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EMT - Notes of I Week - 23feb2025

The document covers vector calculus concepts including calculations of position vectors, distances, and conversions between rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It provides specific examples with detailed calculations for points in three-dimensional space, including finding distances and coordinate transformations. The document also includes graphical representations of coordinate systems and unit vectors.

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16 views4 pages

EMT - Notes of I Week - 23feb2025

The document covers vector calculus concepts including calculations of position vectors, distances, and conversions between rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It provides specific examples with detailed calculations for points in three-dimensional space, including finding distances and coordinate transformations. The document also includes graphical representations of coordinate systems and unit vectors.

Uploaded by

jahanavi1040
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes of Portions covered during First week

REVIEW OF VECTOR CALCULUS

I a) Given the points M(-1, 2, 1), N(3, -3, 0), and P(-2, -3, -4), find
i) RMN ii) RMN + RMP iii) !rM! iv) aMP v) ! 2rP – 3rN !
[D1.1 Ans: i) 4ax -5ay - az ii) 3ax -10ay - 6az iii) 2.45 iv) -0.14ax -0.7ay - 0.7az v) 15.56]

i) RMN = (3 –(-1)) ax + (-3 -2) ay + (0-1) az = 4ax -5ay - az


ii) RMP = (-2 – (-1)) ax + (-3 -2) ay + (-4 –1)) az = -ax -5ay – 5az
RMN + RMP = (4ax -5ay - az) + (-ax -5ay – 5az) = 3ax -10ay - 6az
iii) RM = ax +2ay – az !rM! = √ 12+ 22+(−1)2= √ 6 = 2.45
R MP (−a x−5 a y – 5 a z )
iv) aMP = = =¿ -0.14ax -0.7ay – 0.7az
! R MP ! √ (−1)2 +(−5)2+(−5)2
v) ! 2rP – 3rN ! = !2(-2ax -3ay – 4az) - 3(3ax -3ay + 0az)!
= !(-4ax -6ay – 8az) - (9ax -9ay + 0az)!

= !(-
= √ (−13)2 +( 3)2 +(−8)2 = 15.56

I b) The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6, -1, 2), B(-2, 3, -4) and C(-3, 1, 5)
find i) RAB ii) RAC iii) RAB x RAC
[D1.3 & D1.4 Ans: i) -8ax + 4ay - 6az ii) -9ax +2ay + 3az iii) 24ax +78ay + 20az ]

RAB = (-2-6)ax + (3 – (-1))ay +(-4 – 2)az = -8ax + 4ay - 6az


RAC = (-3-6)ax + (1 – (-1))ay +(5 – 2)az = -9ax +2ay + 3az
RAB x RAC =
= [(4 x 3) – (-6 x 2)]ax - [(-8 x 3) – (-6 x -9)]ay + [(-8 x 2) – (4 x -9)] az
= 24ax +78ay + 20az

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Fig a) shows a portion of cylindrical surface indicating the corordinates (ρ, ɸ, z). ρ is the
radius, ɸ is the angle from x –axis and z is the height of the cylinder. Second fig shows the
three unit vectors aρ, aɸ. az Third fig shows differential volume unit having sides dρ, ρdɸ,
and dz.
Conversion from Rect to cylindrical Conversion from cylindrical to Rect
ρ =√x + y
2 2
x = ρcosɸ
−1 y y = ρsinɸ
ɸ = tan
x
z=z z=z

[Note: While calculating ɸ, if x is negative and y is positive, then the point is in the second
quadrant and ɸ must be within 900 and 1800 . When x is negative , it is necessary to add 1800
When y is negative and x is positive, then the point is in the fourth quadrant. 1800 must be
subtracted from the calculated value of ɸ. On the other hand if both x & y are negative, 1800
must be subtracted from the calculated value of ɸ].

II a) i) Give the rectangular Coordinates of the point C(ρ = 4, ɸ = -115o , z = 2)


i) Give the Cylindrical Coordinates of the point D(x = -3.1, y = 2.6 , z = -3)
ii) Specify the distance from C to D
[D1.5, Ans: i) C(x = -1.69, y = -3.63 , z = 2) ii) D (ρ = 4.05, ɸ = 140o , z = -3) iii) 8.11]

i) x = ρcosɸ = 4 x cos (-115o) = -1.69


y = ρsinɸ = 4 x sin (-115o) = -3.63
z =z = 2 Rectangular Coordinates of the point C(x = -1.69, y = -3.63 , z = 2)
ii) ρ = √ x 2+ y2 =√ (−3.1)2+(2.6)2, = √ 9.61+6.76=¿4.05

−1 y −1 y
ɸ = tan = tan =¿- 40 . When x is negative , it is necessary to add 1800 ⸫ ɸ = 1400
x x

z = -3 Cylindrical Coordinates of the point D (ρ = 4.05, ɸ = 140o , z = -3)


iii) RCD = [Rect Coordinates of the point D – Rect Coordinates of the point C]

