to search option in google
• “Ok Google” option on home screen.
• File explorer option for moving files from one location to other .
• Batter indicator on status bar
• Security: App level permissions

Nougat
This version released on June 30, 2016.
Features

• Battery Power Optimization:

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From android 7.0 onwords battery life is improved, when mobile is ideal
battery is aslo used in very very rare percentage.

• Better Notification Control:

some applications are regularly sending notifactions to users like

shoppingkart,banking for those notifications performance increased.
Easy to integrate using firebase notification.

• Data Saver

From this version onwards device wont consume more data for
background process. So our data could be safe.

• Arrange Quick Settings Menu :

Here we can customize quick settings menu which are using regularly.

• Enable Power Notifications:

If any unraed notifcations it wont consume data upto device unlock.

• Copy-Paste in a Jiffy in Split Screen :

Her we can split our screen into 2 parts of multi tasking that could be in
either horizontal or vertical.

• Change the Display Size:

Display sizes like font iamge sizes we can adjust.

• App Shortcuts :

We can create shortcuts for apps on main screen.

• Pin Apps to Share Menu:

Here its very easy to share app and content others.

• Enhanced File Explorer:

It should displays the explore of all files into based on format like size,
space etc.

• Mono Audio Playback :

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This is the good news for who are single music with single jack it can
support without disturbance.

• Emergency Info :

Even if phone is in locked also here can work emergency features like
Road block on GPS, battery low etc.

• View Shortcuts with a Physical Keyboard :

This are the key board shortcuts for tab users who are using physical
keyboards..

• Bonus Feature: Night Mode: brightness of the screen based on the

day & night automatically adjusted.

26 COOL NEW FEATURES &

CHANGES IN ANDROID 8.0
OREO
The latest version of Android is Oreo introduced in Aug 22 2017.
1. Redesigned Settings Menu
completely the setting menu is changed in android 8.0, that completely
we can customize that as per or requirement.
2. Revamped File Manager
File manager is completely updated with different folder like based on
the content and all.
3. Battery-Saving Background Restrictions
Based on battery percentage we can restrict some background apps
like whatsup,facebook, maps,GPS etc.
4. Snooze Individual Notifications
If we are busy we can snooze indivisual notifications to next 15 minutes.
After 15 mintues automatically notification can trigger as new notifaction.
5. Fingerprint Scanner Gestures
Up to know this feature we have for locking and unlocking for device only
that only few manufactires are introduced but now this we can get for
each and every app as well.
6. Turn on Wi-Fi Automatically
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Based on the mobile location automatically wifi turn and turn off facility
introduced, so automatically battery life is saved.
7. More Granular Storage Controls
By selecting the file it self we can find the how much space that file is
occupying and also OS is also occupying less memory compare to
previous versions.
8. Picture-in-Picture Mode
picture in picture mode is nothing but while am watching one videos if
am searching other video then older video should come to right of
bottom the with playing only so without disturbance we can check other.
9. Autofill Framework
Some our regularly activities like entring address and credit/devbit card
information those fileds automatically fills based on the previous data so
that here we can save the time .
10. Rescue Party
When a fatal bug comes through and your device starts crashing, the os
will trying to automatically fix the issue,that is Rescue Party, basically
it fixes when your phone repeatedly reboots, or when a app
continuously crashes.
11. Notification Channels
Normally when we no .of notifications latest one should top but here we
can gave priority so that always that notification on the top.
12. Adaptive Icons
Up to now in android we have only styles of icon like Square,circle,oval
are available but from this version on words we can customize icons.
13. Hi-Fi Bluetooth Codecs
Bluetooth has always lower audio quality when compared to a set of
wired headphones. So from this version google implroved Bluetooth
range with high frequency.
14 Tab Navigation
Up to only we have option to acces single tab in browsers but from 8.0
onwards we can manage multiple tabs in browsers like
Laptops/Desktops.
15. App Drawer Improvements
This is easy navigation to installed app once we enable this feature if
you touch any where on the screen it should open navigation from left
side with all apps as listview, so easily we can access those.
16. Wider Color Gamut in Apps
Upto 7.0 when we want to use any colors of Image, backbround & text
color only we have option RGB but from 8.0 onwards Render wide color
gamut content with using below code (extra palet option to select color).
android:colorMode=“wideColorGamut”
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17. Wi-Fi Aware

In lower versions if any open networks available simply it will display only
give some notification open network available but from android 8.0 on
words automatically it can connect.
18. Notification Badges on the Home Screen
This is for unread notifications it will display badgets for unread
notifications same as ios (icon it self will display count of unread
notification) this we can enabled or disabled from “Apps & Notifications”
menu in Settings.
19. No More ‘Unknown Sources’ Setting
In previous versions there is option in settings i.e “Unknown Resources”
that time if we check unkonown resources its accept any type of APK.
But from now it won’t accept APK from unknown resources only it can
accept from official stores only.
20. Battery Percentage Indicator Tweaks
Previously, we have small overlay to your battery indicator that shows
the current battery percentage. But now, in this version we have option
to display the percentage next to the battery indicator in your status bar.
21. Battery & Connection Indicators in Quick Settings
This is just a minor change, but when you pull down your notification
panel there is option to access your Quick Settings now you will see a
set of network and battery indicators on the top of the screen, next to the
Settings
22. Powered by Android’ on Boot Screen
In bottom of the screen while booting the device its showing one
message i.e. powered by Android its previously already available in pixel
& nexus.
23. Package Installer Progress Bar
When we installing any application in previous versions we used
progress Dialog but now progress dialog as deprecated so instead of the
now using progress Bar with animation.
24. Smart Text Selection
This feature isvery helpful to user when user copying some text from
message or some other location previously all text should be same but
from 8.0 if it contains URL that portion highlighted as a URL and other
properties like Bold, italic, color those should effect as it is when we
pasted in some other location.
25. Overlay Sticky Notification
Overlay is nothing but hightlighthing the necessary content. In Orieo
google added this feature for notifications but for this Android 8.0 require
permission from the user.
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26. New Emojis

Previolsy in android only we have rounded traditional emojis but
nowGoogle launched blob shaped smiles with gradient properties. Using
emojis we can express our fellings in lesser time while chatting with
others.

BEST 13 FEATURES OF
ANDROID 9.0 PIE
Gesture Navigation
In Previous versions Android has used a standard three-button
navigation bar at the bottom of the screen for ages. In Pie, you can drop
the standard Back, Home, and Recent buttons in favor of a new gesture-
based navigation system.
If want to try this feature, click on Settings > System > Gestures >
Swipe up on Home button. Your navigation bar will change right away.
Adaptive Battery and Brightness
Adaptive Battery is an expansion of the Doze feature introduced in
Android 6 Marshmallow. Doze put apps that you weren’t using into a
“deep sleep” to prevent them from wasting battery. Now, Adaptive
Battery goes further by learning about the apps and services you use
most often, then adjusting what you don’t use as much to use less
battery.
App Actions
Google’s launcher already recognizes the apps you’re most likely to use
based on the time of day. Now, App Actions let you quickly start tasks by
predicting what you want to do.
For example, you might see a shortcut to start Google Maps navigation
to work in the morning. At work, you might see an App Action to chat
with your coworker on Hangouts. And when you plug in headphones,
you’ll see an App Action for your most recent playlist.
Slices
Similar to App Actions, Slices let you jump right to certain actions in
apps. For instance, Google says that if you search for uber on your
phone, you’ll see a shortcut to hail a ride to work, complete with price
and ETA.
Improved Security Features

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The first is that this version of Android “restricts access to mic, camera,
and all SensorManager sensors from apps that are idle” according to
Google.
Second, a new lockdown mode fortifies your phone in emergency
situations. After enabling this at Settings > Security & location > Lock
screen preferences > Show lockdown option, you can tap Lockdown on
the Power menu. This instantly locks your phone, disables fingerprint
unlocking and Smart Lock, and hides notifications on your lock screen
Digital Wellbeing
The dashboard shows you how many notifications apps send you, how
much time you spend in apps, and how often you check your phone. You
can also set daily time limits to keep yourself from wasting hours in time-
sinking apps
New Accessibility Menu
A new menu in Android Pie makes it simple to access common functions
for users who need assistance.
Enable this menu at Settings > Accessibility > Accessibility Menu. Turn
on the Use service slider and confirm the prompt, and you’ll see a new
icon to the right of the navigation bar. Tap this anytime to bring up a
large menu with shortcuts to Volume, Recent apps, Quick Settings, and
more.
New Screenshot Shortcut
The default Power + Volume Down button combination for screenshots
is a little awkward. Thus, in Android Pie, you can take a shortcut from the
Power menu anytime.
What’s more, you can also tap the Edit command in the notification that
appears to make adjustments to your shot right away.
Easier Screen Rotation
Android automatically switches your screen orientation based on how it’s
situated. You can lock the orientation to portrait or landscape, but this
turns into a pain if you need to switch often.
In Pie, if you have Auto-Rotate turned off, you’ll see a new icon on the
right side of the navigation bar when you rotate your device to
landscape. Tap it to lock in landscape orientation, and it will stay even if
you turn back to portrait. Just tap the icon again to rotate back to portrait.
Volume and Sound Improvements
When you press a Volume button, you’ll notice the slider now appears
on the right side instead of the top. What’s more, pressing volume
buttons now changes the Media volume instead of the Ringer volume
like before. This simple volume tweak makes it easier to avoid opening a
YouTube video and accidentally playing it at full blast.

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Tap the Note icon to mute or unmute media audio. You can tap the icon
above this to toggle your Calls volume between Ring, Vibrate, and Mute.
You’ll need to select the Gear icon to open the Sound menu and make
detailed adjustments.
Selectable Dark Mode
Android Oreo included a dark mode, but the system automatically
decided whether to enable it based on your wallpaper. Now you can
choose for yourself at Settings > System > Display > Advanced > Device
theme
Easier Text Selection
If you copy and paste a lot, you’ll love a small change in Pie. Now when
you long-press to select text and grab the handles, a little magnifier lets
you see exactly what you’re selecting.
More Notification Information
If you want to see which apps are sending distracting notifications, head
to Settings > Apps & notifications > Notifications. In the Recently sent
section, you can see which apps have pinged you recently. Tap See all
from last 7 days to view more info.
Changing Most recent to Most frequent lets you find the worst offenders.
Android will also suggest that you disable notifications from apps you
swipe away frequently. Don’t forget about the notification channels
introduced in Oreo, either.

ANDROID 10 FEATURES
A dark mode
Dark mode can be activated by a quick setting or when you activate the
battery saver option. Android 10 features, having been requested for a
long time now. But the Mountain View company is also working with
third-party developers to implement dark modes in their apps.
Smart Reply for all messaging apps
Smart Reply is one of the better Google features out there, predicting
what you’re going to say in response to a message. It’s currently
available for Google apps, but it’s now coming to all messaging apps in
Android 10.
This means you can now get suggested responses in the likes of
WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger — a handy way to save time when
a short response will do. These suggestions are all made using on-
device machine learning, purportedly maintaining your privacy as the
relevant information isn’t sent to Google’s servers.
A better sharing menu

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Many Android enthusiasts have criticized the platform’s sharing

functionality for being slow and unintuitive. Fortunately, Google has
overhauled this menu in Android 10.
The new sharing menu is meant to be much faster than the legacy
menu, but it’s also supposed to do a better job of recommending
contacts and apps for sharing.
Focus Mode
One of the more prominent user-facing Android 10 features is the so-
called Focus Mode, an extension of the Digital Wellbeing suite. As the
name suggests, this mode will help you focus by graying out apps you
deem distracting and hiding their notifications.
Digital Wellbeing is also getting another feature thanks to integrated
parental controls. Google has already offered parental tools via the
Family Link app, but out-of-the-box support is welcome nonetheless.
Quicker access to settings
It’s already super easy to toggle Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other connectivity
options, but Google is making this process a little easier when you’re in
apps. Enter the settings panel.
This new popup window can be summoned by apps in certain situations.
Google gives the example of launching a browser when in airplane
mode. The browser can now tell users to activate Wi-Fi, then
automatically summon the settings panel.
A standard depth format
Android 10 also brings a new depth format, dubbed (surprise) the
Dynamic Depth Format, and it opens the door for depth-editing in loads
of third-party apps.
Starting in Android 10 “apps can request a Dynamic Depth image which
consists of a JPEG, XMP metadata related to depth related elements,
and a depth and confidence map embedded in the same file on devices
that advertise support,” reads an excerpt of the Android Developers
Blog. Google confirmed that Facebook is one such app making use of
depth data on the Pixel 4.
Google also confirmed that the new format will let third-party apps tweak
depth data to create “specialized blurs and bokeh options.” Hopefully,
third-party developers embrace this new, Google-pushed standard.
An improved Files app
Google’s previous Files app was a no-frills affair, and it didn’t even have
a shortcut in the app drawer. Fortunately, the Android 10 Files app is a
step above the previous version.
Not only does the new app have a shortcut, but it also offers a revised
UI, a universal search bar at the top, and quick access to other apps.
Overhauled permissions
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Android 10 also has plenty of privacy-related tweaks, with roles being

one of the biggest additions in this regard. With roles, the platform can
now automatically grant specific permissions to an app based on its use-
case. So a text messaging app would automatically gain the ability to
send/receive texts, as well as access to your contacts.
Another major change is a tweak affecting location permissions. Now,
users have the option to either grant location access in general to an
app, or only allowing access when the app is actively being used.
Wi-Fi sharing via QR codes
Xiaomi and Huawei smartphones have allowed users to share Wi-Fi
credentials via QR codes for a long time now. So we’re glad to see
Google adopt this trend with the new Android update.
The feature is easy to use, as you tap on your Wi-Fi connection, hit the
share button, then authenticate with your phone’s password or a
fingerprint. From here, you should see a QR code, and your friend can
scan this code to gain access. Again, it’s nothing new for third-party
brands, but we’re happy Google is catching up in this regard.
Gestures, app drawers play nicely
The early Android 10 previews introduced more comprehensive gesture
navigation, such as sliding your finger inwards from the screen edge to
go back. Unfortunately, this gesture didn’t work well in apps with
navigation drawers/menus. This meant users wanting to see these
overflow menus might accidentally activate the back gesture instead.
Fortunately, Android 10 has a so-called “peek” feature to solve the issue.
Now, users wanting to see an app’s navigation drawer/overflow menu
need to swipe in and hold for a second. Once you see the menu “peek”
out (see image above), you can continue the swipe gesture to fully
reveal it.
Google Assistant ‘handles’
The switch to gesture navigation means that you can no longer activate
the Google Assistant via the home button. You can however activate the
assistant via an inward swipe from the lower corners of your screen on
Android 10.
This activation method isn’t obvious though, so Google has added visual
cues in the form of Google Assistant “handles” in the corners (seen
above). Hopefully this subtle addition eases confusion about Assistant’s
activation in Android 10.
Hearing aids get streaming support
Google is also bringing another nifty accessibility feature to Android 10,
allowing users to stream music via Bluetooth to their hearing aids.

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According to Engadget, the feature uses the new Audio Streaming for
Hearing Aids protocol (ASHA) to stream music, calls, and other audio
from a Pixel phone.
The feature is reportedly compatible with the Pixel 3 and Pixel 3a series
for now, but Google is open-sourcing the platform. So hopefully we
quickly see more phones and hearing aids offering this truly useful
function.
Security updates via Play Store
Another major initiative coming to Android 10 is Project Mainline, an
effort by Google to deliver some security updates via the Play Store.
This significantly reduces the waiting time for security updates in theory,
as you don’t have to wait for your operator to approve the update.
Furthermore, it shouldn’t require a lengthy installation process, working
in a similar manner to app updates.
The only real downside to this solution is that some security
vulnerabilities can’t be patched in this fashion, necessitating a traditional
security update anyway. But it’s definitely a major step in the right
direction.
Qualcomm has also announced that phones equipped with its 2020
chipsets will let you update graphics drivers via the Play Store. It’s
believed that this is due to Project Mainline as well. This is definitely one
of the coolest Android 10 features if you have a supported phone.
Wet, overheating USB warnings
Android 10’s release has also seen XDA uncover evidence of new USB-
related functionality in the update. More specifically, the operating
system will now display a warning when your USB port is wet. Any
connected accessories will also be disabled until you either manually
enable them or until the phone detects that the port is no longer wet.
Furthermore, the latest Android update will also issue a warning if your
USB port is overheating. You’ll still need to unplug your phone from the
charger or USB cable of course, but the warning is welcomed
nonetheless.

ANDROID 11 FEATURES
Built-in screen recording
Android 11 brings a feature some custom Android forks already have –
built-in screen recording. This lets you use easily-accessible controls
within the phone to create a video of what’s on your screen, similar to
screenshots.
You can even record the sound of your phone, or use the mic to narrate
what you’re doing, so this should be a great feature for creating short-
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form video like TikToks, or for making tutorial videos to help less tech-
savvy relatives make the most of their smartphone.
Related to this, the Android 11 sharing functions have seen wider rollout
to apps, so you can easily copy and paste images, text and videos from
one app and send them straight to another.
New conversations tab
When you swipe down from the top in Android 10, you bring down your
notification bar – well, in android 11, that’s split into two sections,
consisting of your notifications, and your ‘conversations’.
These conversations are basically just chat notifications from chat apps
like WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and Twitter, so you know they’re
probably more worth paying attention to than the other notifications.
This way you can easily see if people need you, and reply straight away
too. You can also now pin conversations to ‘Bubbles’ – you might have
seen these for Facebook Messenger, where a floating icon appears
above other apps to show you that you have a message.
Now you can get messages from more apps to appear as bubbles, and
you can pin them there too so the chat is always easily-accessible.
A related improvement is that Gboard, the default Android keyboard, will
now auto-fill forms with relevant information, similar to what Chrome
currently does, which should save time if you’re frequently filling out your
information.
Smart home and media controls
The new Android 11 update brings loads of changes for people who use
loads of smart home devices.
From one easily-accessible menu (accessed by long-pressing the power
button) you can control all the IoT (Internet of Things) devices you have
connected to your phone, as well as NFC bank cards.
Talking of home, there’s a new Bedtime Mode in the phone which you
can set to run during the night, which turns on Do Not Disturb and makes
the phone screen black-and-white to protect your vision.
There are new media controls too. It’s now easier to make music play
from other devices connected to your phone, like Bluetooth speakers or
other gadgets.
Plus, Android Auto now works wirelessly on your car, saving you from
having to fiddle with wires to get it working. And on the topic of transport,
now when you turn on Airplane mode, any headphones connected via
Bluetooth will stay connected, so you won’t have to reconnect them.
Improved accessibility
Google has improved its Voice Access mode in Android 11, although
there isn’t too much information on what’s changed.

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Apparently, the hands-free mode is now ‘faster and easier to use’ – a

bigger change is that the mode now works offline, so you don’t need to
always be connected to use it. These changes should hopefully make
Android 11 a lot more accessible, letting people stay connected
regardless of disability.
A cool new mode is the braille keyboard, so you can write braille
messages without needing to buy separate software.
Finally, the Lookout app now lets you scan documents and food labels,
so people with limited vision can still ‘read’ documents and see what’s in
their food
Improved prediction tools
Android 11 will seemingly reduce the work you need to do on your
phone, by predicting your habits and patterns.
One such example of this is smart folders, so you can let Android 11
automatically sort your apps into folders of similar apps, like games or
productivity tools.
App suggestions is also tweaked to suggest apps based on your routine
– for example, if you always log onto your Fitbit app first thing in the
morning to examine your sleep habits, the phone will now automatically
pop that app into the Home screen in the morning so it’s easily
accessible.
Finally, apparently the Smart Reply feature already usable in Android
phones has received some tweaks. This mode suggests some automatic
responses when you receive a message, letting you reply with one tap (if
any of the responses are appropriate) but it’s not clear what’s new here.
Security and privacy
Android 11 also brings some changes to app permissions. Now, you can
grant an app permission to, say, your camera or location, on a one-off
basis, instead of the existing options of ‘all the time’ and ‘only while using
the app’.
In addition, your phone will automatically revoke permissions for apps if
you haven’t used them in a while, so an app won’t track your location if
you forget you have it downloaded, for example.
Other useful features
There are a few new Android 11 features which don’t fit into the above
categories.
One of these is better 5G detection, so if you’re using a 5G phone
Android 11 apps will recognize this more easily, and run faster as a
result.
On the topic of improved innovative software, Android 11 will now detect
hinge angles on foldable phones, so apps can better run when your
foldable phone isn’t flat.
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Picture-in-picture mode is a useful way of watching videos while you do

other things, and now it’s easier to change the size of the window so you
can better fit whatever else you’re doing.
There’s a new ‘Nearby Share’ mode which lets you easily send
information and data to nearby devices like your tablet, Chromebook or
computer using Chrome, so you can easily send a document from your
phone to your PC, for example.
Finally, you can now see older notifications in settings, in case you
accidentally swiped one away or ignored it for too long.
Android 11 Easter egg
The last part of our Android 11 guide will explore the Easter egg – new
versions of Android always have one of these, and this one was
discovered by users almost as soon as the beta rolled out.
This Easter egg is very similar to the one in Android 7, in that it gives you
a pet cat to look after. If that sounds weird, it is, but it’s pretty fun too. If
you want to find out more for yourself, follow our guide below on how to
enable the Android 11 Easter Egg.
Firstly, head into the Settings app, then click About Phone, then Android
Version, then repeatedly click where it says ‘Android Version: 11’. If you
do this right, the Android 11 logo should pop up, which is a green dial.
Turn this dial clockwise from its default position to 11. This won’t work
straight away, you need to turn it around a good few times – if you can’t
go beyond 10, turn the dial back to 1, and then turn it back to 11 again.
Some users report this working after three tries, but if it still doesn’t work
then keep trying. When it works, a tiny cat will pop up on the bottom of
the screen.
Now you can head over to the smart home control menu detailed above
– if you skipped over that section, you can find the menu by long-
pressing the power button on the side of your phone.
Here you can find options to interact with the cat, but if you’ve already
mapped controls to this menu, the options won’t be visible – instead, try
to add new controls, then click ‘See Other Apps’ to find the cat tools.
You can re-name your cat, and over time more cats might turn up too.

