UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE FOR MAKING BRICKS

PRIYANKA HALAM [ROLL NO. 226702027]

CHIRANJIT DAS [ROLL NO. 226702035]
SANJOY RABI DAS [ROLLNO. 226702037]
SUBHAM MAJUMDER [ROLL NO. 226702040]
JOYYETA CHAKMA [ROLL NO. 226702023]
BIJOY DAS [ROLL NO. 216402040]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TECHNO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AGARTALA
AGARTALA, PIN 799004, TRIPURA, INDIA
UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE FOR MAKING BRICKS

Project Report Submitted to

Techno College of Engineering Agartala
For The Partial Fulfillment of
The Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
By

PRIYANKA HALAM [ROLL NO. 226702027]

CHIRANJIT DAS [ROLL NO. 226702035]
SANJOY RABI DAS [ROLLNO. 226702037]
SUBHAM MAJUMDER [ROLL NO. 226702040]
JOYYETA CHAKMA [ROLL NO. 226702023]
BIJOY DAS [ROLL NO. 216402040]

Under The Supervision of

Mithun Ghosh
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Agartala

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TECHNO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AGARTALA

JUNE 2024

i
 APPROVALSHEET

This report entitled ‘Utilization of Plastic Waste For Making Bricks’ by Priyanka
Halam, Chiranjit Das, Sanjoy Rabi Das, Subham Majumder, Joyyeta Chakma, Bijoy Das
is approved for the partial fulfilmentof Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

Examiners,

Supervisor,

Head of the Department,

Principle,

Date: __________________________________________

Place: Techno College of Engineering Agartala.

ii
 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where
other ideas or words have been included; we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.

_________________________
Priyanka Halam (226702027)

_________________________
Chiranjit Das (226702035)

_________________________
Sanjoy Rabi Das (226702037)

_________________________
Subham Majumder (226702040)

_________________________
Joyyeta Chakma (226702023)

_________________________
Bijoy Das (216402040)

Date: ____________________

iii
 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the Project titled "Utilization of Plastic Waste for
Making Bricks” by Priyanka Halam, Chiranjit Das, Sanjoy Rabi Das, Subham Majumder,
Joyyeta Chakma, Bijoy Das has been carried out undermy supervision and that this work has
been submitted for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

_______________________________

(Mithun Ghosh)

Assistant Professor

Civil Engineering Department

Techno College of Engineering Agartala

Date: ___________________________

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank all of the people who helped us with this project, without their
support and guidance it would not have been possible. The success and partial outcome of
this project report required a lot of guidance and assistance from Mithun Ghosh, Assistant
Professor of Department of Civil Engineering, Techno College of Engineering, Agartala .we
appreciate for his guidance and super vision which has provided a lot of resources needed in
completing our project.

We would like to thank Mithun Ghosh, Assistant Professor of Department of Civil

Engineering for giving us an opportunity to do the project work on " Utilization of Plastic
Waste for Making Bricks ",and providing us all support. We are extremely grateful to him
for willingness to help us succeed.

We would also like to thanks our HOD & all faculty members of Civil Engineering
Department of Techno College of Engineering Agartala for their Suggestions and help. Their
contribution made our project stronger, we are grateful for their support.

Yours Faithfully

Priyanka Halam

Chiranjit Das

Sanjoy Rabi Das

Subham Majumder

Joyyeta Chakma

Bijoy Das

Date: ____________________________
Techno College of Engineering Agartala

v
 ABSTRACT

Plastics are key resources in circular economy and recycling after the end of useful life with
economic value creation and minimal damage to environment is the key to their sustainable
management. Studies in a large stream of researches have explored impregnating waste
plastics in concrete and reported encouraging results with multiple benefits. The present
study makes a critical review of some of these findings and gleans some common useful
trends in the properties reported in these studies. The study also presents results of
experimental work on bricks made of non-recyclable waste thermoplastic granules
constituting 0 to 20% by weight, 4kg of fly ash, cement and sand making up the remainder.
The bricks were cured under water for 28 days and baked at temperature ranging from 90oC
to 110oC for 2 hours. The key characteristics of these bricks are found to be lightweight,
porous, of low thermal conductivity, and of appreciable mechanical strengths. Though such
bricks hold promise, no similar study appears to have been reported so far. Unlike other
processes of making porous bricks, which usually involve incineration to burn combustible
materials in order to form pores with implication of high carbon emission, the proposed
process is non-destructive in that the bricks are merely baked at low temperature, sufficient to
melt the waste plastic that gets diffused within the body of the bricks. The compressive
strengths after addition of waste plastic is same as normal brick strength. And also reduce the
water absorption capacity of brick is reduced compare with nominal brick. Efflorescence
values were low than the normal brick. The bricks are likely to add energy efficiency in
buildings and help create economic value to manufacturers, thereby, encouraging the
ecosystem of plastic waste management involving all actors in the value chain. A
mathematical model is developed to predict compressive strength of bricks at varying plastic
contents. The study introduces a new strand of research on sustainable thermoplastic waste
management.

