NAME: Anesu Mungazi

REGISTRATION NO.: R193638S

PROGRAM: Geoinformatics and Surveying
COURSE CODE: SV360
COURSE TITLE: Surveying Camp III
Introduction
The main task was to identify the boundary beacons for the Agro-Industrial Park and the
University of Zimbabwe main campus.
A topographic map is a detailed record of land area, giving geographic positions and
elevations for both natural and man-made features. They show the shape of the land and its
elevations. Topographic maps also show many kinds of features likes roads, lakes, buildings,
and boundaries. Some topographic maps also show contour lines to show the shape of the
Earth’s surface. Basically, they show the main physical features on the ground. A base map is
a layer with geographic information that serves as a background. A base map provides
additional layers that are on top of the base map which usually provide location references for
features that do not change often.
Cadstral surveying is to determine boundaries, coordinates and area of each lot by the official

Land surveying is the art and science of establishing or re-establishing corners, lines,
boundaries, and monuments of land based on documents, historical evidence, and present
standards of practice. It also includes associated services such as analysis and utilization of
survey data, subdivision planning and designing. Writing legal descriptions, mapping,
construction layout and precision measurements of angle, length, area, and volume.
The survey took place at the University of Zimbabwe and the Argo-Industrial Park which is
along Mazowe in Mashonaland Central province and. It was to run from the 27th of June to
the 7th of July. The farm is developing and thus the new features were to be taken. A lot of
tanks are being set up and the construction of any infrastructure is heavy. There is a lot of
agriculture happening on the farm, including animal rearing, thus a lot of shelter for the
animals is heavily required. The farm is also heavily reliant on water due to the large crop
plantation. Therefore, a lot of pipes are being put in place.
Literature review
Cadastral surveying The cadastre is a framework by which mankind relates to land, identify
its respective units and uses according to (Bevin, 1999)
Beacon relocation
A global navigation satellite system, which is

made up a network of satellites that transmit ranging signals used for positioning and
navigation

anywhere around the globe as well as air or sea. Examples of such systems include the
famous

and oldest US Global Positioning System (GPS), the Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite

System (GLONASS) and the upcoming European GALILEO system

GPS began as a system to support military activities, but in the past ten years it has been
adopted widely in the private sector for a broad array of applications. Today GPS is regarded
by many as the “next utility,” which in due course will make geographic positions as easily
available as time. In the area of cadastral or property surveying, GPS has been used primarily
as a means of densifying geodetic control networks, or establishing such networks in areas
where they had not previously existed. The focus in surveying has therefore been at the high-
precision (centimeter) level responding to geodetic requirements. As GPS technology has
evolved it has become more affordable and portable and has made observing times shorter, so
the appeal for using GPS directly to survey property corners has increased.
The concept of reference system for navigation is essential since all the applications of GNSS
are related to the coordinate system used. The main application of GNSS is focused on the
potential of to determine the position in the Global reference system any where any time on
the Globe in a simple, fast and cost-effective manner.
The GNSS consist of three main satellite technologies: GPS, Glonass and Galileo. Each of
them consists mainly of three segments: (a) space segment, (b) control segment and (c) user
segment. These segments are almost similar in the three satellite technologies, which are all
together make up the GNSS. As of today, the complete satellite technology is the GPS
technology and most of the existing worldwide applications related to the GPS technology.
The GNSS technology will become clearer after the operation of Galileo and the
reconstruction of Glonass in the next few years.
(Aerospace Corporation, 2003)
The above figure shows the main GPS segments.
The overall of mentioned signals (Modernized GPS, Galileo and Glonass signals), make up
the

GNSS signals. Each satellite system has specific signal characteristics, but each system
attempts

to be compatible with the others in order to prevent the interferences and attenuation between
the

signals. It is important to consider that the processing of all signals should be performed
using

