DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

TDS (IV)

Hanna Gonie

UU84313R

AR1/N2/13
 Classification of piles

Materials

Steel piles
A steel pile is a particular kind of pile that is secured into the ground with a small excavator. It is
composed of galvanized steel and has a helical flange. They are frequently employed in
situations when the ground's top layer is insufficiently sturdy to support a building. Steel piles
come in a variety of forms, including screw, disc, pipe, and H-piles. When compared to
conventional piles, steel piles have a higher bearing capacity and can withstand rigorous
handling.

Concrete piles
The diameter and width of a concrete pile are often far thinner than their length. Compared to
the previously described shallow footings, piles usually have a larger load capacity because of
their occasionally amazing length and depth. typically distinguished by moist, clay-like soil.
Here, piles avoid these unstable ground conditions and move the building loads to a bedrock-
like layer of soil that is more stable. When building weights are heavy and take up little space,
concrete piles are another option. Examples include skyscrapers or tall buildings, substantial
bridges, and water tanks. Compared to steel piles, concrete piles offer a higher structural
capacity and greater endurance, particularly in corrosive and maritime settings. But steel is
more flexible than concrete. It needs more substantial lifting equipment and is easily destroyed
when driving. There are two types of concrete piles: precast piles and cast-in-place piles.

Timber piles
A timber pile is a tree's trunk that has had its limbs cut off. Typically, a timber pile is intended to
support a maximum weight of 15 to 25 tons per pile. Fish plates can be fastened to its side to
add further strength. About thirty years pass between these mounds. These heaps are between
12 and 16 inches wide.

Historically, piles made of wood or lumber have been employed to support small buildings or
bridges in prone soil conditions. Timber piles are still used in some larger constructions, like
jetties, but they have some drawbacks. It is inexpensive and simple to install, but lumber is
prone to degradation or decay over time, which makes its lifespan unpredictable. Another
disadvantage is that the tree being cut down has a restricted amount of usable length of timber
because of its real length. Therefore, joining two wood trunks together to address this length
issue is not advised.
Composite piles
A composite pile can consist of two distinct components, most frequently concrete and steel.
When the necessary length for bearing capacity surpasses the capability of a basic concrete
pile, this kind of pile is typically utilized. Because of the difficulty of installation and the difficulty
of creating a suitable junction between the materials, composite piles are rarely employed.

Composite heaps are appropriate when the upper portion of the pile needs to protrude over
the water table, notwithstanding their seldom use. Because of its mechanical and physical
qualities, composite piles are frequently employed in the geotechnical industry. Concrete is
typically used to fill composite piles. Even though composite piles are being used more
frequently, research is still being done to determine the best design and maximum load
carrying capacity.

Load transfer

End bearing piles

Known by another name, point-bearing piles or end bearing piles, these piles are used to move
superstructure load from weak soil to a strong stratum, like rock or extremely dense sand and
gravel. The resistance of the strong soil layer at the end of the pile is where they get most of
their load-carrying capacity. When a pile is end-bearing, its lower end rests on a solid layer of
rock or soil under the surface. To prevent the structure from shifting, the end of the pile rubs
against this thick layer. Moreover, the load of the aboveground structure is moved to the
stronger layer below via the pile from the weak topsoil, which was unable to hold its weight.

Known by another name, point-bearing piles or end bearing piles, these piles are used to move
superstructure load from weak soil to a strong stratum, like rock or extremely dense sand and
gravel. The resistance of the strong soil layer at the end of the pile is where they get most of
their load-carrying capacity. If the weak soil layer's hard strata are not accessible, a friction pile
is advised.

End bearing piles are a suitable option for constructions when settling is a major concern since
they significantly reduce settlement.

 when there are a lot of heavy, concentrated loads on a building.

 Significant variations in subsurface water level.
 There are deep drainage lines or canals close to the foundations.
 If raft foundation adoption is not feasible due to local challenges, or if it is prohibitively
expensive.
Friction piles
Friction piles function in the earth more like a wedge. These piles, also known as floating heaps,
are best utilized in situations where it is not feasible to effectively reach the hard soil
underlayers since they derive the majority of their bearing capacity from shear strains along the
pile's sides. Through adhesion or friction between the pile's surface and the soil, friction piles
transfer the load from the loose topsoil above to the soil below. Put another way, the steel pile
is held in place by the friction created by the surrounding earth. Similar to columns, friction
piles are composed of long, thin pieces. Although they can also be made of wood, they are
usually constructed from reinforced concrete or steel.

The piling descends to a depth that is at least three times the breadth of the structure.

End bearing and friction piles are the two primary varieties of pilings. End bearing piles transfer
loads straight down to a strong layer of rock or deeper soil below the surface. Friction heaps
use the friction between the surface of the pile and the surrounding soil to distribute load
throughout its entire length.

Combined end bearing and friction piling

This pile uses end bearing in addition to side friction to transfer the superimposed load. These
kinds of piles occur more frequently, particularly when end-bearing piles go through granular
soils.