vi
 CONTENTS

Cover Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Declaration iii

Certificate iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Content vii-viii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2

1.1 General 1
1.2 Scope of The Study 2
1.3 Present Scenario of Waste Generation in India 2

Chapter 2 Literature Review 3-10

2.1 Genera 3

2.2 Literature Review Related to Present Study 3

Chapter 3 Methodology 11-13

3.1 Proposed Methodology 11

3.2 Test Conducted on Plastic Bricks 11

3.2.1 Compression Strength Test 11

3.2.2 Water Absorption Test 12

3.2.3 Efflorescence Test 12

3.2.4 Soundness Test 12

3.2.5 Crushing Test 13

vii
 3.3 Objective of Present Work 13

3.4 Future Work 13

Reference 14-15

viii
 Introduction

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 General
Accumulation of plastic waste over the years and the lack of suitable disposal techniques
have given rise to a crucial and unparalleled crisis where plastic waste is clogging our water
resources and waterways, overflowing the landfills, leaching into soil and transferring
through air, thus polluting every natural resource in our environment. Longevity; which is
one of the most beneficial features of plastic, is also a detrimental factor in its safe disposal.
In reality, plastic materials never degrade completely but disintegrate into smaller pieces over
hundreds of years. According to a report by the United Nations Environment Programme,
around 300 million tonnes of plastic waste is generated every year globally, whereas plastic
waste ever recycled merely counts to 9%.

In recent decades, the growing consumption and the consequent increase of industrial
production has led to a fast decrease of available natural resources (raw materials) in Turkey.
On the other hand, a high volume of production rejects or sub-products is generated, most of
them not directly recyclable. Traditionally, disposal as soil conditioner or land filling are the
commonly used processes for their consumption, but alternative ways to reuse several types
of waste materials have been attempted in recent years, including incorporation in clay-based
ceramic products. The possibility of recycling of the waste in the brick industry is thus of
increasing importance.

1
Chapter 1

1.2 Scope of the Study

 To give new knowledge, replace the binding material of ordinary brick with plastic.
 To enhance the knowledge of how to minimize the cost of bricks compared to
ordinary bricks.
 To find efficient ways of managing the non-degradable plastic waste.
 To compare the properties of bricks with other construction materials.

1.3 Present Scenario of Waste Generation in India

Growth of population has increased our urbanization as a result rising standard of living due to
technological innovations have contributed to an increase both in the quantity and variety of solid
wastes generated by industrial, agricultural activities, mining and domestic. Globally the
estimated quantity of wastes generation was 12 billion tonnes in the year 2002 of which 11 billion
tones were industrial wastes and 1.6 billion tones were municipal solid wastes (MSW). About 19
billion tons of solid wastes are expected to be generated annually by the year 2020. Annually,
Asia alone generates 4.4 billion tons of solid wastes and MSW comprise 795 million tons of
which about 48 (6%) MT are generated in India. MSW generation in India is expected to reach
300 Million tones and land requirement for disposal of this waste would be 169.6 km2 as against
which only 20.2 km2 were occupied in 1997 for management of 48 Million tonnes. As it is
studied that apart from municipal wastes, the organic wastes from agricultural sources alone
contribute more than 350 million tons per year. However, it is reported that about 600 million tons
of wastes have been generated in India from agricultural sources alone. The Quantity of wastes
generated from agricultural sources are sugarcane baggage, paddy and wheat straw and husk,
wastes of vegetables, food products, tea, oil production, wooden mill waste, coconut husk, jute
fibres, groundnut shell, cotton stalk etc.