the same receiver, thus a complex receiver design is supposed to be designed and built.
.
Remote sensing is the acquiring of information without being in contact with the object.
When talking about remote it means that the sensors are not in direct contact with the objects
being measured (Butler, 1997). When it comes to remote sensing technology, a lot of effort
has gone into establishing high-quality and efficient means to collect aerial phots and
imagery. GPS and digital amps are two of the most widely utilized technological
applications, allowing individuals to navigate practically anyplace on the earth. The accuracy
of technology is getting increasingly exact and diverse because of the success of these
applications and the vast amount of labour and study that has gone into this field. Remote
sensing is responsible for this innovation, which allows us to access everyday items like maps
and directions (Butler, 1997). Remotes sensing offers accurate identification and
measurements of storm locations, weather patterns, cloud types and atmospheric conditions
because it has access to such information. Tornadoes, forest fires and earthquakes are all
examples of hazardous weather that can be predicted using remote sensing techniques. This
instrument has been critical in speeding up response times during severe storms. Being able
to access such information means that Remote Sensing also provides accurate identification
and measurements including the location of storms, weather patterns, cloud types and
atmospheric conditions. Remote Sensing techniques can also be used to predict hazardous
weather conditions such as tornadoes, hurricanes, forest fires, floods, and earthquakes. This
tool has been crucial for expedited responses to severe storms (Schofiled et.al, 2007). The
sensors can also be used to predict long-term and short-term climate patterns by measuring
and monitoring things such as surface temperature and glacial melting. This technology aids
in human safety and disaster relief planning through almost instantaneous image acquisition.
Remote Sensing data is collected through either a passive or active sensor. The passive sensor
typically collects electromagnetic energy that’s either emitted or reflected from the earth.
Active sensors use a man-made signal and record the amount of light or flux that gets
deflected back to the sensor (Tomlison, 1969). The sensor then produces a digital number for
each ground resolution cell. The value of the digital number cell can range from zero to two
hundred fifty-five. Many variables interact within the Instantaneous Field of View (Schofiled
et.al, 2007). These include wavelength, polarization of energy recorded by the sensor,
radiometric resolution, angles between surface and sensor, time and the location and size of
the pixel being mapped (Eric et.al, 2008). Remote Sensing starts with an energy source and
from there goes to atmospheric absorption, surface absorption, cloud absorption, atmospheric
scattering, or surface reflection (Tomlison, 1969). The portion that goes to surface absorption
winds up as surface emission. The portion that is reflected and absorbed by the clouds gets
bounced back into the atmosphere. Only the portions that are scattered through the
atmosphere and reflected from the earth’s surface reach the sensor. Distinct types of surfaces
reflect light at different rates which can help with land and object identification (Carl-Sue,
1997). Typically surfaces like concrete reflect at a much higher rate than surfaces like asphalt
or dirt. Through the reflectance percentage of electromagnetic energy within specific
bandwidths, valuable spectral information can be acquired. Spectral response is used to
identify single objects on a photograph or image (Eric et.al, 2008)
There are two main types of remote sensing that exit and are classified according to the
source of signal they use to explore the object, which are active and passive. Active remote
sensing instruments operate with their own source of emission or light, while passive ones
rely on the reflected one. Radiation also differs by wavelengths that fall into short known as
visible and long known as microwave (Schofiled et.al, 2007)
Radar is a sensor assisting in ranging with radio signals (Eric et.al, 2008). Its specific feature
is the antenna emitting impulses. When the energy flow in radar active remote sensing meets
an obstacle, it scatters back to the sensor to some degree. Based on its amount and traveling
time, it is possible to estimate how far the target is (Eric et.al, 2008).
Lidar determines distance with light. Lidar active remote sensing implies transmitting light
impulses and checking the quantity retrieved (Carl-Sue, 1997). The target location and
distance are understood by multiplying the time by the speed of light. Apart from a variety of
implementations, active remote sensors basically have no restrictions as to research
conditions. Active types of remote sensing systems fully function at any time of the day as
they do not require sunlight, and they are relatively independent of atmospheric scatterings.
Various types of remote sensing technology find implementations both in scientific branches
and far more practical industries. Passive sensors in remote sensing do streamline energy of
their own to the researched object or surface unlike active ones. Passive remote sensing
depends on natural energy bounced by the target (Bury, 2021). For this reason, it can be
applied only with proper sunlight, otherwise there will be nothing to reflect.
GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries on board to keep
them running in the event of a solar eclipse when there’s no solar power. GPS has a variety of
applications on land, at sea, and in the air (Carl-Sue, 2017). Basically, GPS is usable
everywhere except where it’s impossible to receive the signal such as inside most buildings
and caves. GPS is used by surveyors for an increasing portion of their work. GPS offers cost
savings by reducing setup time at the survey site and providing incredible accuracy (Carl-
Sue, 2017).
However, GPS is a complicated system that can be used in a variety of ways (Kent, 2018).
Handheld receivers with an accuracy of 100m have found widespread usage for basic point
location and navigation, while geodetic receivers with a computer and post-processing
software are now being utilised for regular survey work at the centime level at the other end
of the GPS spectrum (Bury, 2021). Despite the need of accuracy, some surveyors believe that
the greatest advantage of GPS over traditional surveys is that it can be used in any weather
condition, day, or night. This allows GPS surveying to be done over long periods of time, at
any time of the year, without being hampered by weather, fog or por visibility. Another
advantage of surveying with GPS is that there is no need for intervisibility between stations
or places measured (Kent, 2018). This permits control stations to be located where they are
most convenient, rather than in difficult-to-reach positions to establish lines of sight. Now,
the full potential of GPS has not been realised even though the accuracy required for
engineering surveys can be achieved (Uren and Price, 1994). One reason for this is the cost of
GPS surveying, which can be prohibitively expensive when compared to traditional
surveying. These high prices are since receivers are five to ten times more expensive than
total stations, as well as the fact that GPS is not fully kinematic and satellite coverage issues,
both of which can lead to extended occupation periods (Kent, 2018). There are difficulties in
defining heights above survey datums such as mean sea level and with real-time data
processing and control (Bury, 2021). Despite these drawbacks, GPS has been very
successfully used for control surveys, where it has joined traversing, triangulation, and
trilateration as a method for coordinating stations in a network (Uren and Price, 1994). The
best applications identified so far for GPS have been for improving existing national control
networks and for surveys in remote areas. GPS is also used on engineering projects that
extend over large areas, especially where a high precision is required.
Trilateration is the determination of positions by knowing the distance from three known
points, which are the satellites in this case. The easy formula to calculate the distance is equal
to:
Distance (d) = Speed of satellite ranging (m/s) x time(s)
and Time (change in t) = t2 – t1
where:
t1 - sending time
t2 - receiving time
Precise distances from the satellites to the receivers are determined from timing which help
with the receiver positions to be computed (Schofiled et.al, 2007). The satellites become the
reference stations, and the distances to these satellites are used to compute the positions of the
receiver (Bury, 2021). Conceptually, this is equivalent to resection in traditional ground
surveying work, where distances and or angles are observed from an unknown ground station
to control points of known position as below:

