Assignment Tasks

Task 1: Networking Fundamentals

1. Explain the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. How
do these layers facilitate communication between networked devices?
→ First, OSI model also known as the reference model it is Open System Interconnection
(OSI) Reference Model It have seven layers on it and all the seven layers are mentioned
below:
• Application layer
• Presentation layer
• Session layer
• Transport layer
• Network layer
• Data link layer
• Physical layer
Application Layer:

In application layer, the data exchange will be taking place with the help of
software application, as well protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS used for process-to-
process communication.
Presentation layer:

• Mainly encryption compression and decryption are in this layer.

• Convert the High-level language into Human understandable language.
• It provides the common Data transfer representation with Application service.

Session layer:

• In this layers Data segmentation is Done and Data is Segmentate with many different
parts.
• Session Checkpoint is handled and undo the case disruption.
Transport layer:

• It gives application processes operating on several hosts direct access to communication

services.
• Transport layer is responsible for End-to-end communication data.
• Manage of Dataflow in Transport layer.

Network layer:

• Ip address is assigned on Network layers.

• Data can be divided into small numbers called Packet; All the packet were sent through
the best routing.
• Exchange the data over Network on this layer.
Data link Layer:

• Frame control over on datalink layer.

• Known as the second layer of OSI from the bottom.
• It is responsible for Node-to-Node delivery of data from the same Network.
Physical Layer:

• In this layer The Data is transferred based on the physical cable used for sharing or
receiving data.
• Transfer through the physical medium in BIT of 0 and 1.
• Transmission medium such as: fiber optics, coaxial, twisted pair cable etc.

Transmission control protocol /Internet protocol (TCP/IP) is a simple OSI reference model
commonly have Four layers which are explained below:
Application Layer:

• In this Layer also same as the OSI reference model because This layer enables to
communicate through the different software application using various protocols.
• For examples: HTTPs for web browsing, FTP for file transferring and SMPT for sending
emails and so on.
• This layer is the combination of Application, presentation and session layer.

Transport Layer:

• In this layer Data segmentation is done and send it to the destination address.
 • TCP and UDP is used in this layer where TCP for reliable data and UDP for the speed
sensitive application such as live of gaming etc.

Internet Layer:

• It seems like a Network layer in OSI reference model Where, the data is known as packet
and the packet were sent through routing to reach the destination address.
• Data addressed through IPV4 or IPv6
• Data were converted into packet so easy to control the flow of data that's why Flow
control is easy and Data is sent through the internet layer.
Network Interface Layer:

• Main purpose of this Layer in TCP/Ip is to send and receive the data through the physical
network.
• It commonly seems like the combination of data link layer and physical layer so basically
the use in this layer is to transfer the data through the medium
• For example, for wirelessly through Wi-Fi, and through the fiberoptics cable, twisted pair
cable etc.

OSI reference model and TCP/IP model facilitate communication between networked devices by
dividing the process which are mention below:
Encapsulation and Decapsulation:

→ In Encapsulation layer the data will be hide and wrapped and send to the destination
address where Decapsulation unwrapped the given data and received by the user whom
the data were received.
→ Four main layers of TCP/IP were focused on their specific function such as:
• Hardware communication was handled by network interface.
• Data routed through network on internet layers
• Check the delivery of TCP or UDP in transport layer.
• Here in application layer helps to serve email, web browsing, file transfer and etc.
Hence in last the following process and their functional work helps to perform easy,
reliable and secured communication over the local network or either the global network.
2. Describe the different types of physical media used in computer networks. Compare the
advantages and disadvantages of copper cables, fiber optics, and wireless communication.
→ Physical media is also known as Guided transmission media where the data and
information were shared and receive through the internet and Guided medium is a
pathway to transmit that data and information.
There are Two type of transmission media Guided and Unguided and the physical media
is on guided medium, there are Three types of physical media used in computer network
and i.e.:
1. Twisted pair cable
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optics cable
Twisted pair cable
Advantages
• It is made up of two or four pairs of cable
• It is easy to use and less efficient
Disadvantages
• It basically used for 100 meters of range only so it is used for short distance
communication
• Limited bandwidth and Speed of data sharing is slow in this cable
Coaxial cable
Advantages
• Basically, the cable used for TV Dish cable of board band
• It is more reliable and efficient use for data communication
• The range of coaxial is higher than the twisted pair cable
Disadvantages
• Slow data transfer as comparing with fiberoptic
• Data will be loss due to the sound disruption and electromagnetic interfere
Fiber optics
Advantages