2
 Literature Review

Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 General
Plastic brick is the form of brick manufactured from the combination of non-recyclable waste
plastic with other constituents (sand, aggregate, cement, water, stone dust, fly ash, etc.) This
study aimed to examine the research findings on transforming waste plastic into bricks that
might be used to replace traditional bricks. Different journal articles were reviewed entitled
the transformation of waste plastic into bricks to replace traditional clay bricks. Different
open-access journal articles were searched to fit the topic of this study.

2.2 Literature Review Related to Present Study

R. S. Kognole. (2019) Due to increasing population, the demand of plastic materials and
necessary requirement also increases. Brick is largest materials used in the construction
industries and occupied in very large amount of materials of the project especially in
residential projects. We use various types of plastic with various combinations to produce
different type of bricks. We find the different properties of bricks by conducting various tests
on it. Among them compression and water absorption test is most common test conducted on
bricks by the various researches. But the use of such types of bricks is very limited in the
industry. We need to convenience the people to use the such types of bricks and increase the
use of it.

Syed Tufail U Nabi. (2022) The polyester family of polymers is one of the biggest and most
diversified of the polymer families, according to the technical periodical "Focus on PET."
Poly ethylene terephthalate is a member of this family. Although the ester (-COO-) link in the
main chain unites this family of polymers, the diversity of polyester materials is perhaps the
broadest of any polymer family. Additionally, the PET's chemical structure only contains the
three atomic species of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Because of this, melting PET won't
release any harmful gases, and its characteristics indicate that a melting temperature of 260
degree C is needed. Additionally, it is clear from the PET's characteristics that it has good
chemical resistance and better resistance to UV rays. The methods for utilising waste plastic
in the construction of roads and flexible pavements, which were created by many researchers,
have been examined in the publication "A review on waste plastic utilisation in asphalting of
roads".

3
Chapter 2

Mohammad sultan. (2020) According to a Technical newsletter “Focus on PET”, Poly

ethylene terephthalate belongs to the polyester family of polymers, one of the largest and
most diverse of the polymer families. This family of polymers is linked by the common
feature of having an ester (-COO-) link in the main chain, but the range of polyester materials
is probably the largest of all the polymer families. And also the chemical structure of the PET
is having only atomic species that are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore melting of
PET won’t result in release of noxious gases and also its properties reveal that a melting
temperature of 260 ºC is required. Also from the properties of the PET it can be understood
that it has got good chemical resistance and better resistance to UV rays. In a paper “An
review on waste plastic utilization in asphalting of roads”, the techniques to use plastic waste
for construction purpose of roads and flexible pavements, which were developed by various
researchers has been reviewed.

R. A. Shaikh. (2022) This paper manages utilization of waste plastic bottle containers as
brick material. Plastic waste which is expanding step by step moves toward becoming high
and also dirties the earth, particularly in high mountain towns and visitor trekking areas
where no rubbish accumulation framework exists and furthermore which are disposed of or
burned which prompts the pollution of land and air. The transfer of waste plastics is a greatest
test, as continued reusing of PET bottles containers represent a potential risk of being
changed to a cancer-causing material and just a little measure of PET bottles is being reused.
Thus this Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are cleaned and included with fine total
(sand) at different ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4) to acquire high quality brick blocks that have warm
and sound protection properties to control contamination and to decrease the general expense
of development, Thus this sort of brick blocks are ideally utilized for underground septic tank
construction, submerged constructions, and underground construction like passages and
furthermore utilized for the sub structure of the buildings so as to oppose the leakage of the
water on account of less water absorption limit and furthermore have high compressive
quality which oppose the substantial basic burdens.