The system relies upon signals transmitted from the satellites for its operation (Bury, 2021).
The author further explains that it has resulted from research and development paid for by
military to produce a system for global navigation and guidance. The entire scope of the
satellite systems used in position is now referred to as the global navigation satellite systems
(GNNS) Receivers that use the GPS satellite and another system such as GLONASS are
known as the GNSS receivers (Bury, 2021).

The satellite reference coordinate systems specify satellite positions at the time of observation
(Schofield et.al, 2007). These are three-dimensional rectangular systems defined by the
satellite orbits. The positions of the satellites are then converted into a three-dimensional
rectangular geocentric coordinate system that is physically tied to the earth (Uren and Price,
1994). As a result of satellite positioning observations, the positions of new points on Earth
are determined in this coordinate system. Finally, the geocentric coordinates are converted
into the more generally used, which is a locally oriented geodetic coordinate system (Bury,
2021).
Group members
Group 2
 Anesu Mungazi
 Emmanuel Nhemachena
 Ralph Mazhindu
 Nomore John
 Nyasha Maphosa
 Amos Mapanga
 Tendai Makazhu
 Millicent Chatemara
 Kelvin Kanene
Objectives
 To familiarize with the GNSS base and rover.
 To calibrate the GNSS base and rover to known points.
 To use the appropriate coordinate system on the digital controller.
 To download the captured data from a digital controller using a downloading cable.
 To update the downloaded data and produce an updated topographical map of the
boundary University of Zimbabwe Argo-Industrial Park and the main campus.