ANDROID 12 FEATURES
Wallpaper-based Dynamic Theming
The ‘monet’ dynamic theming engine is one of the highlights of Android
12 and what makes Material You so special. The engine will pull the
colors from the wallpaper applied and use them throughout the UI and
system accents for theming purposes. What makes the experience even

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better is that the colors are also applied to apps that have been updated
to support the theming engine.
The dynamic theming engine in Android 12 will make sure you never get
bored of the UI. A simple wallpaper change will be enough to give
everything a fresh coat of paint.
Game Dashboard
A Pixel-exclusive Android 12 feature for now, Game Dashboard aims to
improve your gaming experience by overlaying some important tools and
information, like the ability to record your gameplay, streaming your
gaming session on YouTube, or displaying a live FPS counter so that
you can get an idea of how your phone is performing.
You can also select from one of the three different gaming profiles —
Performance, Standard, and Battery Saver — depending on your
requirements. However, this particular feature will only work with games
that have been updated to take advantage of the new APIs in Android 12
One-handed mode
Taking a cue from third-party Android skins, Google has added a native
one-handed mode in Android 12. As the name indicates, the feature
makes it easy to use your phone with one hand — a boon for devices
with large displays and gargantuan size like the Pixel 6 Pro.
On your device, head over to Settings > System> Gestures. Tap on
One-Handed mode and enable the toggle. Now, you can enable one-
handed mode by simply swiping down from the bottom edge of the
display. Do note that this feature only works when you are using gesture
navigation on your device.
Quick Tap
Taking a cue from the Back Tap gesture in iOS 14, Google has
introduced a new Quick Tap feature in Android 12. With a simple double-
tap on the back of your phone, you can launch an app of your choice,
control media playback, take a screenshot, show recent apps, and
trigger Google Assistant.
The Quick Tap gesture is tucked under Settings > System > Gestures in
Android 12. Now, depending on your preference, select an action that
you want to assign to Quick Tap.
Direct share in the Recents overview menu
The quick image sharing feature from the Recents overview menu has
been further improved in Android 12. Now when you simply drag-and-
drop images from Instagram, a web page in Chrome, or other similar
apps, a list of your recommended contacts will show up at the bottom for
quick and easy sharing. This makes the entire process of sharing
content from the Recents overview more streamlined and convenient.
Privacy Dashboard
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Google is once again stepping up its efforts in the privacy department

with the Privacy dashboard, which will give you an overview of which
apps have accessed your location data, camera, microphone, and other
such permissions over the last 24 hours. You get a complete breakdown,
right down to the minute when an app uses a particular permission.
If you are paranoid about the installed apps on your device silently
tracking you or listening to your conversations, you can use the Privacy
dashboard to figure out if that’s true or not. Privacy dashboard can be
accessed from Settings > Privacy > Privacy dashboard.
Dim the screen
If you find your phone’s screen brightness a bit too bright even at the
lowest setting possible, there’s a new Extra Dim option in Android 12
that further dims the screen. This is great for anyone who tends to stare
at their phone’s display in a dark room, as the extra-low brightness will
help reduce the strain on their eyes.
You can find the option tucked under Settings > Accessibility > Extra
dim. Alternatively, there’s a Quick Settings tile for it as well.
Conversation widget
Google gave widgets a major revamp in Android 12 and added a handy
Conversation widget to go along with it. The widget will help you access
your most frequent conversations in just a tap, irrespective of the app
you use.
Below is how you can add a Conversation widget to your home screen:

1. Long-press on an empty area of your home screen. From the

menu that pops up, select Widgets .
2. Scroll down and select Conversation, followed by the Conversation
widget.
3. You can resize the widget as per your liking. Now, select a recent
conversation that you’d like to show in the widget. You can then
quickly access the conversation by simply tapping on it.

Scrolling screenshots
This is a feature that Google has taken ages to bring to its flavor of
Android. Gone are the days when just taking a screenshot would suffice
— users now frequently need to screenshot long lists. With scrolling
screenshots, you’ll no longer have to take multiple screenshots to
capture a long list. Instead, take a screenshot and from the toolbar tip
that pops up at the bottom, tap Capture more. Remember that this option
will only show up in lists or where it is actually possible to take a long
screenshot.

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One advantage of Google’s implementation is that it lets you decide the

starting and ending of the screenshot, so you can capture exactly the
part you want.

ANDROID 13 FEATURES
Android 13 Released on January 2022, Android 13 has not been
released yet.
However, Android versions typically come with various improvements,
new features, and enhancements to performance and security. Some
common areas of improvement in Android updates include:

1. User Interface (UI) Changes: Android updates often bring changes

to the user interface, introducing new design elements, animations,
and visual improvements.
2. Performance Enhancements: Each new Android version aims to
improve overall system performance, making devices run more
smoothly and efficiently.
3. Security Updates: Android updates address security vulnerabilities
and enhance the overall security of the operating system. This
includes improvements to the security framework, encryption, and
protection against malware.
4. Battery Optimization: Android updates may include optimizations
to improve battery life and efficiency, allowing devices to last
longer on a single charge.
5. New Features and APIs: New Android versions introduce
additional features and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
that developers can use to enhance their apps.
6. Privacy Controls: Android updates often include new privacy
features and controls to give users more control over their data
and app permissions.
7. Connectivity Improvements: Updates may bring enhancements to
connectivity features, including improvements to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
and mobile data.
8. System-Wide Dark Mode: Recent Android versions have included
a system-wide dark mode, providing users with a darker color
scheme for improved visibility and reduced eye strain in low-light
conditions.

ANDROID 14 FEATURES
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Android 14 Released on Nov 2023.

Features:
Native Webcam Support

In general, laptop webcams aren’t very clear — they usually offer just
okay quality, like 720p or even less. We’ve all faced this problem. There
may be a cool solution in Android 14 for those looking for a better
webcam. With this solution, you can use your Android phone as a 1080p
camera for your computer.
Consider this scenario: you plug your phone into your computer, and a
menu appears. In that menu, you could choose “webcam,” and your
phone’s camera would become your computer’s camera. Currently, this
feature isn’t part of the system, not even hidden away in a secret setting.
If Google gives it the green light, it might appear in Android 14. You
might be able to get a fancier camera setup down the road without
spending more money.
Enhance lock screen

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With Android 14, you can customize your phone in a variety of ways.
One big thing how your lock screen appears. Your clock can look
different and even what apps appear at the bottom corners can be
customized.
If all goes well for Google, these changes will be included in the official
Android 14 release next month. Just a heads-up, the clock styles they
showed at I/O weren’t great. We hope the final versions will be more fun
and less boring.
Satellite connectivity

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Your phone might soon be able to connect to satellites with Android 14!
As a result, you can send important messages even without cellular or
WiFi service. Apple did this with their iPhone 14 series last year.
According to a tweet from TeamPixel, Android 14 will support satellite
connections for sending messages. Additionally, Google Pixel and
Samsung Galaxy phone owners may be the first to test it. For this
satellite thing to work, your phone needs special hardware. It depends
on other Android phone makers whether they add this later.
Imagine yourself in a place where there is no cell signal or WiFi. Texts
can still be sent if your phone supports satellite technology. There’s
something magical about it when you’re out in the wilderness!
Charging Pill

With the latest update for Android 14 Beta, a new feature is added. A
pretty animated pill will appear on your screen when you connect your
device to charge. This discovery was made by Mishaal, and
interestingly, the Android Beta Twitter account accidentally spilled the
beans on it.
Tapping the pill has no special function, but it’s a visually appealing
addition to Material You.
When you charge your device, it’s like a little bit of fun, adding a touch of
excitement.
Drag drop feature(Gesture support enhance)

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There was a cool trick in iOS 15 that let you move text and pictures
around. Guess what? The Android 14 operating system will be able to do
the same thing. Actually, it’s already there if you’re using the Android 14
Beta 3 version, and it works really well.
Here’s the deal: pick some text, hold it down, and move it. Then, use
your other hand to switch to another app where you want to put the text,
and let go. There it is, the text appears like magic. As soon as Android
14 is released, you’ll be able to do the same thing with pictures as well
Cool, right?
Flash notifications

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I really like the Notification Flashes feature. That’s great for people who
frequently check their phones in noisy places where hearing notifications
is difficult, or for those with hearing challenges.
To get it working, just head to your phone’s Settings, then go to Display,
and find Flash notifications. From there, you can flip the switch for
Camera Flash and/or Screen Flash.
There’s an extra cool thing you can do with Screen Flashes. You don’t
have to stick with one color. Nope, you can choose from a variety of
colors. Moreover, you can see how each color will look before making a
decision. Check out how the color flashes, then decide if it’s right for you.
Trying on different outfits before you pick the right one is like trying on
clothes before you buy them!
Device Manufacturing Date

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In Android 14, by this feature allows you to easily find out the year your
phone was produced. All you need to do is navigate to Settings > About
Phone > Model. Once you’re there, you’ll spot the Manufactured year
displayed alongside details like Hardware version, Serial number, and
model.
Now, you might not think this information is super crucial, but it can be
surprisingly handy, especially when you’re considering purchasing a pre-
owned or refurbished device that doesn’t come with its original retail
packaging. Knowing the year of manufacture can give you a better idea
of the phone’s age and possibly its condition.
So, while it may not be something you use every day, it’s a small yet
useful addition for those times when you’re exploring options for buying
a second-hand device.
Extreme Battery Saver option

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In the Android 14 Beta 3 version, they’ve introduced a clever little feature

that could potentially stretch your Android phone’s battery life when
you’ve got the Battery Saver mode turned on. Activating the Battery
Saver is easy — just head over to Settings, tap on Battery, then locate
and flip the switch for Battery Saver.
As soon as you enable this mode, the first thing you’ll notice is that your
phone switches to Dark mode.
This switch helps conserve battery power. But that’s not all! The feature
also takes some extra steps to manage your phone’s energy
consumption. It might slow down or even pause a few apps that are
running in the background, which in turn reduces the drain on your
battery.
It’s like giving your phone a little extra boost to keep it running longer
when you’re in a pinch. So, remember, when you’re looking to extend
your battery life on Android 14 Beta 3, turning on Battery Saver could be
a smart move.
Fast Pair option

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In Android 14, there’s this really cool thing called “Fast Pair.” It’s like a
special button hidden in the Connection settings. What’s it do? Well, it
makes connecting your Bluetooth stuff (like headphones or speakers) to
your Android phone super easy. No more dealing with tricky steps to
make them talk to each other.
With Fast Pair, you just tap a bit, and boom! Your Bluetooth stuff is
friends with your Android. Imagine it like a magical shortcut for making
gadgets work together.
So, when you want to use your cool wireless stuff, you don’t need to be
a tech wizard. It’s all about making things faster and simpler, so you can
enjoy your devices without the hassle. That’s Android 14 being awesome
for you!
Grant partial access to photos and videos

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basically, this feature allows you to set additional filters for specific apps
that request gallery access. Many social networking apps currently ask
for permission to access our galleries, giving them the ability to retrieve
all our mobile device images.
In Android 14, you can establish extra filters between these apps. For
instance, let’s say I’ve organized multiple albums or folders within my
gallery, each containing different types of images, such as social life
photos and personal documents. Prior to Android 14, there was no
option to exclusively share only my social life images with these apps.
However, in Android 14, I can now apply this filter specifically for these
applications. This way, I can safeguard my other images from being
accessed by these apps. It’s a welcomed privacy enhancement that
grants users more control over their image sharing.
Background Install Control (bloatware remover)

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By this option you able to know and delete bloatware they can run on a
background without your knowledge. basically by this feature you can
track apps that are installed in the background. Any apps that are silently
downloaded in the background are listed in this menu.
You can then look through the menu to delete apps you don’t want.it
would be a lot easier to find and get rid of any bloatware weighing down
your device.
Regional preference on calendar and number

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Basically, it allows users to configure system-wide preferences for

temperature units, calendar formats, first days of the week, and number
systems.
As a result of this setting, apps will no longer need to ask for or make
assumptions about your preferences. In Android 14, Google is
expanding this concept to even more areas.
The new “regional preferences” feature in Android 14 allows users to
select their preferred units for temperature, calendar, first day of the
week, and number system for each location. When you toggle a hidden
developer option in Settings > System > Languages & input, you will find
it under “Regional preferences”.
Different Application languages preferences

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Using this option, you can run an app according to your language
preference. Globally, many users want to use specific apps in their
preferred language without changing the system’s language.
In Android 14, you have more application options, so you can set
different apps to different languages according to your preference.
Android 13 already supported this to some extent, but in Android 14, you
have more application options to select from.
Enhances Health paring apps

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With Health Connect, you can get all the important health and fitness
information from different apps in one convenient location. It’s like a
central organizer for your health information. If you have a Samsung
health app, a Fitbit app, or a Peloton fitness device, the Health Connect
app can pull data from all of them.
Your app store currently offers the Health Connect app for download.
This allows you to easily access and manage your health data from
different sources. However, there’s exciting news! Google has just
announced that starting with the release of Android 14 beta 2, Health
Connect will be included as a built-in feature of the Android operating
system.
This means that when you get a new device or update your existing
Android device to Android 14 or later, you’ll automatically have the
Health Connect app pre-installed. You won’t need it.
Furthermore, the built-in integration of Health Connect means that you’ll
also receive updates seamlessly. These updates will happen
automatically as part of the regular Android system updates, ensuring
that you always have the latest features and improvements for managing
your health data without any extra effort on your part.
This streamlined experience makes it easier for users to stay on top of
their health and fitness information, all while enjoying the benefits of a
hassle-free setup and continuous updates.
I believe these 14 features are unique and good, so please let me know
if you have any others apart from these 14 features. I’ve gathered
information from a number of websites and researched. Please leave a

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comment if you notice anything that does not seem right or if you have
any thoughts to share. It’s really important for me to hear your thoughts!

ARCHITECTURE
Architectute is nothing but physical structural plan or block diagram of
some view.
Android is Linux based software stack , it is open source for lot of
devices. For developers they are giving full acces to Frame work API
acces to develop core level applications, because of that only
manufactrers are customizing their own features.
The following diagram is shows rhe components of android.

Android architecture has total 6 layers.

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SYSTEM APPS
The top most layer is system APPS. Normally normal devices will come
with Contacts, Messages, Browsers, calenders etc.. so here user can
install any number of applications which they are using, some third party
applications may be we can set as default apps like browers,
Messengars and keyboards
These all very helpful to for because if developer is developing his own
applications he can those functionalities for example if we developemnet
any application related to SMS just developer invoke the services then
next portion of the service like sending sms & sms status will be done
android system only
JAVA API FRAMEWORK
The Android OS complete feature set is avaible for devlopers in the form
of APIs those APIs are written by Java language. This are very helpful
to developers to simplify their app development, even developer can use
cor part of architecture alos to build apps like components and services
which are included in API framework. The following are few of the APIs

• View System:

View System is for building of user interface in android like textview,

button, grid, list, image,vidoes etc. here using XML/Java we can build UI
is very very rich, simple & attractive.

• Content Providers:
Content providers is nothing but we can access the data from other
applications like while sending the message we are accessing contacts
data & in now days all social media applicatiosn we are accessing the
contacts, gallery etc.
Managers:
These are also API but non coding portion providing layouts, images,
strings, colors, default styles etc.

• Resource
Resource manager provides acces to resources for our developemnet
such as Strings, Images, nimations, graphics, colors, vidoes etc.

• Notification
Notification Manger will help enable the custom notification in status bar.
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• Activity

Activity Manager as very very important API in android it is only

controlling the navigation of each screen in our apps using lifecycle
methods.

• Location

This Api could help to acces the geo location,navigation using Services
of Android Architecture.

• Package

Each package contains multiple java classes and it can control all the
functionalities of those classes.

• Telephony

It can communicate with networks like mobile data, wifi, hotspot &
sharing data etc.

• Window
It can handle the multiple windows in our device. For example
symultantously while listing the songs chatting with some one so its
handling two two different windows at a time like same some windows
cache memory & browser windows etc.

1. Native C/C++ Libraries

Many of the android componnts and servicew are build from native code
those android runtime & Hardware abstraction layers because native
libraries wriiten in C & C++.

• Webkit
It can support all type of browsers.

• Open Max AL

It should create run time environment.

• Libc

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Lot of componets are developed by C & C++ so it always requied

support of Libc.

• Meida framework

Android apps can support all type of media like jpg, png, mp3, mp4 etc.

• Open GLES

It can support 2D & 3D graphics

1. Android Run Time

2. Android Runtime (ART)

From android 5.0 and above version of android with its own process and
its own instance of Android Runtime. ART is designed for low memory
device by excuting the DEX (byte code) files to run on virtual
devices,and bytecode is designed special optimized for low memory
devices.
ART features

• Optimized garbage collection (GC)

• Just In Time complier (JIT)
• Ahead of Time (AOT)
• Better debugging support
• Supporting Crash reports

Note:
Previosly Lower version (less than 5.0) is run in Dalvik virtual machine,
now as well as it can run in ART also, then it can run DVM as well, but
vicevera is not possible.

• Core Librariries

Android application also includes a set of core libraries that provide most
of the runtime functionality of the Java programming language, and it
includes android 8.0 features as well

1. Android Abstraction Layer(HAL)

The android hardware abstraction layer provides User interfaces that

expose hardware capabilities of device with higher version of Java. It
can lot of hard ware components, suac as Audio, Bluetooth, Camera,
sensors. When access device hardware through a framework
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API Android system loads the library module for that hardware
component.

1. Linux Kernel

Linux kernel is hardware layer. For example, the ART relies on the Linux
kernel for functionalities such as threading and low-level memory
management. Linux kernel allows Android to take advantage of key
features like develop hardware drivers for a well-known kernel such as
Audio, Keypad, Shraed memory, Usb, Bluetooth, Binder(IPC)Display,
Camera, Wifi, Power Management etc.

INSTALLATION OF ANDROID
STUDIO
For Android development with Kotlin you need download Android Studio

latest from the Android Studio page.

Android Studio provides a complete IDE, including an advanced code

editor and app templates. It also contains tools for development,

debugging, testing, and performance that make it faster and easier to

develop apps. You can use Android Studio to test your apps with a large

range of preconfigured emulators, or on your own mobile device. You

can also build production apps and publish apps on the Google Play

store.
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Android Studio is available for computers running Windows or Linux, and

for Macs running macOS. The OpenJDK (Java Development Kit) is

bundled with Android Studio.

The installation is similar for all platforms. Any differences are noted

below.

1. Navigate to the Android Studio download page and follow the

instructions to download and install Android Studio.
2. Accept the default configurations for all steps, and ensure that all
components are selected for installation.
3. After the install is complete, the setup wizard downloads and
installs additional components, including the Android SDK. Be
patient, because this process might take some time, depending on
your internet speed.
4. When the installation completes, Android Studio starts, and you
are ready to create your first project.

CREATING PROJECT IN ANDROID STUDIO

• Open Android Studio: Launch the Android Studio IDE on your
computer.
• Start a New Project: On the welcome screen, click on "Start a new
Android Studio project," or if you have an open project, you can go
to File > New > New Project.
• Choose a Template: Android Studio offers several templates for
different types of apps. Select the one that best fits your project
needs. Common choices include "Empty views Activity" ". Click
"Next" once you've chosen.
• Configure Your Project: Here, you'll set up the details for your
project, including the name, save location, language (Java or
Kotlin), minimum SDK version, etc. Make sure to give your project
a meaningful name and select a suitable package name. Then,
click "Finish."
• Gradle Build: Android Studio will take a moment to set up your
project and download any necessary dependencies. This process
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might take some time depending on your internet speed and the
complexity of your project.
• Project Structure: Once the Gradle build is complete, you'll see
your project structure in the left sidebar. This includes folders like
"app," "res," and "Gradle Scripts." The "app" folder contains your
app's code and resources.
• Run Your App: Before you start coding, it's a good idea to run your
app to make sure everything is set up correctly. You can do this by
clicking the green play button in the toolbar or by going to Run > Run
'app'.
• Choose a Device: Android Studio will prompt you to select a
device to run your app on. You can choose a physical device
connected to your computer or an emulator. If you don't have any
devices set up, you can create a new virtual device by clicking
"Create New Virtual Device."
• Wait for Build: Android Studio will build your project and deploy it
to the selected device or emulator. This process might take some
time, especially the first time you run your app.
• View Your App: Once the build is complete, you should see your
app running on the selected device or emulator. Congratulations,
you've successfully created and run your first Android Studio
project!

ANDROID PROJECT STRUCTURE

The project structure in Android Studio organizes your app's source
code, resources, configuration files, and dependencies in a hierarchical
manner. Here's a breakdown of the typical structure:

• app:
• manifests: Contains the AndroidManifest.xml file, which
describes essential information about your app to the
Android system, such as activities, permissions, and
services.
• java: Contains the Java (or Kotlin) source code for your app.
This is where you write your activities, fragments, services,
and other components.
• res: Contains all the resources used by your app, such as
layouts, drawables, strings, and values.
• drawable: Contains images and other drawable
resources.

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• layout: Contains XML files defining the layout structure

of your app's UI.
• values: Contains XML files defining various values,
such as strings, colors, dimensions, and styles.
• assets: Contains raw asset files that your app uses. These
files are included in the APK without any processing.
• libs: Contains third-party libraries (JAR files) that your app
depends on.
• build.gradle: This file configures the build settings for your
app module, such as dependencies and build types.
• Gradle Scripts:
• build.gradle (Project): This file configures the build settings
for the entire project, such as the Gradle version and
repositories.
• build.gradle (Module): This file configures the build settings
for the app module, such as dependencies, packaging
options, and signing configurations.
• External Libraries: Contains all the third-party libraries that your
app depends on. You'll see these libraries listed here after you've
added them to your project.
• Gradle: Contains Gradle wrapper files necessary for building your
project using Gradle.
• Android Dependencies: Contains the libraries and dependencies
that your app uses. These are typically added via Gradle scripts
and are automatically managed by Android Studio.
• Build: Contains build-related files and directories generated during
the build process, such as intermediates, outputs, and logs.
• .idea: Contains configuration files for Android Studio, such as
project settings, run configurations, and code styles. This directory
is specific to Android Studio and is typically hidden from view.
• Gradle: Contains files related to the Gradle build system, such as
wrapper files and caches.

OVERVIEW OF XML
XML stands for Extensible Mark-up Language.XML is a very popular
format and commonly used for sharing data on the internet. This chapter
explains how to parse the XML file and extract necessary information
from it.
HTML is a forgiving language. It tolerates a host of sins, from imprecise
markup to altogether missing elements, and can still generate a web
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page in the browser. XML, on the other hand, is basically a tyrant.

Violate even the most trivial rule, and the browser or your application will
crash. Some people find comfort in the uncompromising nature of XML,
because it won’t work unless you build it correctly. It’s great to get instant
feedback when you do something wrong!
ADVANTAGES OF XML
The main features or advantages of XML are given below.
1) XML separates data from HTML: If you need to display dynamic data
in your HTML document, it will take a lot of work to edit the HTML each
time the data changes.
With XML, data can be stored in separate XML files. This way you can
focus on using HTML/CSS for display and layout, and be sure that
changes in the underlying data will not require any changes to the
HTML.
With a few lines of JavaScript code, you can read an external XML file
and update the data content of your web page.
2) XML simplifies data sharing: In the real world, computer systems and
databases contain data in incompatible formats.
XML data is stored in plain text format. This provides a software- and
hardware-independent way of storing data.
This makes it much easier to create data that can be shared by different
applications.
3) XML simplifies data transport: One of the most time-consuming
challenges for developers is to exchange data between incompatible
systems over the Internet.
Exchanging data as XML greatly reduces this complexity, since the data
can be read by different incompatible applications.
4) XML simplifies Platform change
Upgrading to new systems (hardware or software platforms), is always
time consuming. Large amounts of data must be converted and
incompatible data is often lost.
XML data is stored in text format. This makes it easier to expand or
upgrade to new operating systems, new applications, or new browsers,
without losing data.
5) XML increases data availability: Different applications can access
your data, not only in HTML pages, but also from XML data sources.
With XML, your data can be available to all kinds of “reading machines”
(Handheld computers, voice machines, news feeds, etc), and make it
more available for blind people, or people with other disabilities.
6) XML can be used to create new internet languages : A lot of new
Internet languages are created with XML.
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Here are some examples: XHTML, WSDL for describing available web
services, WAP and WML as markup languages for handheld devices,
RSS languages for news feeds, RDF and OWL for describing resources
and ontology, SMIL for describing multimedia for the web
RULES
There are nine basic rules for building good XML:

1. All XML must have a root element.

2. All tags must be closed.
3. All tags must be properly nested.
4. Tag names have strict limits.
5. Tag names are case sensitive.
6. Tag names cannot contain spaces.
7. Attribute values must appear within quotes (“”).
8. White space is preserved.
9. HTML tags should be avoided (optional).
XML that follows these rules is said to be “well formed.” But don’t
confuse well-formed XML with valid XML!
Now let’s look at the rules with some examples.
Rule 1: All XML Must Have a Root Element
A root element is simply a set of tags that contains your XML content.
<root>
<author>Ernest Hemingway</author>
<author>John Steinbeck</author>
<author>James Joyce</author>
</root>
Rule 2: All Tags Must Be Closed
When a tag is declared (opened), it must also be closed. Any unclosed
tags will break the code. Even tags that don’t need to be closed in HTML
must be closed in XML or XHTML. To open a tag, type the name of the
element between less-than (<) and greater-than (>) characters, like this
opening tag:
<author>
To close a tag, repeat the opening tag exactly, but insert a slash in front
of the tag name, like this closing tag:
</author>
Even empty tags, such as <hr> and <br>, must be closed.
Wrong:
<author>Ernest Hemingway
<p>Roses are Red
<hr>
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Right:
<author>Ernest Hemingway</author>
<p>Roses are Red</p>
<hr></>
<hr />
Rule 3: All Tags Must Be Properly Nested
When you insert (nest) one tag within another, pay attention to the order
in which you open each tag, and then close the tags in the reverse order.
If you open element A and then element B, you must first close B before
closing A. Even HTML tags that usually will work without a strict
structure must follow the stricter XML rules when they’re used within an
XML file.
Wrong:
<A><B>Text</A></B>
<b><i>Text</b></i>
Right:
<A><B>Text</B></A>
<b><i>Text</i></b>
Rule 4: Tag Names Have Strict Limits
Tag names can’t start with the letters xml, a number, or punctuation,
except for the underscore character (_).
The letters XML are used in various commands and can’t start your tag
name. Numbers and punctuation also aren’t allowed in the beginning of
the tag name.
Wrong:
<01_author>
<“author”>
Right:
<author>
<_author>
Rule 5: Tag Names Are Case Sensitive
Uppercase and lowercase matter in XML. Opening and closing tags
must match exactly. For example, <ROOT>, <Root>, and <root> are
three different tags.
Wrong:
<author>Hemingway</AUTHOR>
<Author>Hemingway</aUTHOR>
Right:
<author>Hemingway</author>
<AUTHOR>Hemingway</AUTHOR>
Rule 6: Tag Names Cannot Contain Spaces
Spaces in tag names can cause all sorts of problems with data-intensive
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applications, so they’re prohibited in XML.Rule 7: Attribute Values Must

Appear Within Quotes
Attribute values modify a tag or help identify the type of information
being tagged. If you’re a web designer, you may be used to the flexibility
of HTML, in which some attributes don’t require quotes. In XML, all
attribute values must appear within quotes. For example:
<chapter number=”1″>
<artist title=”author” nationality=”USA”>
Rule 8: White Space Is Preserved
If you’re in the habit of adding extra spaces and hard returns in your
HTML code, watch out! Such spacing is honored by XML and can play
havoc with your applications. Use extra spacing judiciously.