Ashish Kumar Parashar. (2019) Today, the world is facing a huge threat due to solid
wastes. The most dangerous material identified, among all types of waste is, Plastic. From
UN report, every year the globe uses 500 billion plastic bags while, half of the plastic utilized
is of single use only. In India, 70 percent of total plastic used is discarded as a waste. Around,
9.47 million tonnes per annum (TPA) of plastic waste is generated in the country, which is
about 25940 tonnes per day (TPD). The 70 percent of the world’s plastic mass eventually

4
 Literature Review

sinks in ocean, damaging life on the seabed. Considering the present state of affairs
worldwide, the recent research is focused on, how the waste material like plastic can be
utilized, for making bricks and enhanced its compressive strength. Thus the ultimate goal of
this study is, to create a positive social, economic and environmental impact, using molten
plastic waste, while also remaining profitable and viable as business. An attempt was made to
study the characteristics of bricks made of Sand, Moorum, Quarry dust and Iron chips with
varying volume of Plastic as 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. A step by step procedure is adopted
to perform various Indian Standard code recommended important tests on the above stated
plastic bricks (varying percentage). The compressive strength and water absorption capacity
of bricks made with above stated % of plastic was determined. The study concludes and
highlighting the fact that, the bricks having 30% plastic with 70% Moorum gives maximum
compressive strength and for bricks 35% of plastic with 65% Sand give minimum
compressive strength in 7 days. The study also indicates that, as the percentage of plastic
increases, water absorption capacity of bricks decreases. The bricks made from plastic were
susceptible against temperature so it used for construction in the cold region.

Maneeth P D. (2014) There has been a considerable imbalance between the availability of
conventional building materials and their demand in the recent past. On the other hand the
laterite quarry waste is abundantly available and the disposal of waste plastics (PET, PP, etc.)
is a biggest challenge, as repeated recycling of PET bottles poses a potential danger of being
transformed to a carcinogenic material and only a small proportion of PET bottles are being
recycled. Because of costly conventional recycling techniques, there has been an increased
demand for more scientific and innovative technologies to effectively recycle these materials.
One such effort is the efficient use of waste plastic and laterite quarry waste with a small
quantity of bitumen, to develop an alternative building material such as bricks with negligible
water absorption and satisfactory strength in comparison with Laterite stone to satisfy the
increasing demand of conventional building materials.

Rajarapu Bhushaiah. (2019) Plastics are key resources in circular economy and recycling
after the end of useful life with economic value creation and minimal damage to environment
is the key to their sustainable management. Studies in a large stream of researches have
explored impregnating waste plastics in concrete and reported encouraging results with
multiple benefits. The present study makes a critical review of some of these findings and
gleans some common useful trends in the properties reported in these studies. The study also
presents results of experimental work on bricks made of non-recyclable waste thermoplastic

5
Chapter 2

granules constituting 0 to 20% by weight, 4kg of fly ash, cement and sand making up the
remainder. The bricks were cured under water for 28 days and baked at temperature ranging
from 90oC to 110oC for 2 hours. The key characteristics of these bricks are found to be
lightweight, porous, of low thermal conductivity, and of appreciable mechanical strengths.

Ismail Demir. (2003) The main objective of this research was to investigate the addition of
waste-brick material in brick production. The e2ects of recycling of waste brick material on
the durability and mechanical properties of the bricks were analysed. Fired waste bricks cause
considerable harm to the environment. During production, especially in the 3ring,
transportation and construction procedures, large amounts of bricks are broken and have to be
dumped in land3lls or used as a 3lling material. For this purpose, the chemical and
mineralogical structures of waste bricks from the Corum region in West-Anatolia, Turkey,
were investigated. After pulverizing, the samples were divided into two ; categories: A
passing through a 4:75 mm sieve (coarse) and B passing a 600 m sieve (3ne). In order to
obtain comparable test results, ratios of the waste (0, 10, 20 and 30% by mass) were added to
the raw-brick clay. Standard test methods were used to determine the mechanical properties
of the bricks at di2erent 3ring temperatures. The results show that at a mass of 30% 3ne-
waste material additive, 3red at 900◦C, the test sample has an adequate strength. The reuse of
this material in the industry would contribute to the protection of farmland and the
environment.

Pooja Lamba. (2021) The exponential rise in the production of plastic and the consequential
surge in plastic waste have led the scientists and researchers look out for innovative and
sustainable means to reuse/recycle the plastic waste in order to reduce its negative impact on
environment. Construction material, converting waste plastic into fuel, household goods,
fabric and clothing are some of the sectors where waste plastic is emerging as a viable option.
Out of these, construction material modifed with plastic waste has garnered lot of attention.
Modifcation of construction material with plastic waste serves a dual purpose .