• The wire of fiberoptics is made-up of glass and the data transmitted through the speed of
light
 • The range of fiber optics is more than twisted pair and coaxial cable and more reliable
than them

Disadvantages
• The chance of damages in cable is possible because it is made up of glass so the
fiberoptic cable is not flexible
• Highly expensive than twisted pair and coaxial so anyone cannot afford it
Wireless communication:

→ Wireless communication is also known as the Unguided transmission where microwave,

radio wave and infare were involved here some of advantages and disadvantages of
wireless communication are:
Advantages:

• No need of physical connection of wire for sharing data

• Easy to use and expand the area limits as needed
• Examples such as; satellite, radio signals walkie-talkie etc.
Disadvantages:

• Signal cannot penetrate the walls in the case of microwave and the signals also too weak
and slow as compared to fiberoptics
• Since this is wireless so it can be easily been hacked by the hackers while sharing the
important information so security concern is weak on wireless communication system

In conclusion, All the communication medium are best in their own purpose use each have their
own advantages and their arguments so all the communication is equally important.
Task 2: Data Communication

1. Describe the process of data encapsulation and de-capsulation as data travels through the OSI
layers during communication between two devices.
→ Encapsulation refers to the header and where in other side Decapsulation refers to the
remove header, the data user entered and sent it goes through the OSI reference seven
layers and it also have the two-side sender and receiver so sender side it involves the
encapsulation then the receiver side it allows to remove header. In the given below the
process of Encapsulation and decapsulation of sender and receiver side below;

→ Application Layer –In this layer It creates the message through web browsing.

→ Presentation Layer – As we know the use and function of this layer is to encrypting the
data and formatting.

→ Session Layer – main objectives on this are to make the segmentation of data.

→ Transport Layer – it allows data distributed equally into small segments and adds a
TCP/UDP header.

→ Network Layer – after the Packet were done it allows to send data through routing to
source and destination.

→ Data Link Layer – Adding of MAC address header and frame control is done in this
header.

→ Physical Layer – The data will be converted into Bits form of 0 and 1 and transmitted
through the physical or wireless connection.

Here after the sender side of encapsulation the data were transmitted into physically or wirelessly
through the internet, Afterall now the decapsulation receiver side layers and its uses are mention
below:
→ Physical Layer – In this layer the raw bits 0 and 1 are received through the network.
 → Data Link Layer – In this layer bits are converted to frame, and removes MAC address
header.

→ Network Layer – After the packet were sent in this layer all those are extracted and
verify if they reach at the destination address or not.
→ Transport Layer – Reassemble all the segment and check the data.

→ Session Layer – manage all the session as their function

→ Presentation Layer – Sender header in presentation layer it encrypts the data and in
receiver header it decrypts all the data.
→ Application Layer – Hence, after flowing from all six-layer Cames to application where
it delivers to the web or their software application.
In conclusion, Encapsulation layers Struct for the data communication where Decapsulation
check the data efficiency and be responsible for the data reached to destination address.

2. Briefly explain the concept of Media Access Control (MAC) addresses and their role in
network communication.
→ Media Access Control (MAC) is known as the unique address assigned to the network
interface for a communication it is made up of Hexadecimal number and digits having 48
bits and 6 bytes.
Structure of MAC address is written as in the given example: 00:1A: 3B:0A: G4:7K(also
they were separated by colon:)

Role of the MAC Address in network communication

• Data identification:
Data identification is done in it because Each devices have their unique Mac address so Data can
be easily identified in this point.