LAYOUTS
A layout defines the visual structure for a user interface, such as the UI
for an activity or app widget. You can declare a layout in two ways:
1. Declare UI elements in XML. Android provides a straightforward XML
vocabulary that corresponds to the View classes and subclasses, such
as those for widgets and layouts.
2. Instantiate layout elements at runtime. Your application can create
View and ViewGroup objects (and manipulate their properties)
programmatically.
The Android framework gives you the flexibility to use either or both of
these methods for declaring and managing your application’s UI. For
example, you could declare your application’s default layouts in XML,
including the screen elements that will appear in them and their
properties. You could then add code in your application that would
modify the state of the screen objects, including those declared in XML,
at run time.
In Android we have different types of Layouts are there. Will discuss
each layout in detail

RELATIVE LAYOUT
In Android, RelativeLayout let you position your component base on the

nearby (relative or sibling) component’s position. It’s the most flexible

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layout, that allow you to position your component to display in anywhere

you want (if you know how to “relative” it).

In RelativeLayout, you can use “above, below, left and right” to arrange

the component position, for example, display a “button1” below

“button2”, or display “button3” on right of the “button1”.

Note: The RelativeLayout is very flexible, but hard to master it. Suggest

you use Studio IDE to drag the component, then view study the Studio

generated XML layout code to understand how to code “relative”

components. Example code & properties of Relative Layout

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<Button
android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
android:layout_marginBottom="31dp"
android:text="Button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
android:layout_marginBottom="31dp"
android:text="Button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button3"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
android:layout_marginLeft="37dp"
android:layout_marginStart="37dp"
android:layout_toEndOf="@+id/button"
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android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/button"
android:text="Button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button4"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/button3"
android:layout_marginLeft="157dp"
android:layout_marginStart="157dp"
android:layout_marginTop="77dp"
android:layout_toEndOf="@+id/button3"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/button3"
android:text="Button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button5"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/button3"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_marginTop="14dp"
android:text="Button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button6"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignEnd="@+id/button5"
android:layout_alignRight="@+id/button5"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/button5"
android:text="Button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button7"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="32dp"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_marginRight="57dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="57dp"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/button4"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_alignParentEnd="true" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button8"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_below="@+id/button4"
android:layout_marginTop="38dp"
android:text="Button" />
</RelativeLayout>

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Properties of Relative Layout

android:id: This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout

android:gravity: This specifies how an object should position its content,

on both the X and Y axes. Possible values are top, bottom, left, right,

center, center_vertical, center_horizontal etc

android:ignoreGravity: This indicates what view should not be affected

by gravity.

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android:layout_above: The bottom edge of this view above the given

anchor view ID and must be a reference to another resource, in the form

“@[+][package:]type:name”

android:layout_alignBottom: Makes the bottom edge of this view match

the bottom edge of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to

another resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_alignLeft: Makes the left edge of this view match the left

edge of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to another

resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_alignParentBottom: If true, makes the bottom edge of this

view match the bottom edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value,

either “true” or “false”.

android:layout_alignParentEnd : If true, makes the end edge of this view

match the end edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true”

or “false”.

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android:layout_alignParentLeft : If true, makes the left edge of this view

match the left edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true”

or “false”.

android:layout_alignParentRight: If true, makes the right edge of this

view match the right edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value, either

“true” or “false”.

android:layout_alignParentStart: If true, makes the start edge of this view

match the start edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true”

or “false”.

android:layout_alignParentTop : If true, makes the top edge of this view

match the top edge of the parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true”

or “false”.

android:layout_alignRight: Makes the right edge of this view match the

right edge of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to

another resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_alignStart: Makes the start edge of this view match the

start edge of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to

another resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

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android:layout_alignTop: Makes the top edge of this view match the top

edge of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to another

resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_below: The top edge of this view below the given anchor

view ID and must be a reference to another resource, in the form

“@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_centerHorizontal: If true, centers this child horizontally

within its parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true” or “false”.

android:layout_centerInParent: If true, centers this child horizontally and

vertically within its parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true” or

“false”.

android:layout_centerVertical: If true, centers this child vertically within

its parent. Must be a boolean value, either “true” or “false”.

android:layout_toEndOf: Positions the start edge of this view to the end

of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to another

resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

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android:layout_toLeftOf: Positions the right edge of this view to the left of

the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to another resource,

in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_toRightOf: Positions the left edge of this view to the right

of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to another

resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

android:layout_toStartOf: Positions the end edge of this view to the start

of the given anchor view ID and must be a reference to another

resource, in the form “@[+][package:]type:name”.

LINEAR LAYOUT
android:id: This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout.
android:baselineAligned: This must be a boolean value, either “true” or
“false” and prevents the layout from aligning its children’s baselines.
android:baselineAlignedChildIndex : When a linear layout is part of
another layout that is baseline aligned, it can specify which of its children
to baseline align
android:divider : This is drawable to use as a vertical divider between
buttons. You use a color value, in the form of “#rgb”, “#argb”, “#rrggbb”,
or “#aarrggbb”.
android:gravity : This specifies how an object should position its content,
on both the X and Y axes. Possible values are top, bottom, left, right,
center, center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.
android:orientation: This specifies the direction of arrangement and you
will use “horizontal” for a row, “vertical” for a column. The default is
horizontal.
android:weightSum: Sum up of child weight
Example Code with weight Property
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
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android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:background="#0707f1"
android:weightSum="10">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="3"
android:background="#f9f003"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<Button
android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_marginRight="20dp"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/button21"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="3"
android:background="#94f50b"
android:orientation="horizontal">

<Button
android:id="@+id/button3"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/button4"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="2"
android:background="#33111b"
android:orientation="horizontal">
<Button
android:id="@+id/button5"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Button"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_weight="1"/>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>

TABLE LAYOUT
TableLayout positions its children into rows and columns. TableLayout
containers do not display border lines for their rows, columns, or cells.
The table will have as many columns as the row with the most cells. A
table can leave cells empty. Cells can span multiple columns, as they
can in HTML. You can span columns by using the span field in the
TableRow.LayoutParams class.
Note: Cells cannot span multiple rows.
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TableRow objects are the child views of a TableLayout (each TableRow

defines a single row in the table). Each row has zero or more cells, each
of which is defined by any kind of other View. So, the cells of a row may
be composed of a variety of View objects, like ImageView or TextView
objects. A cell may also be a ViewGroup object (for example, you can
nest another TableLayout as a cell).
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >
<TableLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<TableRow
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="@drawable/border"
android:text="S.No"
android:padding="10dp"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="@drawable/border"
android:text="Name"
android:padding="10dp"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="@drawable/border"
android:text="Mobile"
android:padding="10dp"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="@drawable/border"
android:text="EMail"
android:padding="10dp"/>
</TableRow>
<TableRow
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="1"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
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<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="AAA"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="456"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="[email protected]"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>

</TableRow>
<TableRow
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="2"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="aabbbbgchgcchh"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="8888"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="[email protected]"
android:padding="10dp"
android:background="@drawable/border"/>
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>
</LinearLayout>

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For Table layout if you want borders need to implement below code and
apply as a background for each widget
In drawabale folder create one xml with some name with below code
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<shape
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:shape="rectangle">
<stroke android:color="#000"
android:width="1dp"></stroke>
</shape>

FRAME LAYOUT
FrameLayout is designed to block out an area on the screen to display a
single item. Generally, FrameLayout should be used to hold a single
child view, because it can be difficult to organize child views in a way
that’s scalable to different screen sizes without the children overlapping
each other. You can, however, add multiple children to a FrameLayout
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and control their position within the FrameLayout by assigning gravity to

each child, using the android:layout_gravity attribute.
Child views are drawn in a stack, with the most recently added child on
top. The size of the FrameLayout is the size of its largest child (plus
padding), visible or not (if the FrameLayout’s parent permits). Views that
are GONE are used for sizing only if
setConsiderGoneChildrenWhenMeasuring() is set to true.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/frame"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:measureAllChildren="true" >
<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:visibility="gone"
android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher"/>
</FrameLayout>

android:id: This is the ID which uniquely identifies the layout.

android:foreground: This defines the drawable to draw over the content
and possible values may be a color value, in the form of “#rgb”, “#argb”,
“#rrggbb”, or “#aarrggbb”.
android:foregroundGravity: Defines the gravity to apply to the foreground
drawable. The gravity defaults to fill. Possible values are top, bottom,
left, right, center, center_vertical, center_horizontal etc.
android:measureAllChildren: Determines whether to measure all children
or just those in the VISIBLE or INVISIBLE state when measuring.
Defaults to false.

CONSTRAINT LAYOUT
The ConstraintLayout is a powerful new class, imagine a RelativeLayout
on steroids – yea, that’s the ConstraintLayout. It allows us to lay out child
views using ‘constraints’ to define position based relationships between
different views found in our layout. The aim of the ConstraintLayout is to
help reduce the number of nested views, which will improve the
performance of our layout files. The layout class also makes it easier for
us to define layouts than when using a RelativeLayout as we can now
anchor any side of a view with any side of another, rather than having to
place a whole view to any side of another
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

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<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context="androiindians.radiogroup.Main2Activity">
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:hint="User Name"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
android:layout_marginTop="32dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="8dp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/editText2" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="29dp"
android:ems="10"
android:hint="password"
android:inputType="textPassword"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteX="0dp"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="91dp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/editText"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/button" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Login"
tools:layout_editor_absoluteY="143dp"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
android:layout_marginStart="109dp"
android:layout_marginLeft="109dp"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:layout_marginRight="8dp"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.43"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
android:layout_marginBottom="320dp"
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android:layout_marginTop="32dp"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/editText2" />
</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>

ARCHITECTURE OF ANDROID
Architectute is nothing but physical structural plan or block diagram of
some view.
Android is Linux based software stack , it is open source for lot of
devices. For developers they are giving full acces to Frame work API
acces to develop core level applications, because of that only
manufactrers are customizing their own features.
The following diagram is shows rhe components of android.

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Android architecture has total 6 layers.

SYSTEM APPS
The top most layer is system APPS. Normally normal devices will come
with Contacts, Messages, Browsers, calenders etc.. so here user can
install any number of applications which they are using, some third party
applications may be we can set as default apps like browers,
Messengars and keyboards
These all very helpful to for because if developer is developing his own
applications he can those functionalities for example if we developemnet
any application related to SMS just developer invoke the services then
next portion of the service like sending sms & sms status will be done
android system only
JAVA API FRAMEWORK
The Android OS complete feature set is avaible for devlopers in the form
of APIs those APIs are written by Java language. This are very helpful
to developers to simplify their app development, even developer can use
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cor part of architecture alos to build apps like components and services
which are included in API framework. The following are few of the APIs

• View System:

View System is for building of user interface in android like textview,

button, grid, list, image,vidoes etc. here using XML/Java we can build UI
is very very rich, simple & attractive.

• Content Providers:

Content providers is nothing but we can access the data from other
applications like while sending the message we are accessing contacts
data & in now days all social media applicatiosn we are accessing the
contacts, gallery etc.
Managers:
These are also API but non coding portion providing layouts, images,
strings, colors, default styles etc.

• Resource

Resource manager provides acces to resources for our developemnet

such as Strings, Images, nimations, graphics, colors, vidoes etc.

• Notification
Notification Manger will help enable the custom notification in status bar.

• Activity

Activity Manager as very very important API in android it is only

controlling the navigation of each screen in our apps using lifecycle
methods.

• Location

This Api could help to acces the geo location,navigation using Services
of Android Architecture.

• Package

Each package contains multiple java classes and it can control all the
functionalities of those classes.

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• Telephony

It can communicate with networks like mobile data, wifi, hotspot &
sharing data etc.

• Window
It can handle the multiple windows in our device. For example
symultantously while listing the songs chatting with some one so its
handling two two different windows at a time like same some windows
cache memory & browser windows etc.

1. Native C/C++ Libraries

Many of the android componnts and servicew are build from native code
those android runtime & Hardware abstraction layers because native
libraries wriiten in C & C++.

• Webkit

It can support all type of browsers.

• Open Max AL

It should create run time environment.

• Libc
Lot of componets are developed by C & C++ so it always requied
support of Libc.

• Meida framework
Android apps can support all type of media like jpg, png, mp3, mp4 etc.

• Open GLES

It can support 2D & 3D graphics

1. Android Run Time

2. Android Runtime (ART)

From android 5.0 and above version of android with its own process and
its own instance of Android Runtime. ART is designed for low memory
device by excuting the DEX (byte code) files to run on virtual
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devices,and bytecode is designed special optimized for low memory

devices.
ART features

• Optimized garbage collection (GC)

• Just In Time complier (JIT)
• Ahead of Time (AOT)
• Better debugging support
• Supporting Crash reports

Note:
Previosly Lower version (less than 5.0) is run in Dalvik virtual machine,
now as well as it can run in ART also, then it can run DVM as well, but
vicevera is not possible.

• Core Librariries
Android application also includes a set of core libraries that provide most
of the runtime functionality of the Java programming language, and it
includes android 8.0 features as well

1. Android Abstraction Layer(HAL)

The android hardware abstraction layer provides User interfaces that
expose hardware capabilities of device with higher version of Java. It
can lot of hard ware components, suac as Audio, Bluetooth, Camera,
sensors. When access device hardware through a framework
API Android system loads the library module for that hardware
component.

1. Linux Kernel
Linux kernel is hardware layer. For example, the ART relies on the Linux
kernel for functionalities such as threading and low-level memory
management. Linux kernel allows Android to take advantage of key
features like develop hardware drivers for a well-known kernel such as
Audio, Keypad, Shraed memory, Usb, Bluetooth, Binder(IPC)Display,
Camera, Wifi, Power Management etc.

COMMON UI COMPONENTS AND EVENTS

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TEXTVIEW & BUTTON

TextView:

• A TextView is a user interface element used to display text to the

user.
• It can be used to display static text, such as labels, headers,
descriptions, etc.
• TextViews can be customized with various attributes like text size,
text color, font style, alignment, etc., to match the design
requirements of the app.
• They are commonly used in combination with other UI elements to
provide context or instructions to the user.
• TextViews can also be used dynamically to display data fetched
from databases or APIs

Button:

• A Button is a user interface element used to perform actions or

trigger events when clicked.
• It typically displays a labeled text or an icon, indicating the action it
performs when clicked.
• Buttons can be customized with various attributes like text,
background color, text color, padding, etc.
• They are often used to implement user interactions like submitting
a form, navigating to another screen, or triggering some
functionality.
• Buttons can also be styled to match the overall design language of
the app, providing a consistent user experience.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:id="@+id/activity_main"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context="androindian.MainActivity">

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="hello"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textColor="#234098"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textStyle="bold|italic"
android:id="@+id/tv"
android:typeface="monospace"
android:gravity="center"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Click Me"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textColor="#234098"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textStyle="bold|italic"
android:id="@+id/bt"
android:typeface="monospace"
android:gravity="center"/>
</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.button

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.widget.TextView
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.Button
import com.androinidan.button.R

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var textView: TextView? = null
var button: Button? = null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
textView = findViewById<View>(R.id.tv) as TextView
button = findViewById<View>(R.id.bt) as Button
button!!.setOnClickListener {
textView!!.text = "Hi Hello Good morning"
}
}
}
output

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

CHECKBOX
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

a CheckBox is a user interface element that allows users to toggle

between two states - checked and unchecked. It is typically used when
users need to select one or more options from a list of choices.
Here are some key points about CheckBoxes in Android:

• Appearance:
• A CheckBox typically consists of a square or rectangular box
followed by a label (text).
• When checked, a checkmark or a tick appears inside the box
to indicate the selection.
• When unchecked, the box remains empty.
• Usage:
• CheckBoxes are commonly used in forms, settings screens,
and lists where users need to make multiple selections.
• They are useful for allowing users to specify preferences,
select items from a list, or indicate agreement to terms and
conditions.
• Attributes:
• CheckBoxes can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.
• Common attributes include text (label), checked state, text
color, text size, padding, background, etc.
• You can also specify an optional listener to be notified when
the CheckBox state changes, allowing you to perform actions
based on user interactions.
• Interactivity:
• CheckBoxes respond to user input by toggling between the
checked and unchecked states when clicked.
• They can be configured to be either checked or unchecked
by default.
• When used in groups (such as within a CheckBox group),
multiple CheckBoxes can be selected simultaneously.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/tv1"
/>

<CheckBox
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Android"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/check"
></CheckBox>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.checkboxkotlin

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.CheckBox
import android.widget.CompoundButton
import android.widget.Switch
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.ToggleButton

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var check: CheckBox?=null

var tv: TextView?=null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

tv = findViewById(R.id.tv1)

check = findViewById(R.id.check)

check!!.setOnClickListener{
if(check!!.isChecked)
tv!!.text=("Checked")
else
tv!!.text=("UnChecked")

TOGGLE BUTTON
A ToggleButton in Android is a UI element that represents a two-state
button, similar to a physical toggle switch. It allows users to toggle
between two states, typically "on" and "off" or "checked" and
"unchecked". ToggleButtons are useful for enabling or disabling a
feature, activating or deactivating a setting, or switching between two
modes.
Here are some key points about ToggleButtons in Android:

• Appearance:
• A ToggleButton typically consists of a rectangular button with
two states: pressed (activated) and unpressed (deactivated).
• The button's appearance changes to indicate its current
state, often with a different background color or visual
indicator.

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

• ToggleButtons usually display text to describe each state,

such as "On" and "Off", "Yes" and "No", or "Enabled" and
"Disabled".
• Usage:
• ToggleButtons are commonly used in settings screens,
control panels, and other parts of the user interface where
users need to quickly switch between two states.
• They provide a clear and intuitive way for users to control
settings or enable/disable features with a single tap.
• Attributes:
• ToggleButtons can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance, text, and behavior.
• Common attributes include text for each state, text color, text
size, background, padding, etc.
• You can also specify an optional listener to be notified when
the ToggleButton state changes, allowing you to perform
actions based on user interactions.
• Interactivity:
• ToggleButtons respond to user input by toggling between the
two states when clicked.
• The button's state automatically switches between "on" and
"off" each time it's clicked.
• You can programmatically set the initial state of the
ToggleButton using the setChecked() method.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:id="@+id/tv1"
/>

<ToggleButton
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/toggle"></ToggleButton>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.checkboxkotlin

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.CheckBox
import android.widget.CompoundButton
import android.widget.Switch
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.ToggleButton

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var tv: TextView?=null

var toogle: ToggleButton?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

tv = findViewById(R.id.tv1)

toogle=findViewById(R.id.toggle)
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

toogle!!.setOnClickListener{
if(toogle!!.isChecked)
tv!!.text=("TON")
else
tv!!.text=("TOFF")
}

SWITCH
a Switch is a UI element that allows users to toggle between two states -
typically "on" and "off". It's similar to a ToggleButton but has a more
modern and compact design, resembling a physical switch.
Here are some key points about Switches in Android:

• Appearance:
• A Switch consists of a small rectangular track and a thumb
(also called a handle or knob) that slides horizontally along
the track.
• The thumb's position indicates the current state of the
Switch: to the left for "off" and to the right for "on".
• The track's color or appearance often changes to indicate the
active and inactive states.
• Usage:
• Switches are commonly used in settings screens, control
panels, and other parts of the user interface where users
need to quickly switch between two states.
• They provide a clear and intuitive way for users to enable or
disable a feature, activate or deactivate a setting, or switch
between two modes.
• Attributes:
• Switches can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

• Common attributes include track and thumb colors, track and

thumb drawable resources, text for each state, padding, etc.
• You can also specify an optional listener to be notified when
the Switch state changes, allowing you to perform actions
based on user interactions.
• Interactivity:
• Switches respond to user input by sliding the thumb
horizontally along the track to toggle between the two states.
• The Switch's state automatically changes from "off" to "on" or
vice versa each time the user interacts with it.
• You can programmatically set the initial state of the Switch
using the setChecked() method.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/tv1"
/>

<Switch
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Switch"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/switch1"></Switch>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.checkboxkotlin

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.CheckBox
import android.widget.CompoundButton
import android.widget.Switch
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.ToggleButton

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var tv: TextView?=null

var swit: Switch?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

tv = findViewById(R.id.tv1)

swit=findViewById(R.id.switch1)

swit!!.setOnClickListener{
if(swit!!.isChecked)
tv!!.text=("SON")
else
tv!!.text=("SOFF")
}
}

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

RADIO GROUP AND RADIO

BUTTON
In Android, a RadioGroup is a layout manager used to group multiple
RadioButton elements together. RadioButtons are UI elements that allow
users to select one option from a set of mutually exclusive options.
Here's an explanation of each:

• RadioGroup:
• A RadioGroup is a layout container used to hold multiple
RadioButton elements.
• It ensures that only one RadioButton within the group can be
selected at a time, enforcing mutual exclusivity.
• When a RadioButton is selected within a RadioGroup, any
previously selected RadioButton within the same group is
automatically deselected.
• RadioButtons within the same RadioGroup are typically
aligned vertically or horizontally, depending on the layout
configuration.
• RadioGroups are commonly used in forms, questionnaires,
and settings screens where users need to make a single
selection from a list of options.
• RadioButton:
• A RadioButton is a UI element that represents a single
choice in a set of mutually exclusive options.
• It typically consists of a circular button followed by a label
(text).
• When selected, a dot or circle appears inside the button to
indicate the selection.
• RadioButton elements are placed within a RadioGroup to
ensure mutual exclusivity.
• RadioButtons are commonly used in conjunction with
RadioGroups to allow users to select one option from a list of
choices.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
android:textSize="30sp"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:padding="10dp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/tv1"
/>

<RadioGroup
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:id="@+id/rg">
<RadioButton
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/r1"
android:text="Male"></RadioButton>
<RadioButton
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/r2"
android:text="Female"></RadioButton>
</RadioGroup>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.checkboxkotlin

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.CheckBox
import android.widget.CompoundButton
import android.widget.RadioButton

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
import android.widget.RadioGroup
import android.widget.Switch
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.ToggleButton

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var radiogroup: RadioGroup?=null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

tv = findViewById(R.id.tv1)

radiogroup=findViewById(R.id.rg)
r1=findViewById(R.id.r1)

radiogroup.setOnCheckedChangeListener{ group, checkedId ->

if(checkedId==R.id.r1)
tv!!.text=("MALE")
else
tv!!.text=("FEMALE")
}

}
}

SEEKBAR
A SeekBar in Android is a UI element that allows users to select a value
within a specified range by sliding a thumb along a horizontal or vertical
track. SeekBars are commonly used for tasks such as adjusting volume,
seeking through media playback, or setting progress indicators.
Here are some key points about SeekBars in Android:

• Appearance:
• A SeekBar consists of a track and a thumb (also known as a
slider or handle).