Tarekegn Belay Wendimu. (2021) Construction industry is gradually increasing through

the whole of the world and it is consuming natural resource raw materials for construction
materials. Traditional way of producing clay brick without giving care for natural resource
brought deficiency of natural resource. Now the days, plastics waste is the big challenge of
the world on Environmental impacts and Alternative using High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) plastic waste Brick for construction material is preventing environmental impact of

6
 Literature Review

plastic and in other hand saving natural resources clay soil. High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) plastic waste was collected from different sites it was thrown and before producing
waste plastic Brick High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is cleaned, and the size is minimized
as it was suitable for plastic waste Brick. After that Plastic waste Bricks were produced for
different Tests.

Nur Hanis Zulkernain. (2021) Plastic waste accumulation in the environment due to huge
volumes of plastic waste produced daily with no effective disposal method and waste
management have raised public awareness to look for an alternative to replace the current
disposal techniques. Waste utilisation or plastic recycling has been regarded as an excellent
method to reduce the abundant amount of plastic waste as well as minimising the
environmental impacts. In this article, a total of 163 previous studies between 2012 and 2021
had been reviewed to discuss the utilisation of different types of plastic waste as aggregate in
construction materials. This paper evaluates on the use of plastic as aggregate in terms of the
physical, mechanical and durability properties of the construction materials as well as the
environmental and cost analyses.

Arvind Singhal. (2018) Plastic waste is a non-biodegradable waste which cannot decompose
and this creates water, land pollution and air pollution. Also, while we burn the plastic waste
in Dumping Ground, the percentage of plastic waste is increasing rapidly. It is estimated that
the plastic waste will double after a decade as we use hundreds grades of plastic in our daily
life. We can recycle, reuse the plastic waste. As a civil engineer we have to innovate
something new related to this, which is a boon for civil engineering. So, here we try to do
something innovative as PLASTIC SAND BRICKS/ TILES. Basically in bricks and tiles, we
used earth based clay. Due to excessive use of the clay, it shows the result of resources
depletion and environmental degradation.

Freinkel. (2011) The view that almost all walks of human life entail plastics in diverse
forms with various applications going from cling film to bullet-proof fibers such as Kevlar.
Also, the studies of Andrady and Neal (2009) [27] in corroboration to that of Gilbert (2017)
[28] affirm that plastics find application in many products through every industry not limited
to construction, electronics, transportation, agriculture and healthcare. Due to the fact that
plastics are strong, lightweight, low-cost to produce and effortlessly formed into various
shapes and colours, Giacovelli (2018) [29] avers plastics are mostly employed for single-use

7
Chapter 2

items, like food and beverage packaging, straws, plates and cutlery, cigarette filters and
disposable cups. It is however noteworthy that because such items are manufactured as low-
cost objects, they are often disposed of rapidly as trash. Evidence from the findings of Geyer
et al. (2017) [30] proves that plastics that make up the majority of the world’s total plastics
manufactured comprise polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS),
polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinylchloride (PVC).

Hassanpour and Unnisa. (2017. ) Plastic products in enlightening and developing countries
are increasing by the day partly due to financial requisite and human demand. The authors
further postulate while just a portion of the total plastic wastes are recycled in many
emergingnations, roughly 95-75% of them appear to be retrieves in developing countries.

Abdel Tawab OF. (2020) Plastics play an important role in modern society and are used
daily in diverse applications due to their low cost, ease of manufacturing and attractive
qualities. About 300 million tons of plastic are produced globally each year of which only
about 25% is recycled. An estimated 7 million tons ends up as trash in the sea each year
causing significant environmental and health problems for fish and sea animals. Plastic waste
brings serious environmental challenge to modern society because it is made of several toxic
chemicals that can pollute soil, water and air if not managed properly. However, the
percentage of recycled plastic can be increased by transforming waste plastic into mortar and
concrete products suitable for housing and construction. In this study, the use of melted waste
plastic bags as a replacement for cement in production of building bricks and concrete blocks
was evaluated.

Samuel Kof Tulashie. (2022) Plastic pollution and high cement costs for pavement brick
construction are two major issues in Ghana. This study proposes a dual solution to these
problems by using plastic waste (PW) as a binder in constructing sustainable and decorative
pavement bricks. Plastic pavement bricks were produced by melting and mixing waste
polyethylene [low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)] and
polypropylene (PP) with quarry dust (QD). A range of PW/QD weight ratios (intervals of 10)
were used to produce the plastic pavement bricks. The Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy identifed the presence of PW and QD in the plastic pavement bricks. Plastic
pavement bricks were also subjected to additional testing to determine their densities,
compressive strengths, water absorption rates, and eforescence.

