MATHEMATICS-I

Anushaya Mohapatra

Department of Mathematics
BITS PILANI K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa

August 29, 2024

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 1/9
 Lecture 10
Infinite series

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 2/9
 Theorem 0.1 (Limit Comparison Test).
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N for some
N ∈ N.
If limn→∞ bann = c > 0, then
P P
1 an and bn both
converge or diverge.
If limn→∞ bann = 0 and
P P
2 bn converges then an
converges.
If limn→∞ bann = ∞ and
P P
3 bn diverges then an
diverges.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 3/9
 Theorem 0.1 (Limit Comparison Test).
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N for some
N ∈ N.
If limn→∞ bann = c > 0, then
P P
1 an and bn both
converge or diverge.
If limn→∞ bann = 0 and
P P
2 bn converges then an
converges.
If limn→∞ bann = ∞ and
P P
3 bn diverges then an
diverges.
Examples: Test the convergence of the P
following:
(a). n=1 10n+1 , (b). n=1 2n +10 ., (c). ∞
P∞ 100 P∞ 1 ln(n)
P∞ n=1 n .
1
(d). n=1 n2 ln(n) .
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 3/9
 Theorem 0.2 (The Ratio Test).
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
an+1
lim = ρ.
n→∞ an

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 4/9
 Theorem 0.2 (The Ratio Test).
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
an+1
lim = ρ.
n→∞ an

Then;
1 the series converges if ρ < 1,
2 the series diverges if ρ > 1
3 the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.
Test the convergence of the following:
(a). ∞
P xn
P∞ (2n)! P∞ 1
n=1 n! , (b). n=1 n!n! , (c). n=1 n2

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 4/9
 Theorem 0.3 (The root test).
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
√
lim n an = ρ.
n→∞

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 5/9
 Theorem 0.3 (The root test).
P
Let an be a series with positive terms and suppose that
√
lim n an = ρ.
n→∞

Then;
1 the series converges if ρ < 1,
2 the series diverges if ρ > 1
3 the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.
Discuss the convergence of the following:
n n

2
(a). ∞
P 1−n
P∞ 3n P∞
n=1 3n−n 2 , (b). n=1 n 10 , (c). n=1 n+2 .
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 5/9
 Alternating series

Alternating series:
A series in which the terms are alternatively positive
and negative is called alternating series.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 6/9
 Alternating series

Alternating series:
A series in which the terms are alternatively positive
and negative is called alternating series.
Any series of the form:
∞
X ∞
X
n
(−1) an or (−1)n+1 an where an ≥ 0
n=1 n=1

is an alternating series.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 6/9
 Alternating series

Alternating series:
A series in which the terms are alternatively positive
and negative is called alternating series.
Any series of the form:
∞
X ∞
X
n
(−1) an or (−1)n+1 an where an ≥ 0
n=1 n=1

is an alternating series.
∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n X n
X √
Examples: , (−4/3) , (−1)n n.
n=1
n n=1 n=1

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 6/9
 Theorem 0.4 (The alternating series test (Leibniz
Test)).
The series:
∞
X
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · ·
n=1

converges, if all three of the following conditions are

satisfied:

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 7/9
 Theorem 0.4 (The alternating series test (Leibniz
Test)).
The series:
∞
X
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · ·
n=1

converges, if all three of the following conditions are

satisfied:
1 The an ’s are positive.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 7/9
 Theorem 0.4 (The alternating series test (Leibniz
Test)).
The series:
∞
X
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · ·
n=1

converges, if all three of the following conditions are

satisfied:
1 The an ’s are positive.
2 The positive an ’s are (eventually) non-increasing:
an ≥ an+1 for all n ≥ N, for some integer N.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 7/9
 Theorem 0.4 (The alternating series test (Leibniz
Test)).
The series:
∞
X
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · ·
n=1

converges, if all three of the following conditions are

satisfied:
1 The an ’s are positive.
2 The positive an ’s are (eventually) non-increasing:
an ≥ an+1 for all n ≥ N, for some integer N.
3 an → 0 as n → ∞.
Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 7/9
 Examples:
1 If p > 0, then the alternating p-series
∞
X (−1)n+1 1 1
=1− + − ···
n=1
np 2p 3p
converges.

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 8/9
 Examples:
1 If p > 0, then the alternating p-series
∞
X (−1)n+1 1 1
=1− + − ···
n=1
np 2p 3p
converges.
2 What can you say about the converges of
∞  
X 2 + n
(−1)n ?
n=1
8n

Anushaya Mohapatra (Dept. of Maths) Sequences and Series August 29, 2024 8/9
 Thank you

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