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Logarithm

The document provides a comprehensive overview of logarithms, including their definitions, rules, proofs, work examples, and exercises. It covers common and natural logarithms, various logarithmic identities, and detailed proofs for the rules of logarithms. Additionally, it includes example problems and exercises for practice.

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Eranilde Osei
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Logarithm

The document provides a comprehensive overview of logarithms, including their definitions, rules, proofs, work examples, and exercises. It covers common and natural logarithms, various logarithmic identities, and detailed proofs for the rules of logarithms. Additionally, it includes example problems and exercises for practice.

Uploaded by

Eranilde Osei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

Outline

1 LOGARITHMS

2 RULES OF LOGARITHM

3 PROOFS

4 WORK EXAMPLES

5 EXERCISES
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

LOGARITHMS

Common logarithms (logarithms to base 10) usually written without


indicating the base. i.e log
Natural logarithms (logarithms to base e) i.e loge

Definition
The logarithm of any number to a base is the power to which the base
must be raised to equal the given number.
if c = logb a, then c is the log of a to the base b.
log5 25 − − log 25 to base 5.
logc a − − − log a to base c.
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

Outline

1 LOGARITHMS

2 RULES OF LOGARITHM

3 PROOFS

4 WORK EXAMPLES

5 EXERCISES
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

RULES OF LOGARITHM

1 loga xy = loga x + loga y


x
2 loga y = loga x − loga y
n
3 loga x = n log x
4 loga a = 1
1
5 loga b =
logb a
logc b
6 loga b =
logc a
7 loga2 b 2 = logb a
8 e loge a = e ln a = a
9 If p = logb a,
then ap = b
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

Outline

1 LOGARITHMS

2 RULES OF LOGARITHM

3 PROOFS

4 WORK EXAMPLES

5 EXERCISES
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

PROOFS

i. loga xy = loga x + loga y

let loga x = pand loga y = q


=⇒ x = ap andy = aq
x.y = ap .aq = ap+q
Taking log to base a of bothsides,
loga xy = loga a(p+q)
loga xy = (p + q) loga a
=⇒ loga xy = (p + q), since loga a = 1
∴ loga xy = loga x + loga y
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

x
ii. loga y = loga x − loga y

let loga x = p and loga y = q.


=⇒ x = ap and y = aq
=⇒ ap = x and y = aq
x ap
= q = a(p−q)
y a
Taking loga of bothsides,
x
loga = loga a(p−q)
y
x
loga = (p − q) loga a
y
x
loga = p − q
y
x
loga = loga x − loga y
y
x
=⇒ loga = loga x − loga y
y
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

logc b
iii. loga b =
logc a

Let loga b = p
=⇒ b = ap
Taking logc of bothsides,
logc b = logc ap
logc b = p logc a
logc b
=⇒ p = ..................(∗)
logc a
1
Deducing that loga b =
logb a
From (*), set c = b on the RHS
logb b 1
=⇒ loga b = =
loga b loga b
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

Outline

1 LOGARITHMS

2 RULES OF LOGARITHM

3 PROOFS

4 WORK EXAMPLES

5 EXERCISES
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

WORK EXAMPLES
Simplify the following:
1 2 log 5 + 5 log 2 + 3 log 3 − 3 log 6
2 log 280 + 2 log 15 − log 63
Solutions
1 2 log 5 + 5 log 2 + 3 log 3 − 3 log 6
= log 52 + log 25 + log 33 − log 63
= log 25 + log 32 + log 27 − log 216
= log 25x32x27

216
= log 21600 = log 100 = log 102

216
= 2 log 10 = 2
2 log 280 + 2 log 15 − log 63

= log 280 + log 152 − log 63


= log 280 + log 225 − log 63
   
280x225 63000
= log = log = log 1000 = log 103 = 3 log 10
63 63
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

Find the value of x in the following equations.


27log3 x = 81
125log5 x = 64
64log4 x = 8
243log3 x = 3125
Solutions
27log3 x = 81
33log3 x = 81
3
3log3 x = 34
log3 x 3 = 4
x 3 = 43
⇒x =4
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

125log5 x = 64
53log5 x = 64
3
5log5 x = 43
x 3 = 43
⇒x =4
64log4 x = 8
43log4 x = 8
3
4log4 x = 8
x 3 = 23
⇒x =2
243log3 x = 3125
35log3 x = 55
5
3log3 x = 55
x = 55
5

⇒x =5
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

Outline

1 LOGARITHMS

2 RULES OF LOGARITHM

3 PROOFS

4 WORK EXAMPLES

5 EXERCISES
LOGARITHMS RULES OF LOGARITHM PROOFS WORK EXAMPLES EXERCISES

EXERCISES

Solve the following equations for x and y where possible.


log2 4x = y + 4, 3 log2 x = y
2
loga (x + 3) − loga (x + 7) = loga x − loga 2
log3 y − logy 3 = 2
log2 x + log2 y = 6, log3 x − log3 y = 4
log2 (log3 x) = 4
If log3 (x − 6) = 2 and log2 (x − 7) = 3, Prove that
x 2 − 13x + 42 = 72
 
2 2 2x + 3y
If 4x + 9y = 37xy , show that 2 log = log x + log y
7

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