• Data transmission:
Data is also transmitted through the mac address not by Ip address so hence the role works for
transmitting data to the unique mac address devices.
• Network security:
The best Favour of MAC address is that it is secured and if any case hackers hacked the system,
we know very easily wo is doing that activities because of the unique address that were assigned
for a network.
 • Tracking and monitoring:
Having the Unique Mac address helps to address the devices so either the information got hacked
we can track easily with the help of the Mac address.
Hence, in conclusion mac address play very important role in networking so it helps to perform
secured, accurate and efficient communication.

Task 3: Network Devices and Protocols

1. Describe the different types of network devices (switches, routers, firewalls) and their roles in
a typical network infrastructure.

→ Network device is simply as my knowing language which helps in transmitting the data
and receiving from one device to another with the secured flow of data. In the given
question networking devices like switches, routers, firewalls are explained below with
their roles in networking:

Switch:
Switch is also known as a networking device which is used to connect the multiple computers
together at a single time. Roles in a network are:

• Sent data to only those who were connected to the switch and also sent individually.
• The port of router is only two to three so switch helps to expand the port and share the
network through it.
• It is used to connect nodes phones printer and so on whereas at my collage the IT
department uses the switch to connect the student on their network.
Router:
Router is a medium of providing the internet which is provided by Internet service provider
based on Ip addresses. Roles of Router in Network are as listed below:

• It helps to Route the data through Various network such as teachers network to the
internet
• IP addresses is assigned to the network through the use of DHCP.
• For example, Collage Wi-Fi router connect multiple devices of student in internet.
Firewalls:

• Firewall is the network security device which is either hardware or software based which
controls all the incoming and outgoing traffic it follows three rules i.e. Accept, Reject and
Drop where Accept allows all the traffic whereas reject block all the traffic with reply of
an unreachable errors and in Drop it blocks all the traffic without any reply.
Roles of Firewalls in Network are:

• Allow to prevent the Unwanted traffic in a network

• It helps to protect against the hacker and other viruses.
• It can be both hardware and software based
• For example, my laptop firewalls protect my data safe because it protects my files
against cyberattack.

In conclusion, Switches, router and firewalls they are most important in network hence they
have their own task and their own functionality which is the backbone of Network.

2. Describe common network protocols, such as TCP, UDP, ICMP, ARP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SNMP,
and DHCP, and their roles in data transmission and network management.

→ Protocol Is also a kind of language for a device used to communicate over a network.
Each protocol has their own specific job likewise some have sending, either have
receiving and have securing connection and so on. Some of the major Protocol mention
in a question were discuss below:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

• TCP is Specially used in Web browsing, emails, File transferring etc.

• The main role of TCP is it is Userfriendly reliable and Free of error transmission
between devices.

UDP (User Diagram Protocol):

• The role is very risky on this protocol because Data will be sent without waiting for
the confirmation so the Data will get loss.
• The best example of UDP is watching the live stream of PUBG mobile and when your
network become weak than some of the clip will be lost.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):

• The main role of ICMP is used for diagnosing network issues.

• Commonly used for checking the ping of the network and other testing tools.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol):

• This Protocol Ensure the address of Ip address to the MAC Address for communicating
through LAN.
• It is only used for Local network communication.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer protocol):

• The main role of http is to transfer the data between the browser and server.
• It is commonly used in the website, web application etc.

HTTPS (Secure Hypertext Transfer protocol):

• This is nether like HTTP because it enables more secured and encrypt the data and
protect from cyberthreats.
• Commonly used in Online banking and for changing the security lock of any social media.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol):

• The main role is to transfer the files and document over the network to network.
• It is mostly used in website hosting and sharing the file from one node to another.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):

• The main role in network is that it assigned the automatic Ip addresses in a network.
• It is mainly used in personal Wi-Fi, Home Wi-Fi etc.

Overall, in a nutshell each protocol works efficiently for their efficient work and without
protocol the network is not being function.