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Relative Measure

The document discusses various measures of position in data sets, including percentiles, quartiles, and deciles, which help identify the relative position of data values and compare them across different sets. It explains the calculation of z-scores and the importance of identifying outliers using the interquartile range (IQR). Additionally, it provides examples using ACT scores to illustrate how to determine percentile ranks and identify outliers.

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Mehrin Ahmed
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14 views19 pages

Relative Measure

The document discusses various measures of position in data sets, including percentiles, quartiles, and deciles, which help identify the relative position of data values and compare them across different sets. It explains the calculation of z-scores and the importance of identifying outliers using the interquartile range (IQR). Additionally, it provides examples using ACT scores to illustrate how to determine percentile ranks and identify outliers.

Uploaded by

Mehrin Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Identify the position of a data value in a data

set, using various measures of position such


as percentiles, deciles, and quartiles
 Are used to locate the relative position of a
data value in a data set
 Can be used to compare data values from
different data sets
 Can be used to compare data values within
the same data set
 Can be used to help determine outliers within
a data set
 Includes z-(standard) score, percentiles,
quartiles, and deciles
 Can be used to compare data values from
different data sets by “converting” raw data
to a standardized scale
 Calculation involves the mean and standard
deviation of the data set
 Represents the number of standard
deviations that a data value is from the mean
for a specific distribution
 We will use extensively in Chapter 6
 Is obtained by  Formula
subtracting the mean  Population
from the given data x
value and dividing the z

result by the standard
deviation.
 Symbol of BOTH  Sample
population and sample xx
is z z
 Can be positive, s
negative or zero
 Lyndon Johnson was 75  Shaquille O’Neal is 85
inches tall inches tall
 The tallest president in  The tallest player on the
the past century Miami Heat basketball
team
  80.0 in
x-bar (mean) =71.5 in
s = 2.1 in   3.3 in
 Are position measures used in educational
and health-related fields to indicate the
position of an individual in a group
 Divides the data set in 100 (“per cent”) equal
groups
 Used to compare an individual data value
with the national “norm”
 Symbolized by P1, P2 ,…..
 Percentile rank indicates the percentage of
data values that fall below the specified rank
( number of data values below X )
Percentile Rank  * 100%
total number of values

x
p  * 100
n
American College Test (ACT) Scores attained by 25 members of a local high
school graduating class (Data is ranked)

14 16 17 17 17

18 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 21 21

21 23 23 24 25

25 25 28 28 31

1) Thad scored 22 on the ACT. What is his percentile rank?

2) Ansley scored 20 on the ACT. What is her percentile rank?


 Step 1: Arrange data in order from lowest to highest
 Step 2: Substitute into the formula l  n * p
100
where n is total number of values and p is given
percentile
 Step 3: Consider result from Step 2
 If l is a decimal number, round up to the next whole
number. Starting at the lowest value, count over to the
number that corresponds to the rounded up value
 If l is a whole number, use the value halfway between the
lth and (l+1)st value when counting up from the lowest
value
American College Test (ACT) Scores attained by 25 members of a local high
school graduating class (Data is ranked)

14 16 17 17 17

18 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 21 21

21 23 23 24 25

25 25 28 28 31

To be in the 90th percentile, what would you have to score on the ACT?

Find P85
 Same concept as percentiles, except the data
set is divided into four groups (quarters)
 Quartile rank indicates the percentage of
data values that fall below the specified rank
 Symbolized by Q1 , Q2 , Q3
 Equivalencies with Percentiles:
 Q1 = P25
 Q2 = P50 = Median of data set Minitab calculates these
for you.
 Q3 = P75
 Same concept as percentiles, except divides
data set into 10 groups
 Symbolized by D1 , D2 , D3 , … D10
 Equivalencies with percentiles
 D1 = P10 D2 = P20 ……..
 D5 = P50 =Q2 =Median of Data Set
 “Rough” measurement of variability
 Used to identify outliers
 Used as a measure of variability in
Exploratory Data Analysis
 Defined as the difference between Q1 and Q3
 Is range of the middle 50% (“average”) of the
data set

IQR = Q3 – Q1
 Outlier is an extremely high or an extremely
low data value when compared with the rest
of the data values
 A data set should be checked for “outliers”
since “outliers” can influence the measures of
central tendency and variation (mean and
standard deviation)
 Step 1: Arrange data in order
 Step 2: Find Q1 and Q3
 Step 3: Find the IQR
 Step 4: Check the data set for any data value
that is smaller than Q1 -1.5IQR or larger than
Q3 + 1.5IQR
American College Test (ACT) Scores attained by 25 members of a local high
school graduating class (Data is ranked)

14 16 17 17 17

18 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 21 21

21 23 23 24 25

25 25 28 28 31

1) Emily scored 11 on the ACT. Would her score be considered an outlier?

2) Danielle scored 38 on the ACT. Would her score be considered an outlier?


 Data value may have  Data value might be a
resulted from a legitimate value that
measurement or occurred by chance
observational error (although the
 Data value may have probability is extremely
resulted from a small)
recording error
 Data value may have
been obtained from a
subject that is not in
the defined population
 Page 137 #9-23 odd

 You are now able to FINISH Technology


Assignment #5.

 TA #5 is due on Monday, April 4th at the


beginning of class.

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