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The document presents a series of statistical problems and their solutions involving descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation), and measures of skewness and kurtosis. It details calculations for various datasets, including student ages, faculty mobility responses, height distributions, mosquito body lengths, and sugar weight measurements. Each problem is accompanied by R code used for the calculations, providing a comprehensive overview of statistical analysis techniques.

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15 views10 pages

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The document presents a series of statistical problems and their solutions involving descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation), and measures of skewness and kurtosis. It details calculations for various datasets, including student ages, faculty mobility responses, height distributions, mosquito body lengths, and sugar weight measurements. Each problem is accompanied by R code used for the calculations, providing a comprehensive overview of statistical analysis techniques.

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nikhilkotra1043
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 1

Descriptive Statistics (Measure of central


tendency, Measure of dispersion, Measure of
Skewness and Measure of kurtosis)
Course: BMAT202P
Semester: Winter Semester 2024-25
Slot: L33+L34
Name:T.HARISCHANDRA PRASAD
Registration Number: 23BCI0197
Problem-1:
Twenty students , graduates and undergraduates, were enrolled in a
statistics course. Their ages were:
18,19,19,19,19,20,20,20,20,20,21,21,21,21,22,23,24,27,30,36
a) Find Mean and Median of all students
b) Find median age of all students under 25 years.
c) Find modal age of all students
Formula:
𝑚ⅇ𝑎𝑛 = 𝛴𝑥/n
R Code:
> x=c(18,19,19,19,19,20,20,20,20,20,21,21,21,21,22,23,24,27,30,36)
> mean(x)
[1] 22
> median(x)
[1] 20.5
> y=x[x<25]
> md=median(y)
> md
[1] 20
> xr=table(x)
> mode=which(xr==max(xr))
> mode
20
3
a) Mean = 22, Median = 20.5
b) Median age of students under 25 years = 20
c) Mode = 20
Measures of central tendency for frequency table: -
Problem-2:
A survey of 25 faculty members is taken in a college to study their
vocational mobility. They were asked the question “In addition to your
present position, at how many educational institutes have served on the
faculty? Following is the frequency distribution of their responses.
X0123
f 8 11 5 1
Find mean and median of the distribution.
R Code:
> x=c(0,1,2,3)
> f=c(8,11,5,1)
> y=rep(x,f)
> mean=(sum(y))/(length(y))
> mean
[1] 0.96
> median(y)
[1] 1
Mean = 0.96
Median = 1
Problem-3:
Compute mean, median and mode of for the following frequency
Distribution:
Height
(in cms)
145- 150 150- 155 155- 160 160- 165 165- 170 170- 175 175- 180 180- 185
No. of
Adult
men
4 6 28 58 64 30 5 5
Formulae:
𝑚ⅇ𝑎𝑛 = (∑𝑥𝑖𝑓𝑖) / (𝛴𝑓𝑖)
𝑚ⅇ𝑑ⅈ𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + (ℎ/𝑓) [ (𝑁/2) − 𝑐]
modⅇ = 𝑙 + [ℎ(𝑓1 − 𝑓0 )/(𝑓1 − 𝑓0 ) − (𝑓2 − 𝑓1 )]
R Code:
> mid=seq(147.5,182.5,5)
> mid
[1] 147.5 152.5 157.5 162.5 167.5 172.5 177.5 182.5
> f=c(4,6,28,58,64,30,5,5)
> fr.distr=data.frame(mid,f)
> fr.distr
mid f
1 147.5 4
2 152.5 6
3 157.5 28
4 162.5 58
5 167.5 64
6 172.5 30