8
 Literature Review

Siti Aishah Wahid. (2015) The increase in the popularity of using environmental friendly,
low cost and lightweight construction materials in building industry has brought about the
need to investigate how this can be achieved by benefiting to the environment as well as
maintaining the material requirements affirmed in the standards. Brick is one of the most
accommodating masonry units as a building material due to its properties. Attempts have
been made to incorporate waste in the production of bricks such as the use of paper
processing residues, cigarette butts, fly ash, textile effluent treatment plant (ETP) sludge,
polystyrene foam, plastic fiber, straw, polystyrene fabric, cotton waste, dried sludge collected
from an industrial wastewater treatment plant, rice husk ash, granulated blast furnace slag,
rubber, craft pulp production residue, limestone dust and wood sawdust, processed waste tea,
petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge, welding flux slag and waste paper pulp.

Jeevan Ghuge. (2019) Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world.
Using waste and recycled materials in concrete mixes for paver blocks becoming increasingly
important to manage and treat both the solid waste generated by industry and municipal
waste. These blocks were rectangular in shape and had more or less the same size as the
bricks. During the previous five decades, the block shape has relentlessly developed from
non-interlocking to somewhat interlocking to completely interlocking to multiple interlocking
shapes. Use of plastic waste which is non biodegradable is rapidly growing in the
surroundings and becoming threat to environment in many aspects. This study demonstrates
use of waste plastic for manufacturing the concrete paver blocks and with this efficient
disposal way of plastic waste is possible.

Puttaraj Mallikarjun Hiremath. (2014) In this literature, they says that there is imbalance
between the convential building materials availability and their demand. In this case, the
laterite quarry dust is available at high amount and also the waste plastics like (PET, PP etc)
disposal is a biggest challenge and recycling of PET bottles transfer into a danger able
material. So they attempt to manufacture the bricks by using of waste plastic bottles in the
range between 60 to 80% by weight of the laterite quarry dust, and bitumen grade 60/70 was
added about 2 to 5% by soil weight in the molten form and this plastic-bitumen resin was
mixed along with laterite quarry waste for the brick manufacture. The manufactured bricks
possess neat and even finishing, with satisfactory compressive strength and with negligible
amount of absorption when compared with laterite stone.

9
Chapter 2

Dinesh.S, Dinesh.A & Kirubakaran.K. (2016) In this work, they examined and inquired
about that the plastic waste which is expanding step by step moves toward becoming blemish
and thus dirties the earth, particularly in high mountain towns where no refuse accumulation
framework exists. A lot of plastic is being brought into the trekking regions are burned or
disposed which prompts the pollution of environment and air. Henceforth, these waste
plastics are to be adequately used. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene (PE)
packs are cleaned and included with aggregates and sand at different ratios to acquire high
quality bricks that have sound and thermal protection properties to control contamination and
to decrease the overall cost of construction, this is a standout amongst the most ideal
approaches to keep away from the accumulation of plastic waste which is an on-degradable
polluting material. This then again spares the quanta of sand/dirt that must be detracted from
the valuable river beds/mines. The plastic waste is normally accessible in surplus amount and
thus the cost factor descends. Likewise Coloring admixtures can be added to the mix to
achieve wanted shades. Henceforth in this theory, a work is made to gain knowledge with
respect to the properties of the brick which is made utilizing waste plastics.

10
 Methodology

Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1 Proposed Methodology
The main objective of this research work is to develop an efficient way to effectively utilize
the waste plastic which is a great threat for the sustainment of ecological balance, With the
literate quarry waste to manufacture an alternative building material by which both the
questions of a scientific disposal of waste plastic as well as scarcity of traditional building
materials can be answered.

The literate soil waste was collected from Aletti (nearby Sullia). When the literate stone is cut
from the quarry nearly 15-20% of literate waste is obtained. This waste was crushed using
rammers and sieved in a 2.36mm IS sieve. This sieved literate soil was brought to laboratory
for preparation of bricks. This soil was sun-dried to reduce the water content.