= [-3.1 – (-1.69)]ax + [2.6 – (-3.63)]ay + [-3 – 2]az

= -1.41 ax + 6.23 ay - 5az


Distance from C to D = ! RCD! = √(−1.41)2 +¿(6.23)2 +(−5)2 ¿
= √ 1.99+31.81+25 = 8.11
II b) If A = 2ax + 3ay - az and B (ρ = 4, Ф = -500, z =2), find the distance of A and B from
the origin. Also find the distance A to B
[Bakshi – Page 1 – 50 - 18 Ans 3.74, 4.47, 6.78]
i) x = ρcosɸ = 4 x cos (-50o) = 2.57
y = ρsinɸ = 4 x sin (-50o) = -3.064
z =z = 2 Rectangular Coordinates of the point B(x = 2.57, y = -3.064 , z = 2)
ii) ρ = √ x 2+ y2 =√ 2 2+3 2 = 3.605
−1 y −1 3
ɸ = tan =tan = -49.960 add 180, ɸ = 130.04
x x 2
z = - 1 Cylindrical Coordinates of the point A (ρ = 3.605, ɸ = 130.04o , z = -
2)
iii) Distance of A from the origin RA0 = [Rect Coordinates of origin – Rect
Coordinates of the point A]
RA0 = (-2ax - 3ay + az)
Distance from A to origin = √ 22+ 32 +12= 3.74
Distance of A from the origin RB0 = [Rect Coordinates of origin – Rect
Coordinates of the point B]
RB0 = (2.57ax – 3.064ay + 2az)
Distance from A to origin = √ (2.57)2 +¿ = √ 6.604+ 9.39+4 = 4.47
Distance of A to B RAB = [Rect Coordinates of B – Rect Coordinates of the
point A]
= [(2.57ax – 3.064ay + 2az) - (2ax + 3ay - az)]

= 0.57ax + 6.064ay + 3az


Distance from A to B = ! RAB! = √ √(057) +¿ ¿ √ 0.325+36.77+ 9 = 6.78
2

SPHERICAL COORDINATES

Fig a) shows a portion of Spherical surface indicating the coorrdinates (r, θ, ɸ) at point P. r is
the radius of the sphere, θ is the angle from z-axis and ɸ is the angle from x –axis. Fig b)
shows the three unit vectors (a ¿ ¿ r , aθ , a ɸ )¿ . Fig c) shows differential volume unit having
sides dr, rdθ and rsinθdɸ.

Conversion from Rect to Spherical Conversion from Spherical to Rect


r = √ x 2+ y2 + z 2 x = r sinθcosɸ
−1 z y = r sinθsinɸ
ɸ = cos
r
−1 y z = r cosθ
z = tan
x
i)
II b ¿ Given thetwo pints , C (−3 , 2 ,1)∧D(r=5 , θ=20 o , ɸ=−70 o) , find

ii)
The spherical coordinates of C

iii)
The rectangular coordinates of D
The distance ¿ C ¿ D
¿ C (r=3.74 ,θ=74.5 o , ɸ=146.3 o)ii ¿ D(x =0.585 , y=−1.607 , z=4.7 iii )6.29 ¿

i) r = √ x 2+ y2 + z 2= √(−3)2 +(2)2 +12 = 3.74

z
−1 −1 1
θ = cos = cos = 74.50
r 3.74
−1 y −1 2
ɸ = tan = tan = 146.30
x −3

ii) x = r sinθcosɸ = (-3) sin20 cos(-70) = 0.585


y = r sinθsinɸ = (-3) sin20 sin(-70) = -1.607
z = r cosθ = (-3) cos20 = 4.7

iii) RCD = [Rect Coordinates of the point D – Rect Coordinates of the point C]
=[(0.585ax – 1.607ay + 4.7az) – (-3ax + 2ay- az)]
= (3.585ax – 3.607ay- 3.7az)
Distance from C to D = ! RCD! = √ 3.5852 +(−3.607)2 +(−3.7)2 = 6.29
b) If A = 2ax + 3ay - az and B = (r = 4, ϴ = 250, Ф = 1200), find the spherical
coordinates of A, rectangular coordinates of B and distance AB
[Bakshi – Page 1 – 50 - 19 Ans A(3.74, 105.50, 56.310), B(-0.845, 1.46, 5.64), 5.64]

i) r = √ x 2+ y2 + z 2= √ (2)2 +(3)2 +(−1)2 = 3.74

z
−1 −1 −1
θ = cos = cos = 105.50
r 3.74
−1 y −1 3
ɸ = tan = tan = 56.310
x 2

ii) x = r sinθcosɸ = 4sin25 cos1120 = 4 x 0.4226 x (-0.5) = -0.845


y = r sinθsinɸ = 4sin25 sin120 = 4 x 0.4226 x 0.866 = 1.46
z = r cosθ = 4cos25 = 3.76

iii) RAB = [Rect Coordinates of the point B – Rect Coordinates of the point A]
=[(0.845ax + 1.46ay + 3.76az) – (2ax + 3ay- az)]
= (-1.155ax + 4.46ay + 4.76az)
Distance from C to D = ! RCD! = √ 1.1552 +(4.46)2+(4.76)2 =
√ 1.334+19.89+ 22.66=¿ 6.29

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