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

• The track represents the range of values that the SeekBar

can take, typically displayed as a horizontal or vertical line.
• The thumb is a draggable icon that can be moved along the
track to select a value.
• The position of the thumb indicates the current selected
value within the range.
• Usage:
• SeekBars are commonly used in media players, audio/video
recording apps, settings screens, and other parts of the user
interface where users need to adjust a value within a range.
• They provide a visual and interactive way for users to control
settings, adjust parameters, or seek through content.
• Attributes:
• SeekBars can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.
• Common attributes include track and thumb colors, track
height, thumb size, padding, and the range of values that the
SeekBar can take.
• You can also specify an optional listener to be notified when
the SeekBar value changes, allowing you to perform actions
based on user interactions.
• Interactivity:
• Users interact with SeekBars by dragging the thumb along
the track to select a value.
• As the thumb is moved, the selected value is updated
accordingly.
• You can programmatically set the initial value of the SeekBar
using the setProgress() method.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity" >

<SeekBar
android:id="@+id/seekBar1"
android:layout_width="300dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
android:layout_marginTop="26dp"
android:max="10"/>
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_below="@+id/seekBar1"
android:layout_marginLeft="29dp"
android:layout_marginTop="14dp" />

</RelativeLayout>

MainActivity.kt
package com.androidian.seekbar

import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.SeekBar
import android.widget.SeekBar.OnSeekBarChangeListener
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private var seekBar: SeekBar? = null
private var textView: TextView? = null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
seekBar = findViewById<View>(R.id.seekBar1) as SeekBar
textView = findViewById<View>(R.id.textView1) as TextView
// Initialize the textview with '0'
textView!!.text = seekBar!!.progress.toString() + "/" + seekBar!!.max
seekBar!!.setOnSeekBarChangeListener(
object : OnSeekBarChangeListener {
var progress = 0
override fun onProgressChanged(
seekBar: SeekBar,
progresValue: Int, fromUser: Boolean
){
progress = progresValue
}

override fun onStartTrackingTouch(seekBar: SeekBar) {

// Do something here,
//if you want to do anything at the start of
// touching the seekbar
}
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

override fun onStopTrackingTouch(seekBar: SeekBar) {

// Display the value in textview
textView!!.text = progress.toString() + "/" + seekBar.max
}
})
}
}

RATING BAR
A RatingBar in Android is a UI element that allows users to provide a
rating or feedback by selecting a number of stars from a predefined
range. It is commonly used in apps where users are asked to rate
products, services, or content.
Here are some key points about RatingBars in Android:

• Appearance:
• A RatingBar consists of a row of stars or other symbols
representing the rating scale.
• Each star can be filled (selected) or empty (unselected),
indicating the user's rating.
• The number of stars displayed represents the rating scale's
range, typically from 0 to 5.
• Depending on the configuration, users can either tap on
individual stars or swipe across the RatingBar to select their
rating.
• Usage:
• RatingBars are commonly used in review systems, feedback
forms, product ratings, and other parts of the user interface
where users need to provide a numerical rating.
• They provide a simple and intuitive way for users to express
their opinions or preferences by selecting a number of stars.
• Attributes:
• RatingBars can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.
• Common attributes include the number of stars, star size,
star spacing, star color (selected and unselected), and the
initial rating value.

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

• You can also specify an optional listener to be notified when

the user's rating changes, allowing you to perform actions
based on user interactions.
• Interactivity:
• Users interact with RatingBars by tapping on individual stars
to select their rating.
• Depending on the configuration, users may also be able to
swipe across the RatingBar to select their rating.
• The selected rating is represented by the number of filled
stars, while the unselected stars remain empty.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Radio Button Example"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textColor="#309"
android:padding="5dp"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:id="@+id/tv1"/>

<RatingBar
android:id="@+id/ratingBar"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:stepSize="1"/>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.radiobutton

import android.annotation.SuppressLint
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
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import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.ImageButton
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.RadioGroup
import android.widget.RatingBar
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var ratingbar: RatingBar?=null

@SuppressLint("WrongConstant")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

ratingbar = findViewById(R.id.ratingBar)

ratingbar!!.setOnRatingBarChangeListener { ratingBar, fl, b ->

Toast.makeText(applicationContext,"you seleted"+fl,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}
}

IMAGE BUTTON
An ImageButton in Android is a UI element that displays a clickable
image. It's essentially a button with an image instead of text.
ImageButton allows users to perform actions or trigger events when the
image is clicked.
Here are some key points about ImageButtons in Android:

• Appearance:
• An ImageButton displays an image as its content instead of
text.
• The image can be any drawable resource, such as PNG,
JPG, SVG, etc.
• ImageButton supports both fixed and adjustable sizes,
depending on the layout configuration.
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• The appearance of the ImageButton can be customized

using various attributes, including padding, background,
scale type, etc.
• Usage:
• ImageButtons are commonly used to provide a visual
representation of actions or functions in the user interface.
• They are useful for tasks such as navigating to another
screen, submitting a form, playing media, toggling settings,
etc.
• ImageButtons can be placed anywhere in the layout and can
serve as standalone buttons or as part of a larger UI
component.
• Attributes:
• ImageButtons can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.
• Common attributes include the image source (src), image
scale type, background color, padding, etc.
• You can also specify an optional listener to be notified when
the ImageButton is clicked, allowing you to perform actions
based on user interactions.
• Interactivity:
• ImageButtons respond to user input by triggering an action
or event when clicked.
• When the user taps on the ImageButton, the specified action
is performed, such as navigating to another activity,
executing a function, or displaying a message.
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Radio Button Example"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textColor="#309"
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android:padding="5dp"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:id="@+id/tv1"/>

<ImageButton
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/ib"
android:src="@mipmap/download"></ImageButton>
</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.radiobutton

import android.annotation.SuppressLint
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.ImageButton
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.RadioGroup
import android.widget.RatingBar
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var ib: ImageButton?=null

@SuppressLint("WrongConstant")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

ib=findViewById(R.id.ib)

ib!!.setOnClickListener{
Toast.makeText(applicationContext,"You seletcd imagebutton",5000).show()
}

}
}

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IMAGEVIEW
An ImageView in Android is a UI element used to display images within
an app's user interface. It's one of the most commonly used widgets for
showing images, whether they are loaded from resources within the app
or fetched dynamically from external sources like the internet.
Here are some key points about ImageViews in Android:

• Appearance:
• An ImageView displays a single image, which can be loaded
from various sources such as drawables, files, URIs, or
network URLs.
• The image can be displayed using various scale types, such
as center-crop, fit-center, center-inside, etc., to control how it
fits within the ImageView's boundaries.
• ImageView supports both fixed and adjustable sizes,
depending on the layout configuration.
• The appearance of the ImageView can be customized using
various attributes, including padding, background, scale type,
etc.
• Usage:
• ImageViews are used to show images within the app's UI,
such as photos, icons, logos, thumbnails, etc.
• They are versatile and can be used in a wide range of
scenarios, including image galleries, profile pictures, product
listings, and more.
• ImageViews can be placed anywhere in the layout, including
within ViewGroup containers like LinearLayout,
RelativeLayout, ConstraintLayout, etc.
• Attributes:
• ImageViews can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.
• Common attributes include the image source (src), scale
type, background color, padding, visibility, etc.
• You can load images into an ImageView programmatically
using methods like setImageResource(),
setImageDrawable(), setImageBitmap(), or by using libraries
like Picasso or Glide for more advanced image loading and
caching capabilities.
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• Interactivity:
• ImageViews are typically static and don't respond to user
input by default.
• However, you can make them interactive by combining them
with other UI elements, such as Buttons or ClickListeners, to
perform actions when clicked.
• For example, you can wrap an ImageView inside a Button or
use it as a background for a Button to create a clickable
image button.

activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Radio Button Example"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textColor="#309"
android:padding="5dp"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:id="@+id/tv1"/>

<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/iv"
android:src="@mipmap/download"></ImageView>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.radiobutton

import android.annotation.SuppressLint

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import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.ImageButton
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.RadioGroup
import android.widget.RatingBar
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var iv: ImageView?=null

@SuppressLint("WrongConstant")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

iv=findViewById(R.id.iv)

iv!!.setOnClickListener{
Toast.makeText(applicationContext,"You seletd
image",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

}
}

TEXT FIELDS
EditText is a user interface element used for capturing user input in the
form of text. It allows users to enter and edit text interactively on the
screen. EditTexts are commonly used in forms, input fields, search bars,
chat interfaces, and other parts of the user interface where textual input
is required.

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Here are some key points about EditTexts in Kotlin:

• Appearance:
• An EditText appears as a rectangular input field where users
can type text.
• The appearance of the EditText can be customized using
various attributes such as text size, text color, background
color, hint text, etc.
• EditTexts can be single-line or multi-line, depending on the
input requirements.
• Usage:
• EditTexts are used to collect textual input from users, such
as names, email addresses, passwords, comments, etc.
• They support a wide range of input types, including text,
numbers, dates, email addresses, phone numbers, and
more.
• EditTexts can be placed anywhere in the layout, including
within ViewGroup containers like LinearLayout,
RelativeLayout, ConstraintLayout, etc.
• Attributes:
• EditTexts can be customized using various attributes to
control their appearance and behavior.
• Common attributes include text size, text color, hint text
(placeholder text displayed when the EditText is empty),
input type (text, number, email, password, etc.), background
color, padding, etc.
• Interactivity:
• EditTexts respond to user input by allowing users to type text
using the on-screen keyboard.
• They provide features such as auto-capitalization, auto-
correction, spell-checking, and suggestions (depending on
the device's keyboard settings).
• You can programmatically retrieve the text entered into an
EditText using the text property or listen for changes using a
TextWatcher.
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:orientation="vertical"

>

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Example Form"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"

/>

<ScrollView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextTextPersonName"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:hint="textPersonName"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextTextPassword"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPassword"
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:hint="textPassword"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextNumberPassword"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="numberPassword"
android:hint="numberPassword"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextTextEmailAddress"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textEmailAddress"
android:hint="textEmailAddress"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextTextMultiLine"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:gravity="start|top"
android:inputType="textMultiLine"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"
android:hint="textMultiLine"
android:minLines="10"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextTextPostalAddress"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="textPostalAddress"
android:hint="textPostalAddress"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextTime"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="time"
android:hint="time"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextNumber"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="number"
android:hint="number"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

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<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextNumberSigned"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="numberSigned"
android:hint="numberSigned"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<EditText
android:id="@+id/editTextNumberDecimal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="numberDecimal"
android:hint="numberDecimal"
android:textColor="#E91E63"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:textStyle="italic"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:padding="5dp"
android:textColorHint="#3F51B5"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/bt"
android:text="Submit"></Button>
</LinearLayout>
</ScrollView>

</LinearLayout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.androinidan.form

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.EditText

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
import android.widget.Toast

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var button: Button?=null

var e1: EditText?=null
var e2: EditText?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

button=findViewById(R.id.bt)
e1=findViewById(R.id.editTextTextPersonName)
e2=findViewById(R.id.editTextTextPassword)

button!!.setOnClickListener {

var s1: String= e1!!.text.toString()

var s2: String=e2!!.text.toString()
Toast.makeText(applicationContext,s1+s2,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()

}
}
}

COMPONENTS OF ANDROID
ACTIVITY LIFE CYCLE
An activity is a single, focused thing that the user can do. Almost all
activities interact with the user, so the Activity class takes care of
creating a window for you in which you can place your UI with
setContentView(View). While activities are often presented to the user
as full-screen windows, they can also be used in other ways: as floating
windows (via a theme with windows Floating set) or embedded inside of
another activity (using ActivityGroup). There are two methods almost all
subclasses of Activity will implement:

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onPause() is where you deal with the user leaving your activity. Most
importantly, any changes made by the user should at this point be
committed (usually to the ContentProvider holding the data).
To be of use with Context.startActivity(), all activity classes must have a
corresponding <activity> declaration in their package’s
AndroidManifest.xml
Activities in the system are managed as an activity stack. When a new
activity is started, it is placed on the top of the stack and becomes the
running activity — the previous activity always remains below it in the
stack, and will not come to the foreground again until the new activity
exits.
An activity has essentially four states:
If an activity is in the foreground of the screen (at the top of the stack), it
is active or running.
If an activity has lost focus but is still visible (that is, a new non-full-sized
or transparent activity has focus on top of your activity), it is paused. A
paused activity is completely alive (it maintains all state and member
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

information and remains attached to the window manager), but can be

killed by the system in extreme low memory situations.
If an activity is completely obscured by another activity, it is stopped. It
still retains all state and member information, however, it is no longer
visible to the user so its window is hidden and it will often be killed by the
system when memory is needed elsewhere.
If an activity is paused or stopped, the system can drop the activity from
memory by either asking it to finish, or simply killing its process. When it
is displayed again to the user, it must be completely restarted and
restored to its previous state.
The following diagram shows the important state paths of an Activity.
The square rectangles represent callback methods you can implement to
perform operations when the Activity moves between states. The colored
ovals are major states the Activity can be in.
There are three key loops you may be interested in monitoring within
your activity:
The entire lifetime of an activity happens between the first call to
onCreate(Bundle) through to a single final call to onDestroy(). An activity
will do all setup of “global” state in onCreate(), and release all remaining
resources in onDestroy(). For example, if it has a thread running in the
background to download data from the network, it may create that thread
in onCreate() and then stop the thread in onDestroy().
The visible lifetime of an activity happens between a call to onStart() until
a corresponding call to onStop(). During this time the user can see the
activity on-screen, though it may not be in the foreground and interacting
with the user. Between these two methods you can maintain resources
that are needed to show the activity to the user. For example, you can
register a BroadcastReceiver in onStart() to monitor for changes that
impact your UI, and unregister it in onStop() when the user no longer
sees what you are displaying. The onStart() and onStop() methods can
be called multiple times, as the activity becomes visible and hidden to
the user.
The foreground lifetime of an activity happens between a call to
onResume() until a corresponding call to onPause(). During this time the
activity is in front of all other activities and interacting with the user. An
activity can frequently go between the resumed and paused states — for
example when the device goes to sleep, when an activity result is
delivered, when a new intent is delivered — so the code in these
methods should be fairly lightweight.
The entire lifecycle of an activity is defined by the following Activity
methods. All of these are hooks that you can override to do appropriate
work when the activity changes state. All activities will implement
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

onCreate(Bundle) to do their initial setup; many will also implement

onPause() to commit changes to data and otherwise prepare to stop
interacting with the user. You should always call up to your superclass
when implementing these methods.
public class Activity extends ApplicationContext {
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState);
protected void onStart();
protected void onRestart();
protected void onResume();
protected void onPause();
protected void onStop();
protected void onDestroy();
}
Example Program
package androiindians.lifecycle;

import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"Oncreate",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Log.i("result","Create");

}
protected void onStop(){
super.onStop();
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"OnStop",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Log.i("result","OnStop");
}
protected void onStart(){
super.onStart();
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"onStart",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Log.i("result","onStart");
}

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material
protected void onRestart(){
super.onRestart();
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"onRestart",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Log.i("result","onRestart");
}
protected void onResume(){
super.onResume();
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"OnResume",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Log.i("result","OnResume");
}
protected void onPause(){
super.onPause();
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
"OnPause",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
Log.i("result","OnPause");
}

SERVICES
A Service is an app component that can handle long-running operations

in the background, and it does not provide a user interface. Another

application component can start a service, and it continues to run in the

background even if the user switches to another application. Additionally,

a component can bind to a service to interact with it and even perform

interprocess communication (IPC).

For example, a service can handle network transactions, play music,

perform file I/O, or interact with a content provider, all from the

background.

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These are the three different types of services:

Scheduled

A service is scheduled when an API such as the JobScheduler,

introduced in Android 5.0 (API level 21), launches the service. You can

use the JobScheduler by registering jobs and specifying their

requirements for network and timing. The system then gracefully

schedules the jobs for execution at the appropriate times. The

JobScheduler provides many methods to define service-execution

conditions.

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Note: If your app targets Android 5.0 (API level 21), Google recommends

that you use the JobScheduler to execute background services. For

more information about using this class, see the JobScheduler reference

documentation.

Started

A service is started when an application component (such as an activity)

calls startService(). After it’s started, a service can run in the background

indefinitely, even if the component that started it is destroyed. Usually, a

started service performs a single operation and does not return a result

to the caller.

For example, it can download or upload a file over the network. When

the operation is complete, the service should stop itself.

Bound

A service is bound when an application component binds to it by calling

bindService(). A bound service offers a client-server interface that allows

components to interact with the service, send requests, receive results,

and even do so across processes with interprocess communication

(IPC). A bound service runs only as long as another application

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component is bound to it. Multiple components can bind to the service at

once, but when all of them unbind, the service is destroyed.

Regardless of whether your application is started, bound, or both, any

application component can use the service (even from a separate

application) in the same way that any component can use an activity—by

starting it with an Intent. However, you can declare the service as private

in the manifest file and block access from other applications. This is

discussed more in the section about Declaring the service in the

manifest.

Caution: A service runs in the main thread of its hosting process; the

service does not create its own thread and does not run in a separate

process unless you specify otherwise. If your service is going to perform

any CPU-intensive work or blocking operations, such as MP3 playback

or networking, you should create a new thread within the service to

complete that work. By using a separate thread, you can reduce the risk

of Application Not Responding (ANR) errors, and the application’s main

thread can remain dedicated to user interaction with your activities.

Activity_mai.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
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xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Services Example"
/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/start"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Start Servie" />

<Button
android:id="@+id/stop"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Stop Services" />

</LinearLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt

package com.androindian.services

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.androindian.services.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var bining: ActivityMainBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
bining=DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

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bining?.start?.setOnClickListener {
var intent= Intent(this,Myservices::class.java)
startService(intent)

bining?.stop?.setOnClickListener {
var intent= Intent(this,Myservices::class.java)
stopService(intent)

}
}
}

Myservices.kt

package com.androindian.services

import android.app.Service
import android.content.Intent
import android.os.IBinder
import android.widget.Toast

class Myservices : Service() {

override fun onBind(intent: Intent): IBinder {

TODO("Return the communication channel to the service.")
Toast.makeText(this,"onBind",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

override fun onStart(intent: Intent?, startId: Int) {

super.onStart(intent, startId)
Toast.makeText(this,"onStart",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

override fun onCreate() {

super.onCreate()
Toast.makeText(this,"onCreate",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

override fun onDestroy() {

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super.onDestroy()
Toast.makeText(this,"onDestroy",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

override fun onRebind(intent: Intent?) {

super.onRebind(intent)
Toast.makeText(this,"onRebind",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}

BROADCAST RECEIVERS
a BroadcastReceiver is a component that allows an app to listen for and
respond to system-wide broadcast messages or events. These events
could originate from the system itself, such as when the device boots up,
when the battery level changes, when the network connectivity state
changes, etc. Additionally, apps can send custom broadcasts to
communicate within the app or between different apps.
Here are some key points about BroadcastReceivers in Android:

• Purpose:
• BroadcastReceivers allow apps to receive and respond to
broadcast messages sent by the system or other apps.
• They provide a way for apps to be notified of important
system events or changes and to perform actions in
response.
• Types of Broadcasts:
• There are two main types of broadcasts in Android: system
broadcasts and custom broadcasts.
• System broadcasts are sent by the system to notify apps of
system events, such as the device booting up, the battery
level changing, the network connectivity state changing, etc.
• Custom broadcasts are broadcasts sent by apps to
communicate within the app or between different apps.
• Registration:
• BroadcastReceivers can be registered either statically in the
AndroidManifest.xml file or dynamically at runtime using
code.
• Static registration in the manifest is used for system-wide
broadcasts or broadcasts that need to be received even
when the app is not running.

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• Dynamic registration using code is used for broadcasts that

are relevant only when the app is running.
• Intent Filters:
• BroadcastReceivers use intent filters to specify the types of
broadcasts they are interested in receiving.
• Intent filters define the action, category, and data URI of the
broadcasts that the BroadcastReceiver should respond to.
• A BroadcastReceiver can have multiple intent filters to listen
for different types of broadcasts.
• Handling Broadcasts:
• When a broadcast that matches the BroadcastReceiver's
intent filter is received, the onReceive() method of the
BroadcastReceiver is called.
• The onReceive() method is where you implement the logic to
handle the broadcast and perform any necessary actions or
operations.

Activity_main.xml
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity" >
<EditText android:id="@+id/extraIntent"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="@string/sendMessage" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/btnStartBroadcast"
android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_below="@+id/extraIntent"
android:onClick="broadcastCustomIntent"
android:text="@string/myBroadcastIntent" />
</RelativeLayout>

MainActivity.Java
package androidindians.broadcastreciver

import android.content.Intent
import android.os.Bundle
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.view.View
import android.widget.EditText

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class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}

fun broadcastCustomIntent(view: View) {

val intent = Intent("MyCustomIntent")
val et = findViewById<EditText>(R.id.extraIntent)
// add data to the Intent
intent.putExtra("message", et.text.toString())
intent.action = "androidindians.broadcastreciver.A_CUSTOM_INTENT"
sendBroadcast(intent)
}
}

MyBroadcastReceiver.java
package androidindians.broadcastreciver

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.widget.Toast

class MyBroadcastReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {

override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
// Extract data included in the Intent
val intentData: CharSequence? = intent.getCharSequenceExtra("message")
Toast.makeText(context, "Raj received the Intent's message: $intentData",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}

Manifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="androiindians.broadcastreciver">
<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
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android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity android:name=".MainActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
<receiver android:name="MyBroadcastReceiver">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="androiindians.broadcastreciver.A_CUSTOM_INTENT">
</action>
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>
</manifest>

Strings.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<string name="app_name">BroadcastReceiversTest</string>
<string name="action_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="sendMessage">Write a message to broadcast!</string>
<string name="myBroadcastIntent">Broadcast an Intent now...</string>
</resources>

CONTENT PROVIDER
A Content Provider in Android is a component that manages access to a
central repository of data. It acts as an intermediary between different
applications, allowing them to share and access data in a consistent and
secure manner. Content Providers are commonly used to manage
structured data stored in databases, files, or other data sources.
Here's an explanation of Content Providers along with an example code
in Kotlin:

• Purpose:
• Content Providers facilitate data sharing between different
applications in Android.
• They provide a standardized interface for querying, inserting,
updating, and deleting data.
• Content Providers ensure data integrity and security by
enforcing access permissions and data encapsulation.
• Components:
• URI (Uniform Resource Identifier): Content Providers use
URIs to identify data resources. URIs typically have the
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format content://authority/path, where "authority" identifies the

Content Provider and "path" specifies the data resource.
• Contract: Content Providers define a contract that specifies
the data schema, column names, MIME types, and URIs that
can be accessed by other applications.
• Data Operations: Content Providers support CRUD (Create,
Read, Update, Delete) operations for manipulating data.
Other applications can perform these operations using
ContentResolver objects.