Instruments used
 GNSS base
 GNSS rover
 Digital controller
 Civil 3D
 Autocad

Methodology
Day One-27/06/22
There was some time taken to learn and develop some appreciation the function of the GNSS
rover and base to be used. The level 3 group was divided into two groups. The first group was
given the task to find boundary beacons of the Argo-industrial park and the second group was
given the task to find the boundary beacons of the University of Zimbabwe main campus. A
business proposal was drafted to make plans for the project.Both groups had to familiarize
with their respective areas so as to assure ease in moving from one are to another. The first
group had to get a bus from campus to the Argo-industrial park.
Day two-28/06/22
The GNSS was calibrated by setting WGS84 as the coordinate system. The base station was
set on a unknown point and calibration was done using TSM1208 and TSM1230. The GCPs
were established with the help of a few of the Level 2s. The group had to look at the possible
areas to mark the GCPs using Google Earth. However, as the group got to see the places, it
found out that some of the areas were densely populated with trees so the positions had to be
moved. About seven GCPs were marked using whitewash although it was limited.
A few of the coordinates of the marked GCPs were taken. However, no existing boundary
beacons were found.
Day three-29/06/22
The base was moved to another unknown point. Calibration had to be done again using the
same Town Survey Marks. However, due to a few mistakes with calibration, no boundary
beacons were found. The cold and wet weather conditions played a part in hindering
effectiveness of work.
Day four-30/06/22
The base was moved to a known point which means calibration had to be done again.
Although it was drizzling, windy and cold outside, the group was determined to be effective.
The group had a list of the beacon coordinates. The coordinates were staked in digital
controller which provided the distance an direction of the beacon from the position which the
group would have been. The work plans also helped with locating the boundary beacons.
Clearing of the land to help with navigation wore the team out. A few boundary beacons were
found which was motivation to the group. Some were missing but a few were misplaced. The
missing boundary beacons were mainly because of development and growth of trees on the
positions of the boundary beacons. The misplaced beacons were most probably due to crustal
movements, growth of vegetation and construction.
Day five-01/07/22
More boundary beacons were found.
Day Six-02/07/22
More boundary beacons were found.
Day Seven-03/07/22
Calculations began. Civil 3D and Autocad and Excel.
Day Eight-04/07/22
Day Nine-05/07/22
Day Ten-06/07/22
Evaluation
Surveying and mapping of cadastral parcels is a critical component of the IPRS project for at
least two reasons. First, reliable surveying and mapping of the ownership parcels is important
to the effective operation of cadastral systems in general. Second, given the limited resources
available in the Albanian economy, it is important that cadastral surveying and mapping be
done in the most cost-effective manner possible. Therefore, it is important that the most cost-
effective technology be applied to the surveying and mapping task.
The cost-effectiveness approach suggested here is based on a number of considerations we
believe are important.

1. Avoid mistakes that have been made in the past in other countries.

2. Take advantage of the unique situation in Albania, where the IPRS is being put in place

as part of the move from a controlled to a free market economy.

3. Provide the survey and mapping component of the IPRS at the least cost possible.
Results
The points collected were downloaded into the laptop from the handheld GNSS digital
controller. The software used was Civil 3D and Autocad.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The weather seemed to be cold, wet and very uncomfortable. This seemed to be a huge
hindrance of progress as walking long distances in such cold conditions was painful. The
researcher recommends the use of cars to move about large pieces of land like the farm. In
situations where cars do not pass through, the researcher suggest the use of motorcycles that
can help navigate places dense with trees and vegetation.
GNSS however is very fast as compared to using instruments like the total station. This helps
as more work is done in a short space of time. This helped us finish the job quickly as the
farm was vast and required a lot of time to acquire the required information.
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Aerospace Corporation, (2003). GPS Primer: A Student Guide to the Global Positioning
System. Los Angeles, USA. http://www.aero.org/education/primers/gps/GPS-Primer.pdf

Bevin, T 1999, ‘Cadastre 2014 Reforms in New Zealand’, New Zealand Institute of
Surveyors & FIG Commission VII Conference & AGM Bay of Islands, 9-15th October 1999

Butler, M.J.A. et al. 1987. Marine Resource Mapping : an introductory Manual. FAO Tech.
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Bury, Grzegorz (January 2021). "Geocenter coordinates derived from multi-GNSS: a look
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J. Uren, W.F Price. Surveying for Engineers, Published 1984, edited 1994)

Kent, A.J. and Hopfstock, A. (November 2018). "Topographic Mapping: Past, Present and
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Forestry and Rural Development. Government of Canada, Published 1969.

W. Schofield & M. Breach (2007), Engineering Surveying, 6th ed