Remedial Mathematics Chapter 3 Geometry
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Wakuma MasreshaRemedial Mathematics Chapter 3 Geometry
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Wakuma MasreshaCHAPTER THREE
3. GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT
3.1 THEOREMS ON TRIANGLES
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 1
Median and Altitude
�� ⊥ �� ⟹ �� �� �� ��������
D �� ⊥ �� ⟹ �� �� �� ��������
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 2
THEOREM :1
B
Consider ABC.
= = AE, BF and CD are the three
E medians.
D
= � 1
= O
�� = �� ⟹ �� = ��
� 3
� 1
A C �� = �� ⟹ �� = ��
F � 3
� 1
�� = �� ⟹ �� = ��
� 3
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 3
THEOREM :2
��, �� ��� �� ��� ������������ �������� �� �����.
���� ��� ���������� �� �.
�� ������� � :
�� = �� = ��
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 4
THEOREM : 3
��, �� ��� �� ��� ����� ���������.
���� ��� ���������� �� �.
�� ������� � :
�’ � = �’ � = �’ �
O is called Incentre
THEOREM : 4
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 5
THEOREM : 5 Altitude theorem
⟹ ��� = ��. ��
Example: Let �� = 13��, �� = 4��. Then find the
length of the altitude CD?
Solution: �� = �� − �� = 13 − 4 = 9��
By Altitude theorem:
��2 = ��. ��
⟹ �� = ��. ��
�� = 9���4�� = 36 �� = ���
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 6
3.2. SPECIAL QUADRILATERALS
Trapezium
A Quadrilateral whose only two of the A Quadrilateral which both opposite sides are
sides are parallel. parallel.
Properties
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 7
A rectangle is a parallelogram in which one of its A rhombus is a parallelogram which has two
angles is a right angle. congruent adjacent sides.
a. A rectangle has all properties of a a. A rhombus has all properties of a
parallelogram. parallelogram.
b. Each interior angle of a rectangle is a right b. A rhombus is an equilateral quadrilateral.
angle. c. The diagonals of a rhombus are
c. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. perpendicular to each other .
d. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect its angles
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 8
Square
A square is a rectangle which has congruent adjacent sides.
Properties of Square
a. A square has the properties of a rectangle.
b. A square has all the properties of a rhombus.
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are congruent
and are perpendicular bisectors of each other, then
the quadrilateral is a square.
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 9
3.3. CIRCLES
A circle is a plane figure, all points of which are equidistant from a given point
called the centre of the circle.
• �� is a chord of the circle with
centre O.
• �� is a longest chord (diameter) .
• ��� is an of the circle. (a minor
arc)
• ∠BOC is a central angle.
• Arc ��� is said to subtend ∠AOC
or ∠AOC intercepts arc ��� .
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 10
Angles and Arcs Determined by Lines Intersecting
Inside a Circle
Inscribed Angle Central Angle
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is an angle whose vertex lies on the
lies on the circle and whose sides are chords centre of a circle.
of the circle
� �(���) = �(��� )
�(���) = �(��� )
�
The measure of an angle inscribed in a circle is half The measure of a central angle is equal with
the measure of the arc the measure of the arc it intercepts.
subtending it.
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 11
Example 2: Let �(���) = ���� . Then find �(���) ?
Solution:
�(���) = �(���) = ���� .
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 12
Theorem
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 13
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 14
Angles and Arcs Determined by Lines Intersecting
Outside a Circle
• Theorem:
The measure of the angle formed by the lines of two chords
intersecting outside a circle is half the difference of the measure of the
arcs they intercept.
�
�(< �) = [�(���) − �(��)]
�
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 15
Arc Lengths, area and perimeter of Segments and Sectors
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 16
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 17
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 18
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 19
3.4. Regular Polygons
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 20
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 21
Example:
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 22
3.5 Congruency and Similarity
CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES
Two triangles are congruent when all of
the corresponding angles and sides are
congruent.
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 23
Theorems of Congruency
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 24
Similarity of Polygons
∆���~∆���
If
�(< �) = �(< �) �� �� ��
�(< �) = �(< �) AND = =
�� �� ��
�(< �) = �(< �)
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 25
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 26
Ratio of perimeter and area of similar figures
Example:
Solution: Let � �� �ℎ� ����� �� �ℎ��� �����. Then,
the ratio of their area = �2
144 144 12 4
= �2 ⟹ � = = =
81 81 9 3
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 27
3.7. Surface area and volume of solid figures
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 28
By: Wakuma M (Msc) 29