Example Code:
• Let's create a simple Content Provider in Kotlin that manages a list
of books. We'll define a contract class that specifies the data
schema, a Content Provider class that implements the CRUD
operations, and use a SQLite database to store the data.
// BookContract.kt
object BookContract {
const val CONTENT_AUTHORITY = "com.example.bookprovider"
const val PATH_BOOKS = "books"
val CONTENT_URI: Uri = Uri.parse("content://$CONTENT_AUTHORITY/$PATH_BOOKS")

object BookEntry {
const val TABLE_NAME = "books"
const val COLUMN_ID = "_id"
const val COLUMN_TITLE = "title"
const val COLUMN_AUTHOR = "author"
}
}

// BookProvider.kt
class BookProvider : ContentProvider() {
private lateinit var dbHelper: BookDbHelper

override fun onCreate(): Boolean {

dbHelper = BookDbHelper(context!!)
return true
}

override fun insert(uri: Uri, values: ContentValues?): Uri? {

val db = dbHelper.writableDatabase
val id = db.insert(BookContract.BookEntry.TABLE_NAME, null, values)
return if (id > 0) {
val newUri = ContentUris.withAppendedId(BookContract.CONTENT_URI, id)
context?.contentResolver?.notifyChange(newUri, null)
newUri
} else {
throw SQLException("Failed to insert row into $uri")
}
}

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// Implement other ContentProvider methods (query, update, delete) similarly

override fun getType(uri: Uri): String? {

return
"vnd.android.cursor.item/$BookContract.CONTENT_AUTHORITY.$BookContract.BookEntry.TABLE_
NAME"
}
}

// BookDbHelper.kt
class BookDbHelper(context: Context) : SQLiteOpenHelper(context, DATABASE_NAME, null,
DATABASE_VERSION) {
override fun onCreate(db: SQLiteDatabase) {
val SQL_CREATE_BOOKS_TABLE = "CREATE TABLE
${BookContract.BookEntry.TABLE_NAME} (" +
"${BookContract.BookEntry.COLUMN_ID} INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "
+
"${BookContract.BookEntry.COLUMN_TITLE} TEXT NOT NULL, " +
"${BookContract.BookEntry.COLUMN_AUTHOR} TEXT NOT NULL);"
db.execSQL(SQL_CREATE_BOOKS_TABLE)
}

override fun onUpgrade(db: SQLiteDatabase, oldVersion: Int, newVersion: Int) {

// Upgrade database schema if needed
}

companion object {
private const val DATABASE_NAME = "books.db"
private const val DATABASE_VERSION = 1
}
}

In this example:

• BookContract defines the contract for the Content Provider, including

the content URI and column names.
• BookProvider implements the Content Provider class, providing
methods for CRUD operations.
• BookDbHelper is a helper class for managing the SQLite database
used by the Content Provider.

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INTENTS
an Intent is a messaging object that facilitates communication between
components of an application, as well as between different applications.
Intents are used for various purposes, including starting activities,
services, and broadcasts, as well as passing data between components.
Here's an explanation of Intents in Android:

• Purpose:
• Intents are used to initiate various actions within an Android
application or between different applications.
• They provide a flexible and loosely coupled way for
components to communicate with each other.
• Intents enable developers to create dynamic and interactive
user experiences by launching activities, starting services,
broadcasting messages, and passing data.
• Types:
• Explicit Intents: Explicit Intents are used to start a specific
component within the same application by specifying the
target component's class name or package name.
• Implicit Intents: Implicit Intents are used to trigger an action
based on the intent's action string, such as opening a web
page, sending an email, making a phone call, or sharing
content with other apps. Implicit Intents allow the system to
find the best matching component to handle the requested
action.
• Components:
• Activities: Intents are commonly used to start activities, which
represent individual screens in an Android application. By
using Intents, developers can navigate between different
activities within the same app or launch activities from other
apps.
• Services: Intents can also be used to start background
services, which perform long-running operations in the
background, such as downloading files, playing music, or
processing data.
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• Broadcast Receivers: Intents are used to broadcast

messages to interested components using the publish-
subscribe pattern. Broadcast Receivers can listen for specific
broadcast messages and respond accordingly.
• Data Passing:
• Intents can carry additional data in the form of key-value
pairs called Extras. Extras can be primitive data types,
strings, arrays, or custom Parcelable or Serializable objects.
• Data can be passed between components using Intent
extras, allowing components to share information and
coordinate their behavior.
Explicit Intent Example

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="We are in First Page"
/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/name"/>
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/mobile"/>
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<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Move to Second"
android:id="@+id/bt1"
/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt
package com.example.exintent

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.exintent.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

binding?.bt1?.setOnClickListener{
var intent= Intent(this@MainActivity,Second::class.java)
// intent.putExtra("key","values")
intent.putExtra("name",binding?.name?.text.toString())
intent.putExtra("mobile",binding?.mobile?.text.toString())

startActivity(intent)
}
}
}
Activity_second.kt

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
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<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Second"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="We are in Second Page"
/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Move to Third"
android:id="@+id/bt2"
/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>

SecondActivity.kt

package com.example.exintent

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.exintent.databinding.ActivitySecondBinding

class Second : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivitySecondBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

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binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_second)

var dataintent=intent
var s1=dataintent.getStringExtra("name")
var s2=dataintent.getStringExtra("mobile")
Toast.makeText(this@Second,""+s1+s2,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).sh
ow()

binding?.bt2?.setOnClickListener {
var intent= Intent(this@Second,Third::class.java)
intent.putExtra("data",s1+s2)
startActivity(intent)
// finish()
}
}
}

Activity_third.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Third">

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

ThirdActivity.kt
package com.example.exintent

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast

class Third : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
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super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_third)

var dataintent=intent
var s1=dataintent.getStringExtra("data")

Toast.makeText(this@Third,""+s1, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()

override fun onBackPressed() {

super.onBackPressed()
var intent= Intent(this@Third,MainActivity::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}
}

Androidmanifest.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:dataExtractionRules="@xml/data_extraction_rules"
android:fullBackupContent="@xml/backup_rules"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/Theme.Exintent"
tools:targetApi="31">
<activity
android:name=".Third"
android:exported="false" />
<activity
android:name=".Second"
android:exported="false" />
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
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android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"
/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>

</manifest>

Implicit Intent example

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Implicit Intent eaxmple!"
/>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Camera "
android:id="@+id/camera"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Browser "
android:id="@+id/browser"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Gallary "
android:id="@+id/gallary"/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt

package com.example.implicit

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.provider.MediaStore
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.implicit.databinding.ActivityMainBinding
import android.content.Intent
import android.net.Uri

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

binding?.camera?.setOnClickListener {

var intent= Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE)

startActivity(intent)
}
binding?.browser?.setOnClickListener {

var intent= Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW)

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intent.data=Uri.parse("https://androindian.com/registration-using-
retrofit-raw-data/")
startActivity(intent)
}

binding?.gallary?.setOnClickListener {

var intent= Intent(Intent.ACTION_PICK)

// intent.setType("image/*")
intent.setType("video/*")
// intent.setType("doc/*")

startActivity(intent)
}
}

ADVANCED USER INTERFACE

IN ANDROID DEVELOPMENT , AN ADAPTER IS A BRIDGE BETWEEN A UI
COMPONENT (SUCH AS A LIST VIEW, RECYCLERVIEW, SPINNER, ETC.) AND
THE UNDERLYING DATA SOURCE . ADAPTERS ARE USED TO POPULATE UI
COMPONENTS WITH DATA , PROVIDING A WAY TO DYNAMICALLY DISPLAY AND
MANAGE LARGE DATASETS EFFICIENTLY .
HERE'S AN EXPLANATION OF ADAPTERS IN ANDROID:

• PURPOSE:
• ADAPTERS ARE USED TO BIND DATA TO UI COMPONENTS ,
ALLOWING THEM TO DISPLAY INFORMATION FROM A DATA
SOURCE.
• THEY ABSTRACT AWAY THE COMPLEXITY OF MANAGING DATA
PRESENTATION , HANDLING DATA UPDATES , AND RECYCLING
VIEWS TO OPTIMIZE MEMORY USAGE AND PERFORMANCE .
• TYPES OF ADAPTERS:
• ARRAYADAPTER: ARRAYADAPTER IS A SIMPLE ADAPTER THAT
WORKS WITH ARRAYS OR LISTS OF DATA . IT CONVERTS EACH

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ITEM IN THE DATA SOURCE INTO A VIEW THAT CAN BE DISPLAYED

WITHIN AUI COMPONENT .
• CURSORADAPTER: CURSORADAPTER IS USED WITH DATA FROM
A DATABASE QUERY REPRESENTED AS A CURSOR OBJECT . IT
ALLOWS EFFICIENT RETRIEVAL AND BINDING OF DATA FROM THE
DATABASE TO UI COMPONENTS.
• BASEADAPTER: BASEADAPTER IS A GENERIC ADAPTER CLASS
THAT PROVIDES A FOUNDATION FOR CUSTOM ADAPTERS . IT
REQUIRES IMPLEMENTING CERTAIN METHODS TO MANAGE DATA
BINDING AND VIEW RECYCLING .
• RECYCLERVIEW.ADAPTER: RECYCLERVIEW.ADAPTER IS USED
WITH RECYCLERVIEW, A MORE FLEXIBLE AND EFFICIENT
REPLACEMENT FOR LIST VIEW. IT PROVIDES SIMILAR
FUNCTIONALITY TO BASEADAPTER BUT WITH ADDITIONAL
FEATURES LIKE SUPPORT FOR DIFFERENT VIEW TYPES AND
ANIMATIONS .
• COMPONENTS:
• GET VIEW() (OR ONCREATEVIEWHOLDER() AND
ONBINDVIEWHOLDER() IN RECYCLERVIEW.ADAPTER): THIS
METHOD IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING AND POPULATING
VIEWS FOR INDIVIDUAL ITEMS IN THE DATA SOURCE . IT INFLATES
A LAYOUT FILE TO CREATE A VIEW , BINDS DATA TO THE VIEW ,
AND RETURNS IT TO BE DISPLAYED IN THE UI COMPONENT.
• GETITEM () (OR SIMILAR METHODS ): THESE METHODS RETRIEVE
INDIVIDUAL ITEMS FROM THE DATA SOURCE BASED ON THEIR
POSITION.
• GETITEMCOUNT ():THIS METHOD RETURNS THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF ITEMS IN THE DATA SOURCE .
• NOTIFY DATA SETC HANGED(): T HIS METHOD NOTIFIES THE
ADAPTER THAT THE UNDERLYING DATASET HAS CHANGED ,
PROMPTING IT TO REFRESH THE UI COMPONENTS
ACCORDINGLY .
• USAGE:
• ADAPTERS ARE TYPICALLY USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH UI
COMPONENTS LIKE LIST VIEW, RECYCLERVIEW, SPINNER, ETC.,
TO DISPLAY DATA IN A STRUCTURED FORMAT .

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• THEY ENABLE DEVELOPERS TO DECOUPLE DATA MANAGEMENT

FROM UI RENDERING , MAKING IT EASIER TO UPDATE AND
MAINTAIN THE UI DYNAMICALLY .

LISTVIEW EXAMPLE
Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<ListView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/list"/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>
MainActivity.kt

package com.example.list

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.list.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
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var Course=arrayOf("Android","Java","CoreJava","Adv Java",

"PHP","Python", "Core Java","Adv Java","Android","Java",
"CoreJava","Adv Java", "PHP","Python", "Core Java","Adv Java",
"Android","Java","CoreJava","Adv Java", "PHP","Python", "Core
Java","Adv Java")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

// predefined layout & data from kotlin

// var courseadapter=
ArrayAdapter(this@MainActivity,android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1,
Course)
//binding?.list?.adapter=courseadapter

// predefined layout & data from Res

//var xyz=resources.getStringArray(R.array.Cities)
var courseadapter=
ArrayAdapter(this@MainActivity,android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1,
resources.getStringArray(R.array.xyz))
binding?.list?.adapter=courseadapter

// custom layout & data from kotlin

//var courseadapter=
ArrayAdapter(this@MainActivity,R.layout.custom, Course)
//binding?.list?.adapter=courseadapter

binding?.list?.setOnItemClickListener { parent, view, position, id ->

Toast.makeText(this,""+position,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}
}
Custom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<TextView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textColor="#FF5722"
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android:textSize="20sp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:padding="10dp">

</TextView>
String.xml

<resources>
<string name="app_name">List</string>

<string-array name="xyz">
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>
<item>abc</item>

</string-array>

</resources>

GRIDVIEW EXAMPLE
Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
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<GridView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/grid"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:numColumns="auto_fit"/>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt

package com.example.grid

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.AdapterView
import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.grid.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
var course=arrayOf("Android", "Java","CoreJava","Core Java","
advjava","adv Java",
"python","androidjava","javaandroid")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

var gridadaprer= ArrayAdapter(this,

android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, course)
binding?.grid?.adapter=gridadaprer

binding?.grid?.setOnItemClickListener { parent, view, position, id ->

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Toast.makeText(this,""+id,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

}
}

SPINNER EXAMPLE
Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<Spinner
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/spin"
android:layout_below="@id/grid"
android:layout_margin="10dp"/>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt
package com.example.grid

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.AdapterView
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import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.grid.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
var course=arrayOf("Android", "Java","CoreJava","Core Java","
advjava","adv Java",
"python","androidjava","javaandroid")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

var spinadp= ArrayAdapter(this,

android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, course)
binding?.spin?.adapter=spinadp

binding?.spin?.setOnItemSelectedListener(object:
OnItemSelectedListener{
override fun onItemSelected(
parent: AdapterView<*>?,
view: View?,
position: Int,
id: Long
){
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,""+id,Toast.LENGTH_LON
G).show()
}

override fun onNothingSelected(parent: AdapterView<*>?) {

}
})

}
}
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AUTOCOMPLETETEXTVIEW EXAMPLE

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<AutoCompleteTextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/auto"
android:layout_below="@id/spin"
android:completionThreshold="1"
android:layout_margin="10dp"/>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt

package com.example.grid

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.view.View
import android.widget.AdapterView
import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter
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import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.grid.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
var course=arrayOf("Android", "Java","CoreJava","Core Java","
advjava","adv Java",
"python","androidjava","javaandroid")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

var autoadapter= ArrayAdapter(this,

android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, course)
binding?.auto?.setAdapter(autoadapter)
}
}

RECYCLERVIEW
RecyclerView is a powerful and flexible UI component introduced in
Android's support library to efficiently display large datasets in a
scrollable list or grid format. It's an improved version of the older
ListView and GridView components, providing better performance, more
flexibility, and easier customization.
Here's an explanation of RecyclerView in Android:

• Purpose:
• RecyclerView is designed to efficiently display large datasets
in a scrollable list or grid format.
• It efficiently manages the memory usage by recycling views
as they move off-screen, reducing the need for creating and
destroying views dynamically.
• RecyclerView provides a flexible architecture for
implementing various layout managers, item decorations,
and item animations.
• Components:
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• LayoutManager: RecyclerView uses layout managers to

arrange items in a list, grid, or custom layout. Android
provides several built-in layout managers like
LinearLayoutManager (for vertical or horizontal lists),
GridLayoutManager (for grids), and
StaggeredGridLayoutManager (for staggered grids).
• Adapter: RecyclerView.Adapter is responsible for providing
data to the RecyclerView and creating views to represent
individual items in the dataset. It works similarly to adapters
in ListView and GridView but with additional methods for
managing view types and item animations.
• ViewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder represents individual
views (or view holders) for items in the dataset. It holds
references to the views within each item layout, allowing
efficient recycling of views as they scroll off-screen.
• Features:
• View Recycling: RecyclerView recycles views as they scroll
off-screen and reuses them to display new items, reducing
memory usage and improving performance.
• Item Animations: RecyclerView supports built-in item
animations for adding, removing, and changing items in the
dataset, providing a smoother user experience.
• Item Decorations: RecyclerView allows you to add custom
decorations (such as dividers, margins, or decorators) to
individual items or the entire list/grid.
• Item Touch Helpers: RecyclerView provides built-in support
for handling touch events, gestures, and drag-and-drop
interactions on individual items.
• Usage:
• To use RecyclerView in your app, you need to add the
RecyclerView dependency to your project's build.gradle file.
• Next, you create a layout file for the item view that
represents individual items in the dataset.
• Then, you define a custom adapter by extending
RecyclerView.Adapter and implement methods to manage
data binding and view creation.
• Finally, you set up the RecyclerView in your activity or
fragment, configure it with a layout manager and adapter,
and provide the dataset to be displayed.

Build.gradle
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plugins {
id("com.android.application")
id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android")
}

android {
namespace = "com.example.recycler"
compileSdk = 34

defaultConfig {
applicationId = "com.example.recycler"
minSdk = 24
targetSdk = 34
versionCode = 1
versionName = "1.0"

testInstrumentationRunner =
"androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}

buildTypes {
release {
isMinifyEnabled = false
proguardFiles(
getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"),
"proguard-rules.pro"
)
}
}
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
kotlinOptions {
jvmTarget = "1.8"
}
dataBinding{
enable=true
}
}

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dependencies {

implementation("androidx.core:core-ktx:1.12.0")
implementation("androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.6.1")
implementation("com.google.android.material:material:1.11.0")
implementation("androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.4")
testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.5")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-
core:3.5.1")
}

Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Recycler view example"
android:id="@+id/tv1"
/>
<androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/rec"
android:layout_below="@id/tv1"
android:layout_margin="10dp"/>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt

package com.example.recycler
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import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager
import com.example.recycler.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
var Names=arrayOf("AAA","BBB","CCC")
var Mobile=arrayOf("5253","87567","7565")
var
Emails=arrayOf("[email protected]","[email protected]","[email protected]
")
var
Profile=arrayOf(R.mipmap.ic_launcher,R.mipmap.ic_launcher_round,
R.mipmap.ic_launcher)
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

var linearlayoutmanager= LinearLayoutManager(this@MainActivity,

LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL, false)
binding?.rec?.layoutManager=linearlayoutmanager

var customAdapter=CustomAdapter(this@MainActivity, Names,

Mobile, Emails, Profile)
binding?.rec?.adapter=customAdapter
}
}

CustomAdapter.kt

package com.example.recycler

import android.content.Context
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.LinearLayout
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView

class CustomAdapter(mainActivity: MainActivity, names:

Array<String>, mobile: Array<String>, emails: Array<String>,
profile: Array<Int>) :
RecyclerView.Adapter<CustomAdapter.MyViewHolder>() {

var adpnames: Array<String>

var adpmobile: Array<String>
var adpemail: Array<String>
var adpprofile: Array<Int>
var adpContext: Context

init {
adpnames=names
adpemail=emails
adpmobile=mobile
adpprofile=profile
adpContext=mainActivity
}

override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int):

CustomAdapter.MyViewHolder {
var
view=LayoutInflater.from(parent.context).inflate(R.layout.custom,parent,f
alse)
return MyViewHolder(view)
}

override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: CustomAdapter.MyViewHolder,

position: Int) {

holder.name?.text=adpnames[holder.adapterPosition]
holder.email?.text=adpemail[holder.adapterPosition]
holder.mobile?.text=adpmobile[holder.adapterPosition]
holder.profile?.setImageResource(adpprofile[holder.adapterPosition]
)

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

holder?.profile?.setOnClickListener{
Toast.makeText(adpContext,"image"+position,Toast.LENGTH_L
ONG).show()
}

holder?.linearLayout?.setOnClickListener{
Toast.makeText(adpContext,"adp"+position,Toast.LENGTH_LON
G).show()
}
}

override fun getItemCount(): Int {

return adpnames.size
}

inner class MyViewHolder (itemview:

View):RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemview){
var name:TextView?=null
var mobile:TextView?=null
var email:TextView?=null
var profile:ImageView?=null
var linearLayout:LinearLayout?=null

init {
name=itemview.findViewById(R.id.name)
mobile=itemview.findViewById(R.id.mobile)
email=itemview.findViewById(R.id.email)
profile=itemview.findViewById(R.id.iv)
linearLayout=itemview.findViewById(R.id.linear)

Custom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
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android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal">

<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/iv"
android:layout_margin="5dp"/>

<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/linear"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/name"
android:layout_margin="5dp"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/mobile"
android:layout_margin="5dp"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/email"
android:layout_margin="5dp"/>
</LinearLayout>

</LinearLayout>

TELEPHONY MANAGER

IMEI

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In Android, accessing the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

number directly is restricted due to privacy and security concerns.
However, you can retrieve the IMEI number using the
TelephonyManager class, but you need to request the
READ_PHONE_STATE permission in your app's manifest file to access
it.
Here's how you can retrieve the IMEI number using Kotlin:

• Add the necessary permission to your AndroidManifest.xml:

•
<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE"/>

Use the TelephonyManager class to retrieve the IMEI number

import android.Manifest
import android.content.Context
import android.content.pm.PackageManager
import android.os.Build
import android.os.Bundle
import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.core.app.ActivityCompat
import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

private val REQUEST_READ_PHONE_STATE = 101

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {

if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(
this,
Manifest.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE
) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
){
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(
this,
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arrayOf(Manifest.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE),
REQUEST_READ_PHONE_STATE
)
} else {
getIMEINumber()
}
} else {
getIMEINumber()
}
}

override fun onRequestPermissionsResult(

requestCode: Int,
permissions: Array<out String>,
grantResults: IntArray
){
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions,
grantResults)

if (requestCode == REQUEST_READ_PHONE_STATE) {
if (grantResults.isNotEmpty() && grantResults[0] ==
PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
getIMEINumber()
} else {
Toast.makeText(
this,
"Permission denied. IMEI cannot be retrieved.",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
).show()
}
}
}

private fun getIMEINumber() {

val telephonyManager =
getSystemService(Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE) as
TelephonyManager
val imei = telephonyManager.imei

if (imei != null) {
Toast.makeText(this, "IMEI number: $imei",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
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} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "IMEI number not available",
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}
}

PHONE STATUS
Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
>

<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="16dp">

<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="16dp"
android:orientation="vertical">
<Button
android:id="@+id/button1"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Ringer"
android:layout_margin="16dp"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/button2"
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android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Vibrate "
android:layout_margin="16dp"/>

<Button
android:id="@+id/button3"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Silent "

android:layout_margin="16dp"/>

</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt

package com.example.phonestatus

import android.content.Context
import android.media.AudioManager
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.phonestatus.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
var audioManager: AudioManager?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

audioManager=getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE) as
AudioManager?
binding?.button1?.setOnClickListener{

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audioManager?.ringerMode=AudioManager.RINGER_MODE_NO
RMAL
}
binding?.button1?.setOnClickListener{
audioManager?.ringerMode=AudioManager.RINGER_MODE_VI
BRATE
}
binding?.button3?.setOnClickListener{
audioManager?.ringerMode=AudioManager.RINGER_MODE_SIL
ENT
}
}
}

Bluetooth
Add Bluetooth Permissions:
• First, you need to add the necessary permissions to your
AndroidManifest.xml file.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN"/>

Check Bluetooth Availability:

• Before using Bluetooth, it's a good idea to check if it's available on
the device.
private fun isBluetoothAvailable(): Boolean {
val bluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter()
return bluetoothAdapter != null
}

Enable Bluetooth:
• You may need to enable Bluetooth if it's not already enabled.
private fun enableBluetooth() {
val bluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter()
if (!bluetoothAdapter.isEnabled) {
val enableBtIntent = Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE)
startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)
}
}

Listen for Bluetooth Events:

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• You can register a BroadcastReceiver to listen for Bluetooth-

related events.
private val bluetoothReceiver = object : BroadcastReceiver() {
override fun onReceive(context: Context?, intent: Intent?) {
when (intent?.action) {
BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_STATE_CHANGED -> {
val state = intent.getIntExtra(BluetoothAdapter.EXTRA_STATE,
BluetoothAdapter.ERROR)
when (state) {
BluetoothAdapter.STATE_ON -> {
// Bluetooth is enabled
}
BluetoothAdapter.STATE_OFF -> {
// Bluetooth is disabled
}
}
}
BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND -> {
// A new Bluetooth device is discovered
val device: BluetoothDevice? =
intent.getParcelableExtra(BluetoothDevice.EXTRA_DEVICE)
device?.let {
// Do something with the discovered device
}
}
}
}
}

Register and Unregister BroadcastReceiver:

• Don't forget to register and unregister the BroadcastReceiver.
override fun onResume() {
super.onResume()
val filter = IntentFilter().apply {
addAction(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_STATE_CHANGED)
addAction(BluetoothDevice.ACTION_FOUND)
}
registerReceiver(bluetoothReceiver, filter)
}

override fun onPause() {

super.onPause()
unregisterReceiver(bluetoothReceiver)
}

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DIALOGS
dialogs are small UI components that overlay the current activity to
prompt the user for information or to confirm an action. There are several
types of dialogs available in Android, such as AlertDialog, CustomDialog,
DatePickerDialog, TimePickerDialog, etc.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Dialogs Example"
/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Predefined"
android:id="@+id/preferined"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="custom"
android:id="@+id/custom"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="progress circle"
android:id="@+id/progress1"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Progress horizontal"
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android:id="@+id/progress2"/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:id="@+id/showdate"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Pick date "
android:id="@+id/pickdate"/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:id="@+id/showtime"/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Pick date "
android:id="@+id/picktime"/>

<ProgressBar
android:id="@+id/progressBar"
style="?android:attr/progressBarStyle"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

</LinearLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt
package com.example.dialogs

import android.app.AlertDialog
import android.app.DatePickerDialog
import android.app.Dialog
import android.app.ProgressDialog
import android.app.TimePickerDialog
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import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.TimePicker
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.dialogs.databinding.ActivityMainBinding
import java.util.Calendar

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

binding?.preferined?.setOnClickListener{
var predefined= AlertDialog.Builder(this)
predefined.setTitle("Are you Sure")
predefined.setMessage("Want to Close")

predefined.setPositiveButton("Yes"){ dialogInterface,which->
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,"Yes",Toast.LENGTH_LON
G).show()
}
predefined.setNegativeButton("NO"){ dialogInterface,which->
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,"No",Toast.LENGTH_LON
G).show()
}
predefined.setNeutralButton("Cancel"){ dialogInterface,which->
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,"Cancel",Toast.LENGTH_L
ONG).show()
}
predefined.show()
}

binding?.custom?.setOnClickListener{
var dialog= Dialog(this)
dialog.setCancelable(false)
dialog.setContentView(R.layout.custom)
var bt: Button?=null
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bt=dialog?.findViewById(R.id.button)

bt?.setOnClickListener{
dialog.dismiss()
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,"Button",Toast.LENGTH_L
ONG).show()
}
dialog.show()
}

binding?.progress1?.setOnClickListener {
var progressDialog=ProgressDialog(this@MainActivity)
progressDialog.setTitle("Please wait")
progressDialog.setMessage("Data laoding")
progressDialog.show()
}

binding?.progress2?.setOnClickListener {
var progressDialog=ProgressDialog(this@MainActivity)
progressDialog.setTitle("Please wait")
progressDialog.setMessage("Data laoding")
progressDialog.setProgressStyle(ProgressDialog.STYLE_HORIZ
ONTAL)
progressDialog.show()
}

binding?.pickdate?.setOnClickListener{

var caldender= Calendar.getInstance()

var myear=caldender.get(Calendar.YEAR)
var mmonth=caldender.get(Calendar.MONTH)
var mday=caldender.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH)

var datePickerDialog= DatePickerDialog(this@MainActivity,

DatePickerDialog.OnDateSetListener{view
,year,monthOfYear,dayOfMonth->
binding?.showdate?.setText(""+ dayOfMonth + "-" +
monthOfYear+ "-" + year)
},myear,mmonth,mday)

datePickerDialog.getDatePicker().setMaxDate(System.currentTim
eMillis());
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//
datePickerDialog.getDatePicker().setMinDate(System.currentTimeMillis(
));

datePickerDialog.show()
}

binding?.picktime?.setOnClickListener{

var caldender=Calendar.getInstance()
var mhour=caldender.get(Calendar.HOUR)
var mmin=caldender.get(Calendar.MINUTE)
var msec=caldender.get(Calendar.SECOND)

var timePickerDialog=TimePickerDialog(this@MainActivity,
object: TimePickerDialog.OnTimeSetListener{

override fun onTimeSet(view: TimePicker?, hourOfDay: Int,

minute: Int) {
binding?.showtime?.setText(""+ hourOfDay + ":" + minute)
}

},mhour,mmin,false)

timePickerDialog.show()

}
}
}

WEB SERVICES
Web services are software systems designed to support interoperable
machine-to-machine interaction over a network. They allow different
systems and applications to communicate with each other using
standard protocols and data formats. Web services are widely used for

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integrating disparate systems, enabling data exchange, and building

distributed applications.
Here's an introduction to web services:

• Purpose:
• Web services enable communication between different
software applications running on different platforms and
frameworks.
• They provide a standardized way for systems to interact and
exchange data over a network, regardless of the
programming language, operating system, or platform they
are built on.
• Web services facilitate the integration of heterogeneous
systems and the development of distributed and modular
applications.
• Key Characteristics:
• Interoperability: Web services use standard protocols and
data formats such as XML, JSON, SOAP, and REST to
ensure interoperability between different systems and
platforms.
• Loose Coupling: Web services promote loose coupling
between systems by decoupling the implementation details
of the service from its consumers. This allows for easier
maintenance, scalability, and evolution of the system.
• Platform Independence: Web services are platform-
independent, meaning they can be accessed and consumed
by any application regardless of the platform or technology
stack it is built on.
• Scalability: Web services can scale horizontally by adding
more instances of the service to handle increasing demand
and workload.
• TYPES OF WEB SERVICES:
• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): SOAP is a protocol
for exchanging structured information in the implementation
of web services. It uses XML for message format and
typically runs over HTTP or SMTP.
• REST (Representational State Transfer): REST is an
architectural style for designing networked applications. It
relies on stateless communication and uses standard HTTP
methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for CRUD operations.

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• XML-RPC: XML-RPC is a simple protocol that uses XML to

encode messages and HTTP as the transport mechanism. It
allows remote procedure calls over the internet.
• Components of Web Services:
• Service Provider: The service provider is responsible for
implementing and exposing the web service.
• Service Consumer: The service consumer is the application
or system that consumes or accesses the web service.
• Service Description: The service description provides
information about the web service, including its operations,
input/output parameters, data types, etc. It is typically
defined using standards like WSDL (Web Services
Description Language) for SOAP-based services or OpenAPI
(formerly known as Swagger) for RESTful services.
• Service Registry: The service registry is a directory or
repository that maintains metadata about available web
services, allowing service consumers to discover and access
them.

The architecture of web services defines the structure, components, and

interactions involved in designing and implementing distributed software
systems that communicate over a network using standard protocols and
data formats. There are several architectural styles for web services,
with SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and REST
(Representational State Transfer) being the most commonly used.
Here's an overview of the architecture of both SOAP and REST web
services:

• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol):

SOAP is a protocol for exchanging structured information in the
implementation of web services. It defines a standard messaging
framework that allows systems to exchange XML-based messages
over a network. The architecture of SOAP web services typically
includes the following components:
• Service Provider: The service provider implements the SOAP
web service by exposing a set of operations (methods) that
can be invoked remotely by service consumers. The service
provider publishes a WSDL (Web Services Description
Language) document describing the service interface.
• Service Consumer: The service consumer is the application
or system that consumes or invokes the operations exposed
by the SOAP web service. The service consumer typically
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generates client-side proxy classes based on the WSDL

document to interact with the service.
• SOAP Message: SOAP messages are XML-based
documents that contain the information exchanged between
the service provider and service consumer. A SOAP
message consists of a header section (optional) and a body
section containing the payload data.
• Transport Protocol: SOAP messages are typically
transported over HTTP or SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol). The choice of transport protocol depends on the
requirements and constraints of the application.
• Service Description (WSDL): The WSDL document
describes the interface of the SOAP web service, including
the operations it supports, input/output parameters, data
types, and message formats. WSDL provides a standardized
way for service consumers to discover and understand the
capabilities of the service.
• SOAP Binding: SOAP bindings define the rules and
conventions for exchanging SOAP messages over a specific
transport protocol. Common SOAP bindings include SOAP
over HTTP, SOAP over SMTP, and SOAP over JMS (Java
Message Service).
• REST (Representational State Transfer):
REST is an architectural style for designing networked applications
based on the principles of simplicity, scalability, and statelessness.
RESTful web services use standard HTTP methods (GET, POST,
PUT, DELETE) to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete)
operations on resources identified by URIs (Uniform Resource
Identifiers). The architecture of RESTful web services typically
includes the following components:
• Resource: Resources are the key abstractions in RESTful
architecture, representing entities or data objects that can be
accessed and manipulated by clients. Resources are
identified by unique URIs and can have multiple
representations (e.g., JSON, XML, HTML).
• HTTP Methods: RESTful web services use standard HTTP
methods to perform operations on resources. GET is used to
retrieve resource representations, POST is used to create
new resources, PUT is used to update existing resources,
and DELETE is used to delete resources.
• Representation: Resource representations are the data
formats used to represent resource state, such as JSON
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(JavaScript Object Notation) or XML (eXtensible Markup

Language). Clients can request different representations of a
resource using content negotiation.
• Uniform Interface: RESTful web services adhere to the
principles of a uniform interface, which include using
standard HTTP methods, resource identification through
URIs, self-descriptive messages, and hypermedia as the
engine of application state (HATEOAS).
• Statelessness: RESTful web services are stateless, meaning
each request from the client contains all the information
necessary for the server to fulfill the request. The server
does not store any client state between requests, improving
scalability and reliability.
• Hypermedia Controls (HATEOAS): HATEOAS is a principle
of RESTful architecture that enables clients to navigate the
application state dynamically by following hypermedia links
embedded in resource representations. Hypermedia controls
provide a self-descriptive and discoverable API, reducing the
coupling between clients and servers.

THE COMPONENTS OF WEB SERVICES

The components of web services are the essential building blocks that
collectively enable the creation, deployment, and consumption of
distributed software systems over a network. These components work
together to facilitate communication, data exchange, and interoperability
between different systems and applications. Here are the key
components of web services:

• Service Provider:
• The service provider is the entity responsible for
implementing and exposing the web service to potential
consumers.
• It develops the functionality and logic of the service, including
defining the service interface, implementing service
operations, and hosting the service on a server.
• The service provider publishes metadata about the service,
such as its interface definition and endpoint location, to allow
consumers to discover and access the service.
• Service Consumer:

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• The service consumer is the entity that consumes or

interacts with the web service to access its functionality and
data.
• It may be an application, system, or component that initiates
requests to the service provider to perform specific
operations or retrieve information.
• The service consumer typically generates client-side code or
proxies based on the service metadata to communicate with
the service provider.
• Service Interface:
• The service interface defines the contract or agreement
between the service provider and consumer regarding how
they communicate and interact with each other.
• It specifies the operations supported by the service, including
their input parameters, output results, and any errors or
exceptions that may occur.
• The service interface is typically described using a formal
language or notation, such as WSDL (Web Services
Description Language) for SOAP-based services or OpenAPI
(formerly known as Swagger) for RESTful services.
• Service Description:
• The service description provides metadata or documentation
about the web service, including its capabilities, interface,
protocols, and data formats.
• It allows service consumers to discover, understand, and
interact with the service without prior knowledge of its
implementation details.
• Service descriptions are typically represented using
standardized formats, such as WSDL for SOAP services or
OpenAPI for RESTful services, and are published by the
service provider for consumption by potential clients.
• Service Endpoint:
• The service endpoint is the network address or location
where the web service is hosted and can be accessed by
service consumers.
• It consists of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) or URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) that uniquely identifies the
service and specifies the communication protocol (e.g.,
HTTP, HTTPS).
• Service endpoints allow clients to connect to the service
provider over the network and invoke its operations to
perform desired tasks or retrieve information.
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• Data Format:
• Data format refers to the encoding and representation of
data exchanged between the service provider and consumer
during communication.
• Web services support various data formats, such as XML
(eXtensible Markup Language), JSON (JavaScript Object
Notation), and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol),
depending on the protocol and messaging format used.
• The choice of data format affects factors such as
interoperability, performance, and complexity of data
processing and serialization/deserialization.
• WEB SERVICES ADVANTAGES
Web services offer numerous advantages that make them a popular
choice for building distributed systems and enabling interoperable
communication between disparate applications and platforms. Here are
some key advantages of web services:

• Interoperability:
• Web services facilitate interoperable communication
between different systems and platforms, regardless of the
programming language, operating system, or hardware
infrastructure used.
• They use standard protocols and data formats such as
HTTP, XML, JSON, SOAP, and REST, enabling seamless
integration and data exchange between heterogeneous
environments.
• Platform Independence:
• Web services are platform-independent, allowing them to be
accessed and consumed by any application or system
regardless of the underlying technology stack.
• They enable organizations to build distributed systems that
can run on diverse platforms and infrastructures, including
desktops, mobile devices, cloud environments, and IoT
(Internet of Things) devices.
• Loose Coupling:
• Web services promote loose coupling between systems by
decoupling the implementation details of the service provider
from its consumers.
• They allow systems to interact and exchange data without
relying on specific implementation details, enabling easier
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maintenance, scalability, and evolution of distributed

applications.
• Scalability:
• Web services can scale horizontally by adding more
instances of the service to handle increasing demand and
workload.
• They support distributed architectures and cloud
deployments, allowing organizations to scale their systems
dynamically to accommodate growing user bases and
workloads.
• Reusability:
• Web services promote reusability of components and
services by exposing modular and encapsulated functionality
that can be accessed and reused by multiple applications.
• They enable organizations to leverage existing services and
infrastructure to build new applications and functionalities
more efficiently.
• Ease of Integration:
• Web services simplify the integration of disparate systems
and applications by providing standardized communication
protocols and interfaces.
• They enable seamless data exchange and interaction
between internal systems, external partners, and third-party
services, streamlining business processes and workflows.
• Security:
• Web services support various security mechanisms, such as
SSL/TLS encryption, message signing, and authentication, to
ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data
exchanged over the network.
• They enable organizations to implement robust security
policies and controls to protect sensitive information and
mitigate security risks.
• Cost-Effectiveness:
• Web services reduce development and maintenance costs
by promoting code reuse, interoperability, and scalability.
• They enable organizations to leverage existing infrastructure
and resources more efficiently, avoiding the need for costly
and time-consuming custom integrations and proprietary
solutions.

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JSON
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data interchange
format that is easy for humans to read and write and easy for machines
to parse and generate. It is widely used as a format for transmitting data
between a server and a client in web applications, APIs, and various
other systems. JSON is language-independent and supported by most
programming languages and frameworks.
Here's an introduction to JSON:

• Data Format:
• JSON is a text-based data format that consists of key-value
pairs and arrays, organized in a hierarchical structure.
• It is based on two fundamental data structures: objects
(collection of key-value pairs enclosed in curly braces {}) and
arrays (ordered list of values enclosed in square brackets []).
• JSON supports basic data types such as strings, numbers,
booleans, null, objects, and arrays. It also allows nesting of
objects and arrays to represent complex data structures.
• Example:
{
"name": "John Doe",
"age": 30,
"isStudent": false,
"address": {
"street": "123 Main St",
"city": "Anytown",
"zipCode": "12345"
},
"interests": ["reading", "coding", "traveling"]
}

• Key Characteristics:
• Human Readable: JSON is designed to be easy for humans
to read and write, making it a popular choice for configuration
files, data serialization, and API responses.
• Lightweight: JSON has a simple and compact syntax, which
makes it lightweight and efficient for transmitting data over
the network.
• Language-Independent: JSON is language-independent and
can be parsed and generated by most programming

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languages and frameworks. It is not tied to any specific

programming language or platform.
• Widely Supported: JSON is supported by a wide range of
tools, libraries, and frameworks across different
programming languages and platforms. It has become a de
facto standard for data interchange on the web.
• Schemaless: JSON is schemaless, meaning there are no
predefined schemas or data types enforced by the format
itself. This allows for flexibility and dynamic handling of data
structures.
• Usage:
• JSON is commonly used in web development for transmitting
data between a client and a server in AJAX requests,
RESTful APIs, and web services.
• It is used for storing configuration data, application state, and
user preferences in web applications and mobile apps.
• JSON is also used for serializing and deserializing data in
programming languages for data storage, inter-process
communication, and data exchange between different
systems and components.

Overall, JSON is a versatile and widely adopted data format that offers
simplicity, readability, and interoperability, making it a popular choice for
transmitting and storing structured data in modern software
development. It provides a lightweight and flexible solution for
exchanging data between systems and applications in a variety of
contexts.

JSON ARCHITECTURE
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) itself does not have a specific
architecture like web services or other software systems. Instead, it is a
lightweight data interchange format that is used to represent and
exchange structured data between systems. However, the use of JSON
within software architectures can be described in terms of how it fits into
the overall design and communication patterns of a system. Here's how
JSON typically fits into various software architectures:

• Client-Server Architecture:

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• In a client-server architecture, JSON is often used as the

data format for communication between the client and the
server.
• The client sends JSON-formatted requests to the server to
perform actions or retrieve data, and the server responds
with JSON-formatted responses containing the requested
data or status information.
• JSON is commonly used in AJAX requests, RESTful APIs,
and other web service architectures where data needs to be
transmitted between the client and the server over HTTP.
• Microservices Architecture:
• In a microservices architecture, JSON is often used as the
data format for communication between microservices.
• Each microservice may expose APIs that accept and return
JSON-formatted data, allowing them to communicate with
each other in a language-independent and platform-
independent manner.
• JSON is well-suited for microservices architectures due to its
simplicity, flexibility, and ease of parsing and generating data
in different programming languages.
• Message Queue Architecture:
• In a message queue architecture, JSON can be used as the
message format for passing messages between different
components or systems.
• Messages sent between producers and consumers in the
message queue may be serialized and deserialized to JSON
format, allowing them to be easily processed and understood
by different systems.
• JSON provides a lightweight and human-readable format for
representing message data, making it suitable for message-
oriented architectures.
• Data Storage Architecture:
• In data storage architectures, JSON is often used as a data
format for storing structured data in databases or NoSQL
data stores.
• JSON documents can be stored as records or documents in
databases such as MongoDB, Couchbase, or Firebase,
allowing for flexible and schemaless data storage.
• JSON's hierarchical structure and support for nested objects
and arrays make it well-suited for representing complex data
structures in data storage architectures.

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Overall, JSON is a versatile data format that can be used in various

software architectures to facilitate communication, data exchange, and
data storage between different components and systems. Its simplicity,
flexibility, and interoperability make it a popular choice for representing
structured data in modern software development.

TYPES OF WEBSERVICES
In the context of web development and APIs, there are several types of
requests that clients can make to servers to interact with resources.
These requests are typically categorized based on the HTTP method
used for making the request. The most common HTTP methods used for
making requests are:

• GET:
• The GET method is used to request data from a specified
resource.
• It is used to retrieve data or information from the server
without modifying it.
• GET requests should only be used for idempotent
operations, meaning that they should not have any side
effects on the server.
• Example: Retrieving a list of products from an e-commerce
website.
• POST:
• The POST method is used to submit data to be processed to
a specified resource.
• It is commonly used for creating new resources or submitting
form data to the server.
• POST requests can have side effects on the server, such as
creating or updating data.
• Example: Submitting a new order to an e-commerce website.
• PUT:
• The PUT method is used to update data on a specified
resource.
• It is commonly used for updating existing resources with new
data.
• PUT requests are idempotent, meaning that multiple identical
requests should have the same effect as a single request.
• Example: Updating the details of a user profile.
• DELETE:
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• The DELETE method is used to delete a specified resource

from the server.
• It is commonly used for deleting existing resources from the
server.
• DELETE requests are idempotent, meaning that multiple
identical requests should have the same effect as a single
request.
• Example: Deleting a customer record from a database.
• PATCH:
• The PATCH method is used to apply partial modifications to
a resource.
• It is commonly used for updating parts of an existing
resource without affecting the rest of the resource.
• PATCH requests are not necessarily idempotent, meaning
that multiple identical requests may have different effects.
• Example: Updating the status of an order without modifying
other details.
• HEAD:
• The HEAD method is similar to the GET method but does not
return a message body in the response.
• It is commonly used to retrieve metadata about a resource,
such as headers and status codes, without transferring the
entire content.
• HEAD requests are typically used for checking the
availability and properties of a resource.
• Example: Checking if a file exists on a server without
downloading its contents.

These are the most commonly used HTTP methods for making requests
to web servers. Each method has its specific purpose and usage, and
understanding their differences is essential for building RESTful APIs
and interacting with web resources effectively.

RETROFIT
Retrofit is a type-safe HTTP client for Android and Java that simplifies
the process of consuming RESTful web services. It is a widely used
library for making network requests and handling API responses in
Android apps. Retrofit is developed by Square, the same company
behind other popular libraries such as OkHttp.
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Here's an overview of Retrofit and its key features:

• Declarative API:
• Retrofit provides a high-level, declarative API for defining
HTTP requests and handling responses.
• It allows developers to define interfaces that represent
RESTful API endpoints, with methods corresponding to
different HTTP operations (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.)
and annotations for specifying request parameters, headers,
and response types.
• Type-Safe Requests:
• Retrofit generates implementation code for the defined
interfaces at compile time, providing type safety and
ensuring that requests and responses are properly handled.
• Developers can define Java interfaces with method
signatures that match the expected request and response
types, making the code more readable and maintainable.
• Integration with OkHttp:
• Retrofit seamlessly integrates with OkHttp, a powerful HTTP
client library for Java and Android, for handling network
communication.
• OkHttp provides features such as connection pooling,
request/response caching, and interceptors, which Retrofit
leverages to provide efficient and reliable network
communication.
• Serialization and Deserialization:
• Retrofit supports automatic serialization of request bodies
and deserialization of response bodies using converter
libraries such as Gson, Moshi, Jackson, and XML.
• Developers can configure Retrofit to use their preferred
serialization/deserialization library based on the data format
(JSON, XML) used by the API.
• Asynchronous and Synchronous Execution:
• Retrofit supports both synchronous and asynchronous
execution of HTTP requests.
• Asynchronous requests are executed on background
threads, allowing the main UI thread to remain responsive,
while synchronous requests are executed on the calling
thread, potentially blocking it until the request completes.
• Error Handling:

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Retrofit provides built-in support for handling HTTP errors

•
and network exceptions, such as timeouts, connection
errors, and server errors.
• Developers can define custom error handling logic, such as
retrying requests, logging errors, or displaying error
messages to the user.
• Easy Integration with Android:
• Retrofit is designed to work seamlessly with Android apps
and integrates well with other Android libraries and
frameworks.
• It supports features such as RxJava for reactive
programming, LiveData for observing data changes, and
Coroutines for asynchronous programming.