7 177.5 5
8 182.5 5
> mean=(sum(mid*f))/sum(f)
> mean
[1] 165.175
> midx=seq(147.5,182.5,5)
> frequency=c(4,6,28,58,64,30,5,5)
> fr.dist<-data.frame(midx,frequency)
> fr.dist
midx frequency
1 147.5 4
2 152.5 6
3 157.5 28
4 162.5 58
5 167.5 64
6 172.5 30
7 177.5 5
8 182.5 5
> cl=cumsum(frequency)
> cl
[1] 4 10 38 96 160 190 195 200
> n=sum(frequency)
>n
[1] 200
> ml=min(which(cl>=n/2))
> ml
[1] 5
> h=5
>h
[1] 5
> f=frequency[ml]
>f
[1] 64
> c=cl[ml-1]
>c
[1] 96
> l=mid[ml]-h/2
>l
[1] 165
> median=l+(((n/2)-c)/f)*h
> median
[1] 165.3125
> m=which(frequency==max(frequency)) #serial number of the median
class
>m
[1] 5
> fm=frequency[m]
> fm
[1] 64
> f1=frequency[m-1]
> f2=frequency[m+1]
> f1
[1] 58
> f2
[1] 30
> l=midx[m]-h/2
>l
[1] 165
> mode=l+((fm-f1)/(2*fm-f1-f2))*h
> mode
[1] 165.75
Mean: 165.175
Median: 165.3125
Mode: 165.75
Measure of dispersion: -
Problem-4:
An entomologist studying morphological variation in species of mosquito
recorded the following data on body length:
1.2,1.4,1.3,1.6,1.0,1.5,1.7,1.1,1.2,1.3
Compute all the measures of dispersion.
Formulae:
Range=Largest Value – Smallest Value
Q.D=(Q3-Q1)/2
M.D=(∑|x-A|)/n , where |x-A| is an absolute deviation taken from A
Direct Formula: Sigma=sqrt(∑[x-x’)^2]/n) , where x’=∑x/n = A.M
R CODE:
> x=c(1.2,1.4,1.3,1.6,1.0,1.5,1.7,1.1,1.2,1.3)
>x
[1] 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.3
> summary(x)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
1.000 1.200 1.300 1.330 1.475 1.700
> range=1.7-1.0
> range
[1] 0.7
> var(x)
[1] 0.049
> sd=sqrt(var(x))
> sd
[1] 0.2213594
> cqd=(1.475-1.2)/(1.475+1.2)
> y=(x-mean(x))
>y
[1] -0.13 0.07 -0.03 0.27 -0.33 0.17 0.37 -0.23 -0.13 -0.03
> y=abs(y)
>y
[1] 0.13 0.07 0.03 0.27 0.33 0.17 0.37 0.23 0.13 0.03
> mdl=sum(y)/length(y)
> mdl
[1] 0.176
> z =abs(x-median(x))
> md2=sum(z)/length(z)
> md2
[1] 0.17
Range = 0.7
Quartile Deviation = 0.1375
Mean Deviation About Mean = 0.176
Mean Deviation About Median = 0.17
Mean Deviation About Mode = Not Possible as Bi-Modal
Standard Deviation = 0.2213594
Measure of skewness and kurtosis using Moments:
Problem-5:
A quality control engineer is interested in determining whether a machine
is properly adjusted to dispense 16 ounces of sugar. Following data refer
to the net weight(in ounces) packed in thirty one-pound bags after the
machine was adjusted. Compute the measures skewness and kurtosis:
15.9,16.2,16.0,15.6,16.2,15.9,16.0,15.6,15.6,16.0,16.2,15.6,15.9,16.2,15.6,
16.2, 15.8,16.0,15.8,15.9,16.2,15.8,15.8,16.2,16.0,15.9,16.2,16.2,16.0,15.6
Formulae:
R Code:
>x=c(15.9,16.2,16.0,15.6,16.2,15.9,16.0,15.6,15.6,16.0,16.2,15.6,15.9,16.2,15.
6,16.2,15.8,16.0,15.
8,15.9,16.2,15.8,15.8,16.2,16.0,15.9,16.2,16.2,16.0,15.6)
>x
[1] 15.9 16.2 16.0 15.6 16.2 15.9 16.0 15.6 15.6 16.0 16.2 15.6 15.9 16.2 15.6
16.2
[17] 15.8 16.0 15.8 15.9 16.2 15.8 15.8 16.2 16.0 15.9 16.2 16.2 16.0 15.6
> n=length(x)
>n
[1] 30
> mean=mean(x)
> mean
[1] 15.93667
> m4=sum((x-mean)^4)/n
> m4
[1] 0.004062022
> m2=var(x)
> m2
[1] 0.0486092
> beta2=m4/(m2^2)
> beta2
[1] 1.719117
> gam2=beta2-3
> gam2
[1] -1.280883
µ1 = 15.93667
µ2 = 0.0486092
µ3 = -0.002451407,
µ4 = 0.004062022
β1 = 0.05232096
γ1 = 0.2287378 (Positively Skewed)
β2 = 1.719117
γ2 = -1.280883 (Platykurtic Curve)

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