A mould of size 20x10x10cm was prepared. Bricks of different mix proportions were
prepared, for each brick 3kg of the literate soil was added with varying bitumen content of 2,
5 and 10% along with variation in percentage of plastic. Bricks were prepared by compacting
through vibration. 9kg of clean sieved literate quarry waste is collected. 70% of plastic (PET,
PP) by weight of soil is cleaned and heated to a molten state. Then sieved soil is added at
intervals with proper mixing. At the final stage 2% of bitumen by weight of soil is added and
mixed for uniform distribution to prepare 3 bricks. The hot mix is poured into the moulds and
then compacted by vibration. The bricks are de-moulded after 30 min and air dried for a
period of 24hr for proper heat dissipation. Of each mix proportion bricks were prepared and
tested for compressive strength in the compressive testing machine (CTM).

3.2 Test Conducted on Plastic Bricks

 Compressive Strength.
 Water Absorption.
 Efflorescence Test.
 Soundness Test.
 Crushing Test.

3.2.1 Compression Strength Test

The tests on Compressive strength of the specimen brick shall be calculated for 3 aspects
after 7, 14 & 28 days of curing using the formula as follows,

11
Chapter 3

The UTM was using the tests. The compressive strength of bricks. After the curing period
gets over bricks are kept for testing. To test the specimens, the bricks are placed in the
calibrated compression testing machine of capacity 3000 KN (Kilo Newton) and applied a
load uniform at the rate of 2.9 kN/min. By obtaining the maximum load shall be taken as
failure of load with specimen fails to produce any further increase in indicator reading on
testing machine.

3.2.2 Water Absorption Test

Bricks should not absorb water more than 12% by its weight. The bricks to be tested should
be dried in an oven at a temperature of 105oC to 115oC till attains constant weight cool the
bricks to room temperature and weight (W1). Immerse completely dried and weighed (W1)
brick in clean water for 24 hrs. at a temperature of 27±20oC. Remove the bricks and wipe out
any traces of water and weigh immediately (W2).

3.2.3 Efflorescence Test

For this test, brick has to be placed vertically in water with one end immersed. The depth of
immersion in water being 2.5 cm, then the whole arrangement should be kept in a warm-well-
ventilated room temperature of 20-30oC until all evaporates. When the water in the dish is
absorbed by the brick and surplus water evaporates. When the water is completely absorbed
and evaporated place similar quantity of water in dish and allows it to absorb and evaporate
as before. The determination of the brickwork after the experiment shall find out to be % of
white spots to the surface area of brick. If any difference is observed because of presence of
any salt deposit, then the rating is reported as ‘’effloresced‟. If no difference is noted, the
rating is reported as not “effloresced”.

3.2.4 Soundness Test

This sound is carried out to find out that a clear ringing sound is produced or not when the
two bricks are with each other without breaking any of the two bricks. If the two bricks are
not broken after striking with each other and a clear ringing sound is produced, then it means
that the bricks are sufficiently sound.

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 Methodology

3.2.5 Crushing Test

This is the main test conducted to test the suitability of the brick for construction work. This
test is executed with the help of compression testing machine. A brick is placed in a
compression testing machine. It is pressed till it breaks. Then the compression strength of the
brick is recorded from meter of the compression testing machine. A brick after undergoing
compression test, this test is carried out for both fly ash bricks and as well as burnt clay
bricks.

3.3 Objective of Present Work

 To developed an efficient way & to effectively utilized the waste material.
 To reduce the consumption of natural resource such as clay for manufacturing bricks.
 To produce cost effective material which a common person can afford easily.
 To reduce plastic in waste streams saving non renewable resources.
 To minimize and reuse generation of waste plastic on the land and water to reduce the
land &water degradation & consequent pollution.

3.4 Future Work

Plastic sand bricks give us hope and a way to work on innovative things related to the plastic
and to try to invent some new civil engineering materials which shows some remarkable
response in future industry and changes the thoughts of the researchers, users and industries.
Such as, in going for

 Plastic sand wall in framed structures as a partition wall

 Plastic sand benches in the parks
 Plastic sand tracks for running and jogging in place of concrete or stone tracks.
 Research on Composition of plastic with fly ash, Quarry dust etc.

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