Sample Project Using Retrofit

API:

API:
Registration
URL: https://androindian.com/test/Register.php
Request:
{“username”:“Raj”,“password”:“1234”,“email”:“Rajtest2356178@admin}
Response:
{“key”:”You are registered successfully.”,”status”:”success”}
{“key”:”Email already Exists”,”status”:”failed”}

API:
URL: https://androindian.com/test/Register.php
Request:
{“username”:“[email protected]”,“password”:“1234”}
Response:
{“key”:”Login successfully.”,”status”:”success”}
{“key”:”invalid credentials”,”status”:”failed”}

Build .gradle

plugins {
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id("com.android.application")
id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android")
}

android {
namespace = "com.example.project8pm"
compileSdk = 34

defaultConfig {
applicationId = "com.example.project8pm"
minSdk = 24
targetSdk = 34
versionCode = 1
versionName = "1.0"

testInstrumentationRunner =
"androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}

buildTypes {
release {
isMinifyEnabled = false
proguardFiles(
getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"),
"proguard-rules.pro"
)
}
}
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
kotlinOptions {
jvmTarget = "1.8"
}
dataBinding{
enable=true
}
}

dependencies {

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implementation("androidx.core:core-ktx:1.12.0")
implementation("androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.6.1")
implementation("com.google.android.material:material:1.11.0")
implementation("androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.4")
testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.5")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-
core:3.5.1")

implementation ("com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.4.0")
implementation ("com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.4.0")
implementation ("com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.9")
implementation ("com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.5.2")

Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Register Here"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
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<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:id="@+id/username"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="UserName"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.Outli
nedBox">

<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
/>

</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:id="@+id/email"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="email"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.Outli
nedBox">

<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
/>

</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:id="@+id/password"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Password"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.Outli
nedBox">

<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
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/>

</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<Button
android:id="@+id/login"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Login"
android:padding="5dp"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>

</LinearLayout>
</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.project8pm.databinding.ActivityMainBinding
import com.google.gson.JsonParser
import org.json.JSONObject
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.Response
import retrofit2.Retrofit
import retrofit2.converter.gson.GsonConverterFactory

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding= DataBindingUtil.
setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

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binding?.login?.setOnClickListener {

var uname=binding?.username?.editText?.text.toString().trim()
var uemail=binding?.email?.editText?.text.toString().trim()
var upass=binding?.password?.editText?.text.toString().trim()

var jsonObject=JSONObject()
jsonObject.put("username",uname)
jsonObject.put("email",uemail)
jsonObject.put("password",upass)

var retrofit=Retrofit.Builder().
baseUrl("https://androindian.com/test/").
addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()).build()

var retroInterface=retrofit.create(SampleInterface::class.java)

var requestjson=
JsonParser().parse(jsonObject.toString()).asJsonObject

var regresponsecall=retroInterface.createUser(requestjson)

regresponsecall?.enqueue(object :
retrofit2.Callback<RegisterResponse>{
override fun onResponse(
call: Call<RegisterResponse>,
response: Response<RegisterResponse>
){
var res=response.body()?.status

if(res.equals("success")){
var res1=response.body()?.key
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,res1,Toast.LENGTH_L
ONG).show()
var intent= Intent(this@MainActivity,Login::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}else{
var res1=response.body()?.key
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,res1,Toast.LENGTH_L
ONG).show()
}
}
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override fun onFailure(call: Call<RegisterResponse>, t:

Throwable) {
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,""+t,Toast.LENGTH_LO
NG).show()
}
})

}
}
}

SampleInterface.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import com.google.gson.JsonObject
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.http.Body
import retrofit2.http.GET
import retrofit2.http.Headers
import retrofit2.http.POST

public interface SampleInterface {

@Headers("Content-Type:application/json")
@POST("Register_raw.php")
fun createUser(@Body jsonObject: JsonObject):
Call<RegisterResponse>

@Headers("Content-Type:application/json")
@POST("Login_raw.php")
fun loginUser(@Body jsonObject: JsonObject): Call<LoginResponse>

@Headers("Content-Type:application/json")
@GET("users?page=2")
fun loadData(): Call<ListResponse>
}
RegisterResponse.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import com.google.gson.annotations.Expose
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import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName

class RegisterResponse {
@SerializedName("key")
@Expose
var key: String? = null

@SerializedName("status")
@Expose
var status: String? = null
}
Activity_login.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Login">
<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp">
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Login Here"
android:layout_gravity="center" />

<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:id="@+id/email"
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android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="email"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.
OutlinedBox">

<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
/>

</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:id="@+id/password"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Password"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.
OutlinedBox">

<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
/>

</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<Button
android:id="@+id/login"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Login"
android:padding="5dp"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_gravity="center"
/>

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/newuser"
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Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

android:text="New User Register Here"

android:textSize="25sp"/>

</LinearLayout>
</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>
Login.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import android.content.Intent
import android.content.SharedPreferences
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.project8pm.databinding.ActivityLoginBinding
import com.google.gson.JsonParser
import org.json.JSONObject
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.Response
import retrofit2.Retrofit
import retrofit2.converter.gson.GsonConverterFactory

class Login : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityLoginBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_login)

binding?.newuser?.setOnClickListener {
var intent= Intent(this@Login,MainActivity::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}

binding?.login?.setOnClickListener {

var uemail=binding?.email?.editText?.text.toString().trim()
var upass=binding?.password?.editText?.text.toString().trim()

DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,

176  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

var jsonObject= JSONObject()

jsonObject.put("username",uemail)
jsonObject.put("password",upass)

var retrofit= Retrofit.Builder().

baseUrl("https://androindian.com/test/").
addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()).build()

var retroInterface=retrofit.create(SampleInterface::class.java)

var requestjson=
JsonParser().parse(jsonObject.toString()).asJsonObject

var logsponsecall=retroInterface.loginUser(requestjson)

logsponsecall?.enqueue(object :
retrofit2.Callback<LoginResponse>{
override fun onResponse(
call: Call<LoginResponse>,
response: Response<LoginResponse>
){
var res=response.body()?.status

if(res.equals("success")){
var res1=response.body()?.key
Toast.makeText(this@Login,res1,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
var intent=Intent(this@Login,DashBoard::class.java)
startActivity(intent)

var
sharedpredpreferences=getSharedPreferences("Login",
MODE_PRIVATE)
var editor=sharedpredpreferences.edit()
// editor.put("key","vales")
editor.putString("email",uemail)
editor.putString("password",upass)
editor.commit()
}else{
var res1=response.body()?.key

DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,

177  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

Toast.makeText(this@Login,res1,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}

override fun onFailure(call: Call<LoginResponse>, t:

Throwable) {
Toast.makeText(this@Login,""+t,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
})

}
}
}
LoginResponse.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import com.google.gson.annotations.Expose
import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName

class LoginResponse {
@SerializedName("key")
@Expose
var key: String? = null

@SerializedName("status")
@Expose
var status: String? = null
}
Activity_dashboard.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".DashBoard"
android:orientation="vertical">
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
178  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/logout"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:text="Logout"/>

<androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:id="@+id/rec"/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>
Dashboard.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager
import com.example.project8pm.databinding.ActivityDashBoardBinding
import retrofit2.Call
import retrofit2.Response
import retrofit2.Retrofit
import retrofit2.converter.gson.GsonConverterFactory

class DashBoard : AppCompatActivity() {

var connectionChecking: ConnectionChecking?=null
var binding:ActivityDashBoardBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_dash
_board)

var sharedpredpreferences=getSharedPreferences("Login",
MODE_PRIVATE)

DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,

179  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

var s1=sharedpredpreferences.getString("email",null)
var s2=sharedpredpreferences.getString("password",null)

Toast.makeText(this@DashBoard,s1+s2,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).sh
ow()

binding?.logout?.setOnClickListener {
var editor=sharedpredpreferences.edit()
editor.clear()
editor.apply()
}
connectionChecking=ConnectionChecking()

if(connectionChecking?.isConnectingToInternet(this@DashBoard)
== true) {

var retrofit = Retrofit.Builder().baseUrl("https://reqres.in/api/")

.addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()).build()

var retroInterface = retrofit.create(SampleInterface::class.java)

var listCall = retroInterface.loadData()

listCall?.enqueue(object : retrofit2.Callback<ListResponse> {
override fun onResponse(
call: Call<ListResponse>,
response: Response<ListResponse>
){
var res = response.body()?.total

if (res !== 0) {
var linearLayoutManager =
LinearLayoutManager(this@DashBoard,
LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL, false)
binding?.rec?.layoutManager = linearLayoutManager
var customAdapter = CustomAdapter(
this@DashBoard,
response.body()?.data as List<ListInsideData>
)
binding?.rec?.adapter = customAdapter

} else {

DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,

180  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

Toast.makeText(this@DashBoard, "No data found",

Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}

override fun onFailure(call: Call<ListResponse>, t: Throwable) {

Toast.makeText(this@DashBoard, "" + t,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
})
}
else{
Toast.makeText(this@DashBoard,"Please check
internrt",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
}
}
ListResponse.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import com.google.gson.annotations.Expose
import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName

class ListResponse {
@SerializedName("page")
@Expose
var page: Int? = null

@SerializedName("per_page")
@Expose
var perPage: Int? = null

@SerializedName("total")
@Expose
var total: Int? = null

@SerializedName("total_pages")
@Expose
var totalPages: Int? = null

@SerializedName("data")
@Expose
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
181  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

var data: List<ListInsideData>? = null

@SerializedName("support")
@Expose
var support: Support? = null
}
ListInsideData.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import com.google.gson.annotations.Expose
import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName

class ListInsideData {
@SerializedName("id")
@Expose
var id: Int? = null

@SerializedName("email")
@Expose
var email: String? = null

@SerializedName("first_name")
@Expose
var firstName: String? = null

@SerializedName("last_name")
@Expose
var lastName: String? = null

@SerializedName("avatar")
@Expose
var avatar: String? = null
}
Support.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import com.google.gson.annotations.Expose
import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName

class Support {
@SerializedName("url")
@Expose
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
182  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

var url: String? = null

@SerializedName("text")
@Expose
var text: String? = null
}
CustomAdapter.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import android.content.Context
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.ImageView
import android.widget.TextView
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
import com.squareup.picasso.Picasso

class CustomAdapter(dashBoard: DashBoard, listInsideData:

List<ListInsideData>) :
RecyclerView.Adapter<CustomAdapter.MyViewHolder>() {

var adpContext: Context

var adpdata:List<ListInsideData>
init {
adpdata=listInsideData
adpContext=dashBoard
}
class MyViewHolder(itemView:
View):RecyclerView.ViewHolder(itemView) {

var adpimage: ImageView?=null

var adpfname:TextView?=null
var adplname: TextView?=null
var adpid:TextView?=null
var adpemail:TextView?=null

init {
adpfname=itemView.findViewById(R.id.firstname)
adpemail=itemView.findViewById(R.id.email)
adpid=itemView.findViewById(R.id.uid)
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
183  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

adplname=itemView.findViewById(R.id.lastname)
adpimage=itemView.findViewById(R.id.profile)
}

override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int):

CustomAdapter.MyViewHolder {
var
view=LayoutInflater.from(parent.context).inflate(R.layout.custom,parent,f
alse)
return MyViewHolder(view)
}

override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: CustomAdapter.MyViewHolder,

position: Int) {
holder.adpfname?.text=adpdata.get(holder.adapterPosition).firstNa
me
holder.adpid?.text=adpdata.get(holder.adapterPosition).id.toString()
holder.adplname?.text=adpdata.get(holder.adapterPosition).lastNa
me
holder.adpemail?.text=adpdata.get(holder.adapterPosition).email

Picasso.with(adpContext).load(adpdata.get(holder.adapterPosition).
avatar).into(holder.adpimage)

override fun getItemCount(): Int {

return adpdata.size
}

}
Custom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">

<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
184  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="5dp">
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_margin="5dp">
<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/profile"/>
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/uid"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/firstname"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/lastname"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/email"/>
</LinearLayout>
</LinearLayout>
</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>
</LinearLayout>
Activity_splash.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
185  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".Splash">

<ImageView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/iv"
android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"/>

</RelativeLayout>
</layout>
Splash.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.os.Handler
import android.view.animation.Animation
import android.view.animation.AnimationUtils
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.project8pm.databinding.ActivitySplashBinding

class Splash : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivitySplashBinding?=null
var animation: Animation?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_splas
h)

animation=AnimationUtils.loadAnimation(this@Splash,R.anim.rotate
)

binding?.iv?.startAnimation(animation)
var sharedpredpreferences=getSharedPreferences("Login",
MODE_PRIVATE)
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
186  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

var s1=sharedpredpreferences.getString("email",null)
var s2=sharedpredpreferences.getString("password",null)

Handler().postDelayed(Runnable {
if(s1.isNullOrBlank()) {
var intent = Intent(this@Splash, Login::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}else{

var intent = Intent(this@Splash, DashBoard::class.java)

startActivity(intent)
}
},10000)

}
}
ConnectionChecking.kt
package com.example.project8pm

import android.content.Context
import android.net.ConnectivityManager
import android.net.NetworkInfo

class ConnectionChecking {

fun isConnectingToInternet(context: Context):Boolean{

var
connectivity=context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERV
ICE) as ConnectivityManager

if(connectivity!=null){
var info=connectivity.allNetworkInfo
if(info!=null)
for (i in info.indices)
if(info[i].state== NetworkInfo.State.CONNECTED){
return true
}
}
return false
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
187  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

}
}
AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:dataExtractionRules="@xml/data_extraction_rules"
android:fullBackupContent="@xml/backup_rules"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/Theme.Project8PM"
tools:targetApi="31">
<activity
android:name=".Login"
android:exported="false" />
<activity
android:name=".DashBoard"
android:exported="false" />
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:exported="false" />
<activity
android:name=".Splash"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"
/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
188  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

</manifest>

VOLLEY
Volley is an HTTP library developed by Google that simplifies network
requests in Android applications. It provides a straightforward API for
making network requests, handling responses, and performing image
loading. Volley is designed to be fast, efficient, and easy to use, making
it a popular choice for networking tasks in Android apps.
Here are some key features of Volley:

• Ease of Use:
• Volley provides a simple and intuitive API for making network
requests, requiring minimal boilerplate code.
• It offers a RequestQueue class for managing and
dispatching network requests, making it easy to send
multiple requests simultaneously.
• Asynchronous Requests:
• Volley performs network requests asynchronously by default,
allowing the main UI thread to remain responsive.
• It automatically manages threading and concurrency,
handling network operations on background threads and
delivering results on the main thread.
• Request Prioritization and Cancellation:
• Volley allows developers to prioritize network requests based
on their importance or urgency.
• It supports request cancellation, allowing developers to
cancel ongoing requests if they are no longer needed or if
the user navigates away from the current screen.
• Automatic Retries and Backoff:
• Volley includes built-in support for automatic retries and
backoff strategies for handling transient network errors.
• It automatically retries failed requests with exponential
backoff, reducing the likelihood of server overload and
improving the reliability of network operations.
• Request Caching:
• Volley supports request caching, allowing responses to be
cached on the device to improve performance and reduce
network usage.
• It provides a flexible caching mechanism that can be
customized based on the requirements of the application.
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
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Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

• Image Loading:
• Volley includes a specialized module for loading images from
network URLs and caching them in memory and/or disk.
• It provides efficient handling of image requests, including
automatic resizing, caching, and memory management.
• Customizable Retry Policies and Timeouts:
• Volley allows developers to customize retry policies and
timeouts for individual requests or for the entire
RequestQueue.
• It provides fine-grained control over network behavior,
allowing developers to optimize performance and reliability
based on specific requirements.
• Integration with Android:
• Volley is designed to integrate seamlessly with Android
applications and follows Android best practices and
conventions.
• It supports features such as asynchronous loading of images
into ImageViews, request prioritization, and automatic
request cancellation in response to activity lifecycle events.

Overall, Volley is a powerful and versatile library for handling network

requests in Android applications. Its simplicity, efficiency, and rich
feature set make it a popular choice for developers building networking-
enabled apps.

Example program
Build.gardle
plugins {
id("com.android.application")
id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android")
}

android {
namespace = "com.example.volleyexreg"
compileSdk = 34

defaultConfig {
applicationId = "com.example.volleyexreg"
minSdk = 24
targetSdk = 34
versionCode = 1
versionName = "1.0"
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
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Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

testInstrumentationRunner =
"androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}

buildTypes {
release {
isMinifyEnabled = false
proguardFiles(
getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"),
"proguard-rules.pro"
)
}
}
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
kotlinOptions {
jvmTarget = "1.8"
}
dataBinding{
enable=true
}
}

dependencies {

implementation("androidx.core:core-ktx:1.12.0")
implementation("androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.6.1")
implementation("com.google.android.material:material:1.11.0")
implementation("androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.4")
testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.5")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-
core:3.5.1")
implementation ("com.android.volley:volley:1.2.1")
}

Activity_main.xml

DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,

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Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context="com.androindian.retrofit.MainActivity">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Name"
android:id="@+id/name"/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Email"
android:id="@+id/email"/> <EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Pass"
android:id="@+id/Pass"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Reg"
android:id="@+id/Reg"/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>

MainActivity.kt
package com.example.volleyexreg

import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
DURGASOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500038,
192  88 85 25 26 27, 72 07 21 24 27/28 | www.durgasoftonline.com
Maii: [email protected]
 Android & Kotlin Study Material

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.android.volley.Request
import com.android.volley.RequestQueue
import com.android.volley.toolbox.JsonObjectRequest
import com.android.volley.toolbox.Volley

import com.example.volleyexreg.databinding.ActivityMainBinding
import org.json.JSONException
import org.json.JSONObject

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null

var url="https://androindian.com/test/Register_raw.php"

var requestQueue: RequestQueue? = null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)
requestQueue= Volley.newRequestQueue(this@MainActivity)

binding?.Reg?.setOnClickListener{
var jsonObject= JSONObject()

// jsonObject.put("key","Values")
jsonObject.put("username",binding?.name?.text.toString().trim())
jsonObject.put("password",binding?.Pass?.text.toString().trim())
jsonObject.put("email",binding?.email?.text.toString().trim())

var jsonObjectRequest=
JsonObjectRequest(Request.Method.POST,
url,jsonObject, { response->

var res=response.getString("status")

if(res.equals("failed", ignoreCase=true)){
var res1=response.getString("key")

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Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,res1,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}else{
var res1=response.getString("key")
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,res1,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()

}){
error->
Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity,""+error.toString(),
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}
requestQueue?.add(jsonObjectRequest)
}
}
}

AndroidManifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:dataExtractionRules="@xml/data_extraction_rules"
android:fullBackupContent="@xml/backup_rules"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/Theme.Volleyexreg"
tools:targetApi="31">
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
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<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"
/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>

</manifest>

FRAGMENTS
Fragments are a fundamental building block of Android user interfaces
that represent a portion of a user interface or behavior within an Activity.
They were introduced in Android 3.0 (API level 11) as a way to create
more modular and flexible UI designs, especially for larger screen sizes
such as tablets.
Here's an overview of fragments and their key features:

• Modular UI Components:
• Fragments represent reusable portions of a UI that can be
combined and reconfigured within an Activity.
• They allow developers to break down the user interface into
smaller, self-contained components, making it easier to
manage and maintain complex UIs.
• Lifecycle:
• Fragments have their own lifecycle, similar to Activities, with
methods such as onCreate(), onStart(), onResume(),
onPause(), onStop(), and onDestroy().
• They are tightly coupled with the lifecycle of their hosting
Activity and can receive lifecycle callbacks from the Activity.
• UI Components:
• Fragments can contain their own layout and UI components,
including views, buttons, text fields, etc.
• They can inflate layouts using XML resources or
programmatically create UI elements.
• Reusability:
• Fragments are designed to be reusable across multiple
Activities and layouts.

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• They can be included in different layouts or hosted by

different Activities, allowing developers to create modular
and flexible UI designs.
• Communication:
• Fragments can communicate with their hosting Activity and
other fragments within the same Activity.
• They can send data or events to the hosting Activity using
interfaces or callbacks, allowing for interaction between
different UI components.
• Back Stack:
• Fragments can be added to a back stack, allowing users to
navigate back to previous fragments using the back button.
• The back stack is managed by the FragmentManager, which
handles transactions and manages the lifecycle of
fragments.
• Dynamic UI Updates:
• Fragments can be dynamically added, removed, or replaced
at runtime, allowing for dynamic UI updates and transitions.
• Developers can use FragmentTransactions to perform these
operations and animate the transitions between fragments.
• Support for Different Screen Sizes:
• Fragments are particularly useful for creating adaptive UIs
that can adjust to different screen sizes and orientations.
• They allow developers to create layouts optimized for both
phones and tablets by reusing fragments in different
configurations.

Overall, fragments are a powerful and flexible tool for building Android
user interfaces. They provide a modular and reusable way to create UI
components, facilitate communication between UI elements, and support
dynamic UI updates for a variety of screen sizes and configurations.

Fragment example
Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
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android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Fragment Example"
/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Load Fragment 1"
android:id="@+id/bt1"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
/>
<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Load Fragment 2"
android:id="@+id/bt2"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
/>
<FrameLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:id="@+id/frame"
android:background="#098"/>
</LinearLayout>
</layout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.example.fragmentex

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.fragmentex.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

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var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

binding?.bt1?.setOnClickListener{
var fragmentManager=supportFragmentManager
var fragmentTransaction=fragmentManager.beginTransaction()
var firstfrag=FirstFrag()

fragmentTransaction.replace(R.id.frame,firstfrag)
fragmentTransaction.commit()
}

binding?.bt2?.setOnClickListener{
var fragmentManager=supportFragmentManager
var fragmentTransaction=fragmentManager.beginTransaction()
var secfrag=SecFrag()

fragmentTransaction.replace(R.id.frame,secfrag)
fragmentTransaction.commit()
}
}
}
Fragment_first.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<FrameLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".FirstFrag">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="@string/hello_blank_fragment" />

</FrameLayout>
FirstFrag.kt
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package com.example.fragmentex

import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup

// TODO: Rename parameter arguments, choose names that match

// the fragment initialization parameters, e.g. ARG_ITEM_NUMBER
private const val ARG_PARAM1 = "param1"
private const val ARG_PARAM2 = "param2"

/**
* A simple [Fragment] subclass.
* Use the [FirstFrag.newInstance] factory method to
* create an instance of this fragment.
*/
class FirstFrag : Fragment() {
// TODO: Rename and change types of parameters
private var param1: String? = null
private var param2: String? = null

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
arguments?.let {
param1 = it.getString(ARG_PARAM1)
param2 = it.getString(ARG_PARAM2)
}
}

override fun onCreateView(

inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,
savedInstanceState: Bundle?
): View? {
// Inflate the layout for this fragment
return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_first, container, false)
}

companion object {
/**
* Use this factory method to create a new instance of
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

* this fragment using the provided parameters.

