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Lecture1_part1b_Velocitygradienttensor

The document discusses the relationship between stress and deformation in solids and fluids, highlighting the displacement and velocity gradient tensors. It explains the concepts of strain rate and rotation rate tensors, as well as the rate of deformation of a material line element. Additionally, it notes that for rigid body motion, the velocity gradient tensor equals the rotation rate tensor, and the strain rate tensor is zero.

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ALPHA
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture1_part1b_Velocitygradienttensor

The document discusses the relationship between stress and deformation in solids and fluids, highlighting the displacement and velocity gradient tensors. It explains the concepts of strain rate and rotation rate tensors, as well as the rate of deformation of a material line element. Additionally, it notes that for rigid body motion, the velocity gradient tensor equals the rotation rate tensor, and the strain rate tensor is zero.

Uploaded by

ALPHA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deformation, rate of deformation

• For solids: stress is related to deformation


• For fluids: stress is related to deformation rate

Quantity related to deformation Quantity related to deformation rate

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Displacement gradient tensor, 𝐷𝑖𝑗 = 𝜕𝑋𝑖 Velocity gradient tensor, 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑗 𝑗

26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 1


Velocity gradient tensor
• Given velocity field: 𝒗 = 𝒗 𝒙, 𝑡
𝜕𝑣𝑖
• Velocity gradient tensor: 𝐿𝑖𝑗 =
𝜕𝑥𝑗
• Velocity gradient tensor describes the local relative motion between
two material points separated by a small distance
• At a given instant,
𝒗 𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒗 𝒙 = 𝛁𝒗 ∙ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐿𝒅𝒙
𝜕𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑖 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑑𝑥𝑗 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑥𝑗 = 𝑑𝑥𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑥𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗

26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 2


Rate of deformation

𝜕𝑣𝑖
• Velocity gradient tensor: 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = =𝜀𝑖𝑗 + 𝑊𝑖𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑗
1 𝜕𝑣𝑖 𝜕𝑣𝑗
• Strain rate (symmetric) tensor: 𝜀𝑖𝑗 = ( + )
2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖
1 𝜕𝑣𝑖 𝜕𝑣𝑗
• Rotation rate (anti-symmetric) tensor: 𝑊𝑖𝑗 = ( − )
2 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑖
• Relation between vorticity vector and rotation rate: 𝑊𝑖𝑗 = −𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝜔𝑘

26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 3


Rate of deformation of a material line
element
• The line element 𝛿𝒍 is the relative Time instant t
separation vector between material 𝒆ො 3
Q
points P and Q
𝛿𝒍 = 𝒙𝑄 − 𝒙𝑃 𝛿𝒍 = 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕
𝒙𝑄
𝑑 (𝛿𝒍) 𝑑𝒙𝑄 𝑑𝒙𝑃 P
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒙𝑃
O 𝒆ො 2
𝑑 (𝛿𝒍)
= 𝒗𝑄 − 𝒗𝑃
𝑑𝑡
𝒆ො 1
26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 4
Rate of deformation of a material line
element
Time instant t
𝒆ො 3
Q

𝛿𝒍 = 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕
𝒙𝑄
P
𝒙𝑃
O 𝒆ො 2

𝒆ො 1
26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 5
Rate of deformation of a material line
element
Time instant t
𝒆ො 3
Q

𝛿𝒍 = 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕
𝒙𝑄
P
𝒙𝑃
O 𝒆ො 2

𝒆ො 1
26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 6
Rate of deformation of a material line
element
Time instant t
𝒆ො 3
Q

𝛿𝒍 = 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕
𝒙𝑄
P
𝒙𝑃
O 𝒆ො 2

𝒆ො 1
26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 7
Rate of deformation of a material line
element
Time instant t
𝒆ො 3
Q

𝛿𝒍 = 𝛿𝑙ො𝒆𝒕
𝒙𝑄
P
𝒙𝑃
O 𝒆ො 2

𝒆ො 1
26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 8
Rate of deformation
• For rigid body motion, 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑊𝑖𝑗 , 𝜀𝑖𝑗 = 0

O
𝒙

26 January 2025 Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics, APL422 9

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