These piles will last longer and be able to withstand large loads coming from the construction.

Displacement soil
Displacement piles are load-bearing columns made to be put without the need of spoil
material, or excavated soil. Rather, the earth is moved laterally and compacted into the
surrounding ground using specialized machinery. Although they aren't the best option in every
circumstance, displacement piles can occasionally carry larger capacities than bored or
alternate helical piles because more of the load is distributed uniformly throughout the grout
and into the ground.

Are carried out without removing any soil because of the drilling instruments that move the soil
in a lateral direction toward the bore walls. After the boring process is finished, the internal
hollow pipe is filled with concrete and the drilling string and tool are removed. Finally, the steel
reinforcement cage is dropped into the recently poured concrete. Soil displacement occurs
during the installation of displacement piles, which are often driven, jacked, or vibrated.
Examples of displacement piles that are frequently used in Malaysia include steel H/pipe piles,
pre stressed spin piles, timber piles, and precast reinforced concrete piles. When installed by
impact hammers, it typically entails some ground movement, vibration, and noise issues
(jacking can prevent these issues, but it may have issues like limited penetration depth,
comparatively slower procedure.

Non Displacement Piles

Because they may be built through hard obstructions, have a far wider range of sizes and
capacities, and cause less noise and vibration of the earth during installation than displacement
piles, non-displacement piles are often more environmentally benign. Boreholes, micropiles,
augered piles, hand-dug caissons, and barrete piles are a few types of non-displacement piles
that are frequently used in Malaysia.

Since non-displacement piles may be utilized in extremely hard soil profiles and produce very
little noise or vibration during installation, they are a popular choice for foundation solutions all
around the world.

Non-displacement piles can be built through hard barriers, have a far wider range of sizes and
capacities, and are generally more environmentally benign than displacement piles because
their construction causes less noise and vibration of the ground.

By contrast, displacement piles—particularly regular driven precast concrete piles—may be

installed more quickly and at a lower cost, provided that the disturbances and vibrations in the
ground can be controlled with the right mitigating measures. However, the least expensive
piling system type isn't always the best or most affordable choice. Certain piling systems are
more likely to have construction issues, such as structural damage susceptibility, performance
uncertainty, issues with durability, etc.

Method of installation

Driven piles
Driven piles, also referred to as displacement piles because the soil is moved radially as the pile
shaft enters the ground during the driving process, are a popular type of building foundation
that support structures by shifting the load to layers of rock or soil with adequate bearing
capacity and acceptable settling characteristics.

Driven piles are possibly the most affordable deep foundation option. They are frequently used
to support tanks, towers, walls, bridges, and structures. Additionally, they can be applied to
cofferdams, retaining walls, bulkheads, anchorage structures, and embankments.
When a foundation's depth is greater than three times its breadth, it is referred to as stacked
(Atkinson, 2007). A driven pile is a long, thin column that can be erected by impact hammering,
vibrating, or pushing it into the ground to a design depth or resistance. It is composed of
prefabricated material and has a predetermined shape and size. To allow the pile to reach the
design depth, pre-drilling can be necessary if the soil is extremely dense.

Driven piles are highly versatile and can be placed to support lateral, tension, or compression
loads. The requirements for these piles are determined by the soil, the needs of the structure,
and the available funds.

Driving cast in-situ piles

A closed-ended hollow steel or concrete casing is driven into the ground, and it is then filled
with concrete to create driven cast in-situ concrete piles. As the concrete is being laid, the
casing can be removed for reuse or left in place to form a portion of the pile.

A casing with a removable base plate is driven into the ground to create driven cast in-situ piles.
After driving the casing to the required depth, a rebar cage is suspended within the tube,
depending on the application. After that, a precise amount of concrete is pumped or poured
into the casing. After that, the casing is removed either by vibrating or driving. A brief rebar
cage may also be subsequently pressed into the concrete, if appropriate. The foundation for
high-rise structures and offices is primarily made of piles. The piles have the capacity to
withstand large compression stresses, contingent upon the casing diameter and type of
reinforcement employed.

Bored and cast in-situ piles

A bored cast in situ pile is created by using drilling mud or temporary or permanent casing to
excavate a hole in the ground using a suitable technique, such as a rotary or percussive
method. The hole is then filled with reinforced concrete to complete the building. Various
aspects of bored cast in situ concrete pile building along with its application requirements will
be covered in this article.

In order to move heavy loads through soil to deeper, more capable soil or rock strata, bored
piles are steel-reinforced concrete components that are cast in place. Built using a traditional
rotary Kelly bar machine, the drilling equipment is chosen based on the type of soil that needs
to be dug out.