*
* @param param1 Parameter 1.
* @param param2 Parameter 2.
* @return A new instance of fragment FirstFrag.
*/
// TODO: Rename and change types and number of parameters
@JvmStatic
fun newInstance(param1: String, param2: String) =
FirstFrag().apply {
arguments = Bundle().apply {
putString(ARG_PARAM1, param1)
putString(ARG_PARAM2, param2)
}
}
}
}
Fragment_second.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".SecFrag"
android:orientation="vertical">

<!-- TODO: Update blank fragment layout -->

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:text="First fragment" />

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/bt3"
android:text="Move to Activity"/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>
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Secondfrag.kt
package com.example.fragmentex

import android.content.Intent
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.fragment.app.Fragment
import android.view.LayoutInflater
import android.view.View
import android.view.ViewGroup
import android.widget.Button
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.fragmentex.databinding.FragmentSecBinding

class SecFrag : Fragment() {

// var bt: Button?=null

var binding: FragmentSecBinding?=null
override fun onCreateView(
inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,
savedInstanceState: Bundle?
): View? {
binding= DataBindingUtil.inflate(inflater,
R.layout.fragment_sec, container, false)
//var view= inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_sec, container, false)

//bt=view.findViewById(R.id.bt3)

binding?.bt3?.setOnClickListener{
var intent= Intent(context,HomePage::class.java)
startActivity(intent)
}

//return view
return binding?.root
}

}
HomePage.kt
package com.example.fragmentex

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle

class HomePage : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_home_page)
}
}
Activity_home.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".HomePage">

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
Androidmanifest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

<application
android:allowBackup="true"
android:dataExtractionRules="@xml/data_extraction_rules"
android:fullBackupContent="@xml/backup_rules"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/Theme.Fragmentex"
tools:targetApi="31">
<activity
android:name=".HomePage"
android:exported="false" />
<activity
android:name=".MainActivity"
android:exported="true">
<intent-filter>
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<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER"
/>
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>

</manifest>
SQLITE DATABASES
SQLite is a popular choice for developers due to its simplicity, reliability,
and efficiency. Here are some key aspects:

• Serverless Architecture: Unlike traditional database management

systems like MySQL or PostgreSQL, SQLite does not require a
separate server process. It operates directly on the database file.
This makes it easy to set up and use since there's no need to
configure or manage a database server.
• Zero Configuration: SQLite doesn't require any configuration or
administration. You can start using it by simply including the
SQLite library in your application and accessing the database file.
• Self-Contained: The entire SQLite database is contained in a
single disk file, making it easy to distribute and manage. This file
can be easily copied or moved around without any special tools or
procedures.
• Transactional: SQLite supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation, Durability) transactions, ensuring data integrity and
reliability. This means you can execute multiple operations as part
of a single transaction, and SQLite will ensure that either all
operations succeed or none of them do.
• Cross-Platform: SQLite is cross-platform and runs on various
operating systems including Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile
operating systems like Android and iOS. This makes it suitable for
a wide range of applications and devices.
• Embeddable: SQLite is designed to be embedded directly into
applications. It's a lightweight library that can be linked statically or
dynamically, allowing developers to incorporate a full-featured SQL
database engine into their applications with minimal overhead.
• High Performance: Despite its small size and simplicity, SQLite is
highly efficient and performs well in most scenarios. It's optimized

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for read-heavy workloads and can handle large datasets with

ease.

Example program

Activity_main.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Sqlite Example"
/>
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Name"
android:id="@+id/name"
/>
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="location"
android:id="@+id/location"
/>
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="designantion"
android:id="@+id/designation"
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/>

<Button
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Save"
android:id="@+id/save"
/>
</LinearLayout>
</layout>
MainActivity.kt
package com.example.sqliteexa

import android.content.Intent
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.sqliteexa.databinding.ActivityMainBinding

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityMainBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_main)

binding?.save?.setOnClickListener {

var username=binding?.name?.text.toString().trim()
var location=binding?.location?.text.toString().trim()
var designation=binding?.designation?.text.toString().trim()

var dbHandler=DbHandler(this@MainActivity)

dbHandler.insertUserDetails(username,location,designation)

Toast.makeText(this@MainActivity," Detals
saved",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()

var intent= Intent(this@MainActivity,DetailActivity::class.java)

startActivity(intent)
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}
}
}
Dbhandler.kt
package com.example.sqliteexa

import android.annotation.SuppressLint
import android.content.ContentValues
import android.content.Context
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper

class DbHandler(context: Context) :

SQLiteOpenHelper(context,DB_NAME,null, DB_VERSION){

companion object{
private const val DB_NAME="userdb"
private const val DB_VERSION=1
private const val Table_Users="userdetails"
private const val KEY_ID="id"
private const val KEY_NAME="name"
private const val KEY_LOC="location"
private const val KEY_DES="designation"

}
override fun onCreate(db: SQLiteDatabase?) {
// var CREATE_TABLE= ("CREATE TABLE " + Table_Users + "( " +
KEY_ID + "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
// KEY_NAME + "TEXT, " + KEY_LOC + "TEXT, "+ KEY_DES +
"TEXT" + ")")
//db?.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE)

val CREATE_TABLE = ("CREATE TABLE " + Table_Users + "("

+ KEY_ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,"
+ KEY_NAME + " TEXT,"
+ KEY_LOC + " TEXT,"
+ KEY_DES + " TEXT" + ")")
db?.execSQL(CREATE_TABLE)

}
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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

override fun onUpgrade(db: SQLiteDatabase?, oldVersion: Int,

newVersion: Int) {
db?.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + Table_Users)

// db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + TABLE_Users

onCreate(db)
}

fun insertUserDetails(name: String?, location:

String?,designation:String?){
var db=this.writableDatabase
var contentValues=ContentValues()
contentValues.put(KEY_NAME,name)
contentValues.put(KEY_LOC,location)
contentValues.put(KEY_DES,designation)

var newRowId=db.insert(Table_Users,null,contentValues)

@SuppressLint("Range")
fun GetUser(): ArrayList<HashMap<String,String>>{
var db=this.writableDatabase
var userlist=ArrayList<HashMap<String,String>>()
var query="SELECT name, location, designation FROM "+
Table_Users
var cursor=db.rawQuery(query,null)
while (cursor.moveToNext()){
var user=HashMap<String,String>()
user["name"]=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_NAM
E))
user["location"]=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_L
OC))
user["designation"]=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY
_DES))
userlist.add(user)
}
return userlist
}

fun deleteUser(userid: Int){

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var db=this.writableDatabase
db.delete(Table_Users, KEY_ID + " =?", arrayOf(userid.toString()))
db.close()
}

fun updateudetails(location: String?, desingnation: String?, id:Int):

Int{
var db=this.writableDatabase
var contentValues=ContentValues()

contentValues.put(KEY_LOC,location)
contentValues.put(KEY_DES,desingnation)

return db.update(Table_Users,contentValues,"$KEY_ID=?",
arrayOf(id.toString()))

@SuppressLint("Range")
fun GetUserByUserid(userid: Int):
ArrayList<HashMap<String,String>>{
var db=this.writableDatabase
var userlist=ArrayList<HashMap<String,String>>()
var query="SELECT name, location, designation FROM "+
Table_Users
var cursor=db.query(Table_Users, arrayOf(KEY_NAME, KEY_LOC,
KEY_DES),
KEY_ID + "=?",
arrayOf(userid.toString()),
null,
null,
null,
null
)
if (cursor.moveToNext()){
var user=HashMap<String,String>()
user["name"]=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_NAM
E))
user["location"]=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY_L
OC))

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user["designation"]=cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex(KEY
_DES))
userlist.add(user)
}
return userlist
}
}
Activity_detail.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".DetailActivity"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Saved Data"/>

<ListView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:id="@+id/list"/>

</LinearLayout>
</layout>
DetailActivity.kt
package com.example.sqliteexa

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.ListAdapter
import android.widget.SimpleAdapter
import androidx.databinding.DataBindingUtil
import com.example.sqliteexa.databinding.ActivityDetailBinding

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 Android & Kotlin Study Material

class DetailActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

var binding: ActivityDetailBinding?=null
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding=
DataBindingUtil.setContentView(this,R.layout.activity_detail)

var dbHandler=DbHandler(this@DetailActivity)

var userlist=dbHandler.GetUser()

var simpleadapater :ListAdapter=

SimpleAdapter(this@DetailActivity,
userlist,
R.layout.custom,
arrayOf("name","designation","location"),
intArrayOf(R.id.name,R.id.designation,R.id.location)

)
binding?.list?.adapter=simpleadapater
}
}
Custom,xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical">

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/name"/>

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/location"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
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android:id="@+id/designation"/>

</LinearLayout>

ROOMDATABASE
Room is an Android Library that provides an abstraction layer over
SQLite to allow for more robust database access while harnessing the
full power of SQLite. It simplifies database interactions and provides
compile-time checks, better performance, and increased readability of
code compared to using SQLite directly.
Here are some key features of Room:

• SQLite Abstraction: Room provides a high-level abstraction layer

over SQLite, allowing developers to work with a more intuitive API
rather than directly dealing with raw SQL queries.
• Compile-time Checks: Room performs compile-time checks of
SQLite queries, which helps catch errors early in the development
process. This includes syntax errors and type mismatches in
queries.
• Annotation-Based: Room uses annotations to define the database
schema and map Java/Kotlin objects to database tables. This
reduces boilerplate code and makes database operations more
concise and readable.
• Entity-Relationship Mapping: Room supports defining entity
classes to represent database tables and defining relationships
between entities. This allows for easy navigation of object
relationships within the database.
• LiveData and RxJava Support: Room seamlessly integrates with
LiveData and RxJava, allowing for reactive updates to database
queries and easy integration with Android's lifecycle-aware
components.
• Database Migrations: Room simplifies the process of database
migrations by providing built-in support for schema migrations.
Developers can define migration strategies to update the database
schema as needed without losing data.
• Testing Support: Room provides utilities for testing database
interactions, including in-memory database instances and
transaction annotations for easy rollback of test data.

Overall, Room simplifies the process of working with SQLite databases

on Android by providing a higher-level abstraction, compile-time checks,
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and integration with modern Android architecture components. It's widely

used by Android developers to build robust and efficient database-driven
applications.

Example of room database

Build.gradle
plugins {
id 'com.android.application'
id 'kotlin-android'
id 'kotlin-android-extensions'
}

android {
compileSdk 31

defaultConfig {
applicationId "com.example.roomexample"
minSdk 21
targetSdk 31
versionCode 1
versionName "1.0"

testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}

buildTypes {
release {
minifyEnabled false
proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'),
'proguard-rules.pro'
}
}

compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}

kotlinOptions {
jvmTarget = '1.8'
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}
}

dependencies {
implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.4.0'
implementation 'androidx.core:core-ktx:1.7.0'
implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.3'

// Room components
implementation 'androidx.room:room-runtime:2.4.0'
implementation 'androidx.room:room-ktx:2.4.0'
kapt 'androidx.room:room-compiler:2.4.0'

// Coroutine support
implementation 'org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.5.2'

testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.+'
androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.3'
androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.4.0'
}

MainActivity.kt
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import androidx.room.Room
import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
import kotlinx.coroutines.GlobalScope
import kotlinx.coroutines.launch

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

val userDao = MyAppDatabase.getInstance(applicationContext).userDao()

// Inserting a user
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
userDao.insertUser(User(name = "John", age = 30))
}

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// Retrieving all users
GlobalScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
val users = userDao.getAllUsers()
// Do something with the users
}
}
}

Activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Room Example"
android:textSize="24sp"
android:layout_centerInParent="true"/>

</RelativeLayout>

user.kt
import androidx.room.Entity
import androidx.room.PrimaryKey

@Entity(tableName = "users")
data class User(
@PrimaryKey(autoGenerate = true)
val id: Long = 0,
val name: String,
val age: Int
)

MyappDatabse.kt

import android.content.Context
import androidx.room.Database
import androidx.room.Room

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import androidx.room.RoomDatabase

@Database(entities = [User::class], version = 1)

abstract class MyAppDatabase : RoomDatabase() {
abstract fun userDao(): UserDao

companion object {
@Volatile
private var INSTANCE: MyAppDatabase? = null

fun getInstance(context: Context): MyAppDatabase {

return INSTANCE ?: synchronized(this) {
val instance = Room.databaseBuilder(
context.applicationContext,
MyAppDatabase::class.java,
"myapp_database"
).build()
INSTANCE = instance
instance
}
}
}
}

ANDROID MATERIAL DESIGN

Android Material Design is a design language developed by Google in
2014 to provide a unified system for designing user interfaces across
different platforms and devices. It emphasizes principles such as bold
colors, responsive animations, and depth effects to create visually
appealing and intuitive user experiences. Here are some key aspects of
Android Material Design:

• Material:
• Material is the metaphor used in Material Design. It's inspired
by the physical world and its textures, with elements like
paper and ink. Material surfaces reimagine the mediums of
paper and ink.
• Components:
• Material Design provides a comprehensive set of UI
components such as buttons, cards, text fields, dialogs, and

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more. These components are designed to be consistent,

flexible, and easy to use across different devices and screen
sizes.
• Layouts:
• Material Design offers flexible layout patterns such as the
CoordinatorLayout, AppBarLayout, and BottomAppBar,
which help in creating dynamic and responsive UIs. These
layouts are optimized for touch interactions and support
various scrolling behaviors.
• Typography:
• Typography plays a crucial role in Material Design. It
emphasizes readability and hierarchy, with guidelines for font
styles, sizes, and spacing. The use of typography helps in
creating clear and visually appealing interfaces.
• Color:
• Material Design encourages the use of vibrant colors and
bold contrasts to create visually striking designs. It provides
a color palette with predefined primary and accent colors,
along with guidelines for color usage and accessibility.
• Motion:
• Motion is an essential aspect of Material Design, as it adds
depth and context to user interactions. Guidelines for motion
include principles such as meaningful transitions, responsive
animations, and smooth scrolling effects.
• Iconography:
• Material Design includes a set of consistent and scalable
icons that can be used across different platforms and
resolutions. These icons follow specific design guidelines to
ensure clarity and recognition.
• Accessibility:
• Accessibility is a core principle of Material Design. It provides
guidelines for designing inclusive and accessible user
interfaces, including recommendations for text contrast,
focus indicators, and screen reader compatibility.
• Adaptive Design:
• Material Design promotes adaptive design principles,
allowing UIs to adapt seamlessly to different screen sizes,
orientations, and input methods. This ensures a consistent
and intuitive user experience across various devices and
platforms.

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Overall, Android Material Design provides a comprehensive set of

guidelines, components, and tools for designing modern and visually
appealing user interfaces that are intuitive, accessible, and responsive
across different devices and screen sizes. It has become the standard
design language for Android app development and is widely adopted by
developers and designers alike.

HOW TO UPLOAD APPS IN PLAYSTORE

Uploading an app to the Google Play Store involves several steps.

Here's a detailed guide on how to do it:
1. PREREQUISITES:
• Google Play Developer Account: You need a Google Play
Developer account to publish apps on the Play Store. You can sign
up for an account on the Google Play Console.
• App Package (APK): Your app must be packaged as an APK file.
This file contains the compiled code and resources of your app.
• App Icons, Screenshots, and Graphics: Prepare high-quality icons,
screenshots, feature graphics, and promotional images for your
app.

2. PREPARE YOUR APP FOR RELEASE:

• Optimize and Test Your App: Make sure your app is optimized for
performance, stability, and user experience. Test it on various
devices and screen sizes to ensure compatibility.
• Set App Permissions: Define the necessary permissions for your
app in the AndroidManifest.xml file.
• Generate Signed APK: Sign your app with a digital certificate to
ensure its authenticity. You can generate a signed APK using
Android Studio or the command line.

3. CREATE A NEW APP LISTING ON GOOGLE PLAY

CONSOLE:
• Log in to Google Play Console: Go to the Google Play Console
and sign in with your developer account.

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• Click on "Create app": Provide the required details such as the

default language, app title, and package name. Click "Create."

4. FILL IN THE APP DETAILS:

• Store Listing: Fill in the app details including the app title, short and
full descriptions, and other metadata such as category, content
rating, and contact details.
• Upload Images and Multimedia: Upload high-quality app icons,
screenshots, feature graphics, and promotional videos.
• Provide Pricing and Distribution Settings: Set the pricing,
distribution countries, and distribution options for your app.

5. UPLOAD YOUR APP BUNDLE OR APK:

• Prepare Your Release: Go to the "App releases" section and click
"Manage."
• Upload Your APK: Upload your signed APK or Android App Bundle
(AAB) file. If you're using an AAB, Google Play will generate APKs
optimized for different device configurations.
• Fill in Release Details: Provide release notes, select a release
track (e.g., production, beta, alpha), and set the rollout percentage
if necessary.

6. REVIEW AND PUBLISH:

• Review Your App Listing: Review all the details and content of
your app listing to ensure accuracy and compliance with Google
Play policies.
• Submit for Review: Once you're satisfied, click "Review" or "Submit
for review" to submit your app for review by Google Play.
• Wait for Approval: Google Play will review your app to ensure it
meets their policies and guidelines. This process may take a few
hours to several days.
• App Goes Live: Once your app is approved, it will be published on
the Google Play Store and will be available for users to download
and install.

7. MANAGE YOUR APP LISTING:

• Monitor Performance: Use the Google Play Console to monitor
your app's performance, user feedback, and reviews.

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• Update Your App: Regularly update your app with bug fixes, new
features, and improvements based on user feedback and
analytics.

That's a comprehensive overview of the process for uploading an app to

the Google Play Store. Make sure to follow Google's guidelines and best
practices throughout the process to ensure a smooth publishing
experience.

ADMOBACCOUNT
To add ads to your Android app, you typically integrate a third-party ad
network SDK into your app and then use their APIs to display ads.
Here's a general guide on how to do it using Google AdMob, one of the
most popular ad networks for Android apps:
1. SET UP GOOGLE ADMOB:
• Create an AdMob Account: Sign up for an account on the AdMob
website.
• Create an Ad Unit: Once logged in, create an ad unit for your app.
Choose the ad format (e.g., banner, interstitial, rewarded) and
specify the details.

2. INTEGRATE THE ADMOB SDK INTO YOUR APP:

• Add the AdMob SDK Dependency: Add the AdMob SDK
dependency to your app's build.gradle file.

implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-ads:20.7.0'

Initialize AdMob: Initialize the AdMob SDK in your app's Application class or
in the onCreate() method of your main activity.
class MyApp : Application() {
override fun onCreate() {
super.onCreate()
MobileAds.initialize(this)
}
}

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ADD AD VIEWS TO YOUR LAYOUTS:

• Banner Ads: Add a AdView element to your layout XML file where
you want the banner ad to appear.

<com.google.android.gms.ads.AdView
android:id="@+id/adView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
app:adSize="BANNER"
app:adUnitId="@string/banner_ad_unit_id"/>

• Interstitial Ads: Interstitial ads are full-screen ads that cover the
interface of an app. You need to load and display them
programmatically at appropriate times (e.g., between game levels).
• Rewarded Ads: Rewarded ads are ads that users can choose to
watch in exchange for in-app rewards. You also need to load and
display them programmatically.

4. LOAD AND DISPLAY ADS IN YOUR ACTIVITY/FRAGMENT:

• Banner Ads: Load and display banner ads in your activity or
fragment.

val adView: AdView = findViewById(R.id.adView)

val adRequest = AdRequest.Builder().build()
adView.loadAd(adRequest)

Interstitial Ads: Load and display interstitial ads when appropriate (e.g.,
after a game level).

val interstitialAd = InterstitialAd(this)

interstitialAd.adUnitId = getString(R.string.interstitial_ad_unit_id)
interstitialAd.loadAd(AdRequest.Builder().build())
// Display the ad when ready
if (interstitialAd.isLoaded) {
interstitialAd.show()
}

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Rewarded Ads: Load and display rewarded ads, and listen for events
such as user watching the ad.
val rewardedAd = RewardedAd(this,
getString(R.string.rewarded_ad_unit_id))
val adCallback = object : RewardedAdCallback() {
override fun onRewardedAdClosed() {
// Ad closed, proceed with reward if applicable
}
}
rewardedAd.fullScreenContentCallback = adCallback
rewardedAd.loadAd(AdRequest.Builder().build())
// Display the ad when ready
rewardedAd.show(this, adCallback)

HANDLE AD EVENTS AND REWARDS:

• Implement listeners/callbacks for ad events such as ad loaded, ad
closed, ad clicked, etc.
• Handle reward distribution if you're using rewarded ads.

6. TEST YOUR ADS:

• Use test ad units during development to avoid serving real ads to
your test users.
• Test various ad formats and placements to ensure they display
correctly and do not interfere with the user experience.

7. PUBLISH YOUR APP:

• Once you've integrated ads into your app and tested them
thoroughly, publish your app on the Google Play Store.

That's a general overview of how to add ads to your Android app using
Google AdMob. Remember to follow AdMob's policies and guidelines to
ensure compliance and maximize ad revenue while providing a good
user experience.

GOOGLE MAPS
To display maps in your Android app using the Google Maps API, you
need to obtain an API key from the Google Cloud Console. Here's how
you can generate a Google Maps API key:
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1. CREATE A GOOGLE CLOUD PROJECT:

• Go to the Google Cloud Console and sign in with your Google
account.
• Create a new project by clicking on the "Select a project"
dropdown at the top of the page, then clicking on "New Project".
Follow the prompts to create a new project.

2. ENABLE THE GOOGLE MAPS API:

• Once your project is created, navigate to the "APIs & Services" >
"Library" section in the left sidebar.
• Search for "Google Maps Android API" and click on it.
• Click the "Enable" button to enable the API for your project.

3. CREATE AN API KEY:

• After enabling the Google Maps Android API, navigate to the "APIs
& Services" > "Credentials" section in the left sidebar.
• Click on the "Create credentials" dropdown and select "API key".
• A new API key will be generated for you. Copy this API key.

4. RESTRICT YOUR API KEY (OPTIONAL BUT

RECOMMENDED):
• To improve security and manage usage, it's recommended to
restrict your API key. You can restrict it based on:
• Android apps: By providing the package name and SHA-1
fingerprint of your app's signing certificate.
• HTTP referrers: By specifying the URLs of the websites that
are allowed to use the API key.
• You can set these restrictions by clicking on the API key you just
created, then selecting "Restrict key" and following the instructions.

5. ADD THE API KEY TO YOUR ANDROID PROJECT:

• Open your Android project in Android Studio.
• Navigate to your AndroidManifest.xml file and add the following <meta-
data> element inside the <application> element, replacing
"YOUR_API_KEY" with your actual API key:

<application>
<!-- Other application elements -->
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<meta-data
android:name="com.google.android.geo.API_KEY"
android:value="YOUR_API_KEY" />
</application>

ENSURE REQUIRED PERMISSIONS:

• Ensure that your app has the necessary permissions to access the
internet and access the device's location if your app requires it.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"
/>

7. TESTING:
• Run your app on a physical device or emulator that has Google
Play services installed.
• If everything is set up correctly, you should be able to display
maps in your app using the Google Maps API.

That's it! You've successfully generated a Google Maps API key and
integrated it into your Android app. Now you can use the key to display
maps and utilize other features provided by the Google Maps API.

GENERATING SHA1 KEY

To generate an SHA-1 key for your app's signing certificate in Android Studio, follow
these steps:

1. OPEN YOUR PROJECT IN ANDROID STUDIO:

• Open your Android project in Android Studio if it's not already open.

2. NAVIGATE TO GRADLE TAB:

• On the right side of the Android Studio window, you'll find a tab called
"Gradle" (usually located near the top-right corner). Click on it to open the
Gradle view.

3. EXPAND YOUR APP:

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• In the Gradle view, expand your project's folder, then expand the "Tasks"
folder, and finally expand the "android" folder.

4. DOUBLE-CLICK ON "SIGNINGREPORT":
• Inside the "android" folder, you'll find a task named "signingReport". Double-
click on it.

5. VIEW SHA-1 KEY:

• After double-clicking on "signingReport", Android Studio will run the task and
display the SHA-1 key for your app's signing certificate in the "Run" tab at the
bottom of the window.

6. LOCATE SHA-1 KEY:

• Look for the line that starts with "SHA1:". The SHA-1 key will be displayed
next to it.

EXAMPLE:
ruby

Variant: debug
Config: debug
Store: /path/to/your/debug.keystore
Alias: androiddebugkey
MD5: A1:B2:C3:D4:E5:F6:G7:H8:I9:J0:K1:L2:M3:N4:O5:P6
SHA1: A1B2C3D4E5F6G7H8I9J0K1L2M3N4O5P6
SHA-256: A1B2C3D4E5F6G7H8I9J0K1L2M3N4O5P6
Valid until: Wednesday, December 31, 2049

• Make sure you are using the correct keystore file (debug or
release) depending on whether you are building your app for
development or production.
• The SHA-1 key is required for configuring API keys for services
like Google Maps, Firebase, etc.

That's it! You've successfully generated the SHA-1 key for your app's
signing certificate in Android Studio. You can now use this key to
configure API access for various services.

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