JOINTS
A joint is the articulating functional junction of two or more bones.
No of joints in the human body: 360 joints
Classification of joints:
On the basis of the type of tissues that holds the joint.
1)fibrous joints 2) cartilaginous joint 3) synovial joints
Fibrous joints:
Joints are attached by: dense connective tissue containing collagenous fibers.
Example:
Sutures, (joint between bones of skull)
Joint between tibia and fibula.
Joint in teeth with the gums.
Cartilaginous joints:
Joints are attached by: hyaline or fibrocartilage
Example:
Costo sternal synchondrosis
Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis.
Pubic symphysis
Joint between vertebrae.
Synovial joints: (most abundant joint)
Freely movable joint.
Synovial joints are more complex then other joints in structure.
Knee joint is the largest and most complex of the synovial joints.
Joints are attached by: joint capsule made up of ligaments & synovial membrane.
Synovial joints generally consists of a
A) The joint capsule holds together the bones and encloses the outer part of a joint.
B) Synovial membrane secrete synovial fluid that lubricate and nourish hyaline cartilage surface within
the joint .
Synovial joints: (most abundant joint)
Freely movable joint.
Synovial joints are more complex then other joints in structure.
Knee joint is the largest and most complex of the synovial joints.
Joints are attached by: joint capsule made up of ligaments & synovial membrane.
Synovial joints generally consists of a
A) The joint capsule holds together the bones and encloses the outer part of a joint.
B) Synovial membrane secrete synovial fluid that lubricate and nourish hyaline cartilage surface within
the joint .
types of Synovial joints:
Types of synovial joints:
1) ball and socket jont:
Allow movement in all direction.
Example: hip joint and shoulder joint.
Types of synovial joints:
2) Hinge joint:
allow flexion and extension in just one plane.
Example: knee joint
Elbow joint (joint between humerus and ulna
Types of synovial joints:
3) Pivot joint:
allows twisting movement.
proximal and distal radio-ulna joint.
Types of synovial joints:
4) condyloid joint (the modified form of ball and socket joint)
allow the movement in all direction
example: wrist joint {radio-carpal joint).
Metacarpophalangeal joint.
Types of synovial joints:
5) Gliding joint: (plane join)
Allow limited movement like bending and slipping one
bone over to another.
Example:
wrist (carpometacarpal joint)
Facet joint in vertebral column.
Types of synovial joints:
6) saddle joint.
Allow movement in two directions.
Example:
Joint in thumb (between metacarpal of thumb & trapezium)
DISORDERS OF SKELETON
Spondylosis
Condition:
abnormal or degenerative changes in vertebrae
which result in the compression of nerves.
Spondylosis
Spondylosis
Condition:
abnormal or degenerative changes in vertebrae
which result in the compression of nerves.
Causes:
• abnormal outgrowth (spur),
• narrowing the gap between adjacent vertebrae
• degeneration of intervertebral discs
• aging.
Major sites of defects:
• in the cervical spine (neck),
• in thoracic spine (upper and mid back),
• In lumbar spine (lower back).
Major sites of defects:
• in the cervical spine (neck),
• in thoracic spine (upper and mid back),
• In lumbar spine (lower back).
Most common:
• Lumbar spondylosis
• cervical spondylosis
Symptoms
pain, numbness, and tingling.
Sciatica :
Condition:
compression or injury in sciatic nerve.
Causes
Physical trauma
Spondylosis on lower back.
Disc slip in lower back.
Symptoms
Pain originate in the lower back and radiate down the leg.
Disc Slip, herniated, or prolapsed disc:
breaking of outer ring & protrusion of inner portion of cartilaginous disc between
vertebral column.
Disc Slip, herniated, or prolapsed disc:
breaking of outer ring & protrusion of inner portion of cartilaginous disc between
vertebral column.
Cause:
injury (physical trauma)
weakness
symptoms:
severe pain extends to the arms or legs
extreme discomfort.
Numbness
Arthritis:
inflammation or degeneration of joints
causes:
low level of calcium
high level of uric acid,
obesity,
aging,
heredity
symptoms:
pain,
inflammation,
difficult to move or stay active.
Types of arthritis.
1) Osteoarthritis: (most common form of arthritis)
joint cartilage breaks down from repeated stress.
Types of arthritis.
2) Ankylosing spondylitis:
inflammation in joints in spine of lower back.
Types of arthritis.
3) Gout:
deposition of hard crystals of uric acid in joints.
Types of arthritis.
4) Rheumatoid arthritis:
immune system attacks synovial membranes