Screw piles
Deep foundations can be built using screw piles, a steel screw-in piling and ground anchoring
technology. The pile or anchor shaft of a screw pile is usually made of tubular hollow pieces of
different sizes, which are made of high-strength steel.Similar to how a screw is threaded into
wood, screw piles are woven into the ground. Various earthmoving machines with rotary
hydraulic attachments are used to install screw piles. Equipment ranges from skid-steer loaders
to excavators weighing five to eighty tons. Custom-fit rotary hydraulic powerheads with torque
ratings between 5,000 and 500,000 Nm are made with different boom configurations. The
screw pile and the machine are connected by special drive attachments. Appropriate
installation methods are essential to achieve engineered design load and settlement results.
Inadequate methods are likely to produce subpar

Small-diameter steel pipes are used to build jack-in piles or piers. These pipes are advanced to
bearing depth by hydraulic jacks fastened to the underpinning structure. The primary purpose
of the jacked reinforced concrete pile is underpinning work. In this situation, the structure itself
typically provides the necessary response by casting a new concrete floor on the site. This
concrete floor has anchors set into it, and the holes where the piles are pressed are left open.

A hydraulic mechanism presses the individual components of the jacked reinforced concrete
pile into the earth. A ballast setup or an existing building provides the necessary reaction for
this. The pile is constructed from steel tubes that have been welded on top of one another or
from slabs of reinforced concrete that have been stacked one above the other. Without
requiring a significant reaction, soil can be removed from the pile through the hollow pile core
until it reaches the necessary depth. After the pile reaches the proper depth, metal containers
are compacted with a dry mortar mixture beneath the pile to create an expanded base.
Concrete is poured into the heart of the pile. This technique of operation doesn't vibrate.

Use

Load bearing piles

A type of deep foundation system called bearing piles is used to support vertical loads by
shifting the weight of the structure to the soil below. Steel pipes are most frequently used to
build bearing piles. There are two circumstances where bearing piles are required. First, bearing
piles must be used since the earth at a construction site cannot support the weight of a new
structure if there is a weak layer of soil at the surface. Second, pilings must be employed
regardless of the strength of the soil if the surface soil is not strong enough to sustain the
building. Bearing piles will shift the structure's weight from the top soil layer to the deeper,
more durable rock or soil below in both scenarios.
Precast driven piles or cast in place piles are the two methods used to install bearing piles. Steel
tubes with thin walls that are hollow are hammered into the ground to create cast-in-place
piles. After removing the earth from inside the pipe, a steel reinforcement cage is dropped into
the tube. To secure it in place, wet concrete is finally poured into the steel pipe. Using a pile
driver, precast driven piles are first poured at ground level and then driven into the earth.
Holding the bearing pile vertically, the pile driver uses a hefty weight to hammer it into the
earth. In order to protect the pile from harm while it is being pounded, a temporary cap is
applied. The heap is pounded until refusal.

Compaction piles
Loose granular soils are compacted using compaction piles to increase their bearing capacity.
They are not the only ones who bear a load. As a result, they might be made of flimsier
materials, such sand alone.

They are applied in liquefaction prevention, settlement reduction, and other related fields to
enhance ground stability. It raises the density of loose soil by reducing cavities in loose soil.

Fender piles
Fender piles are erect, typically freestanding piles that are driven into the riverbed or sea
bottom next to a berth in order to shield the wharf or dock wall from vessel impact.

Fender piles are used to guard against potential collision or abrasion from ships or barges
(when they are moored at the dock) on concrete decks or other water front constructions.
Originally, the fender piles were composed of wood. Occasionally, a man-made marine
structure known as a dolphin is built out from the water's surface. It serves to shield other
structures from potential ship strikes. They are connected above water level and are built by
driving piles in a line.

When placed closely together, fenders piles offer adequate tidal range protection for ports,
particularly for small vessels. They do, however, need appropriate geotechnical conditions.
Furthermore, interim berth usage limitations are typically required for the replacement of
broken piles in front of berths.

Sheet piles
Sheet piles are earth retention and excavation support structures made of strips of sheet steel
with interlocking edges, sometimes known as clutches, driven into the ground. Although impact
hammers can be used if the soil is too dense or hard, vibratory hammers are frequently utilized
to install sheet piles. Along the intended excavation perimeter or seawall alignment, sheet piles
are placed in the order specified by the design depth. With less groundwater inflow, the
interlocking sheet piles provide a wall for either temporary or permanent lateral earth support.

Sheet piles can be recycled and used again. 2) Piles are available in an extensive array of sizes,
shapes, and steel compositions. 3) Both transient and permanent buildings can be made with
them. 4) Vibration- and noise-free installation techniques are available for them. Sections,
however, are rarely able to be included into the long-term framework. 2. Sheet pile installation
is challenging in soils that contain cobbles or stones. The intended wall depths might not be
obtained in certain circumstances.

Anchor piles
An ordinary or conventional house pile is required to sustain a vertical load, while anchor piles
are a complicated structural system installed in soil to protect and hold foundation excavation
necessary to resist lateral loads with or without being braced depending on the circumstances.
The anchor pile is a crucial component in marine aquaculture, since its ability to withstand uplift
influences the structure's safety performance. Anchor piles' ability to withstand uplift is
impacted by cyclic loads in the marine environment, including wind, waves, and currents.

They work well in stony or hard soils that may be impossible for suction or gravity anchors to
pierce. They are also small in size and have a high load capacity.