GRADE – 12-PHYSICS

CHAPTER – 5 - MAGNETISM AND MATTER

PROPERTIES OF BAR MAGNET
1. When freely suspended, a bar magnet aligns along North South directions.
2. Like poles repel and un like poles attract.
3. Repulsion is the sure test of magnetism.
4. Magnetic mono poles do not exist.
5. Magnetic Field lines form closed and continuous loops.
6. Magnetic field lines never intersect.
Pole-strength (qm)
Poles strength is defined as the magnetic dipole moment (m) per unit Length of the magnet. It is also
called magnetic charge (qm).
Pole-strength
𝒎
𝒒𝒎 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝟐𝒍 − 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝟐𝒍

Its S. I unit is ampere- metre (Am)

Magnetic dipole moment (M)
Magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of strength of either poles (magnetic Charge (qm))
and the distance between the magnetic poles.
Magnetic dipole moment (M)= qm × 2l where 2l is the distance between the poles. Its S.I unit is
Ampere- meter square (Am2).
Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid
A solenoid can be considered as an equivalent Bar magnet. Magnetic Field lines are similar to that of
a bar magnet.

The electrostatic analogue

Electrostatics Magnetism
1. Electric charge (q) Magnetic charge (qm)
2.
Electric dipole moment (𝒑 ⃗ ) = 𝒒 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟐𝒂 Magnetic dipole moment (𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗ )=qm× ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟐𝒂
3. Torque in an external field 𝝉 ⃗ =𝒑⃗ × ⃗𝑬 Torque in an external field 𝝉 ⃗ =𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗
4. Potential energy on an external field Potential energy on an external field
U= - pEcos𝜽 U= - mBcos𝜽
⃗
𝟏 𝟐𝒑 ⃗⃗⃗
5.
Axial field for a short dipole ⃗𝑬 = 𝟑
Axial field for a short dipole ⃗𝑩⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝟐𝒎 𝟑
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓 𝟒𝝅 𝒓
6. 𝟏 ⃗
𝒑
Equatorial field for short dipole
Equatorial field for short dipole⃗⃗⃗𝑬 =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟑 𝝁 𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = 𝟎
⃗𝑩
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑
7. Potential energy in an external electric field Potential energy in an external
U=-pEcos𝜽 Magnetic field U=-mBcos𝜽

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Gauss’s law in magnetism
Gauss’s law states that the total magnetic flux passing through any closed surface is zero.

𝝓 = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
𝑩. 𝒅𝒔

The right-hand side of this equation is zero because magnetic dipoles always exist in pairs. No
magnetic monopoles exist.

Time period of oscillations of a magnetic dipole suspended in a uniform

magnetic Field
Consider a Bar magnet of magnetic moment m suspended in an external
field as shown in the figure. Let 𝜃 be the angle between its axis and the
magnetic field When the bar magnet is slightly displaced and released it
execute oscillations
The restoring torque acting on the bar magnet is 𝝉 = − 𝒎𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
For small angles 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 nearly equals 𝜽. ∴ 𝝉 = − 𝒎𝑩𝜽
Also 𝝉 = 𝑰𝜶 where I moment of inertia of the magnet about its axis of rotation and 𝜶 − angular
acceleration of the magnet.
−𝒎𝑩𝜽
In equilibrium, 𝑰𝜶 = − 𝒎𝑩𝜽 ⇒𝜶= ------------- (1)
𝑰

Acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement. Therefore, the oscillations of the magnet are
simple harmonic.

For simple harmonic motion, 𝜶 = −𝝎𝟐 𝜽 ------------- (2)

−𝒎𝑩𝜽 𝒎𝑩 𝟐𝝅
From equations (1) and (2) = −𝝎𝟐 𝜽 ⇒ 𝝎=√ but 𝝎 =
𝑰 𝑰 𝑻

𝟐𝝅 𝒎𝑩 𝑰
𝑻
=√
𝑰
⇒ 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√
𝒎𝑩
where T is the time period of oscillations.

Note: if the bar magnet is freely suspended in earth’s magnetic field, we can find out the earth’s magnetic
field, by knowing time period of oscillation and the magnetic moment of the bar magnet.

Magnetic properties of materials

Intensity of magnetisation (M)
Intensity of magnetisation is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material
𝐦
Intensity of magnetization M= where m – magnetic moment and V- volume of the material
𝐕
S. I Unit of intensity of magnetisation is Am-1
Magnetic Intensity (magnetising Field )(H)
When a current I is passed through a Solenoid, the magnetic field developed in it is given by 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
𝑩
The quantity - nI is called magnetic intensity. Magnetic intensity (𝑯) = 𝒏𝑰 =
𝝁𝟎

S. I unit of magnetic Intensity is Am-1

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Magnetic susceptibility ( 𝝌): Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of Intensity of monetization
𝑴
(M)to the magnetic intensity(H). Magnetic susceptibility 𝝌 =
𝑯

Magnetic susceptibility is a measure of how a material respond to an external magnetic Field. It has no unit.
Negative susceptibility shows repulsion and positive susceptibility shows attraction.
Magnetic permeability (𝝁):Permeability is defined as the ratio of Magnetic Induction (B) to the Magnetic
intensity ((H)
𝑩
Permeability 𝝁 = .permeability of a material is a measure of how easily a material can be
𝑯
magnetised.
Relative permiablity (𝝁𝒓 )
Relative permeability is defined as the ratio of permeability of the material to the permeability of air or
𝝁
vacuum. 𝝁𝒓 = .
𝝁𝟎

Relation between B, H and M

Consider a magnetic material is placed inside a solenoid carrying current. The total magnetic field inside the
material is the Sum of magnetic field due to the current(I) in the solenoid (B0) and the magnetic field
(BM)due to its inherent property Intensity of magnetisation (M).
𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼, 𝐵𝑀 = 𝜇0 𝑀 where M is the intensity of magnetisation
Total Magnetic field in the material is B=𝐵0 + 𝐵𝑀 ⇒ B=𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 + 𝜇0 𝑀
𝐵
But nI = H ⇒ B=𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀) ⇒ 𝐻= −𝑀
𝜇0

Relation between Permeability and susceptibility

B=𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝑀) but 𝝌𝑯 = 𝑴
B=𝜇0 (𝐻 + 𝜒𝐻)⇒ B=𝜇0 (1 + 𝜒)𝐻----------(1) Also B=𝜇𝐻=𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 H-----------(2)
From (1) and (2) 𝜇𝑟 = (1 + 𝜒)
Classification of magnetic materials

Explanation of Diamagnetism

Electrons in an atom orbiting around nucleus possess orbital angular momentum. These orbiting electrons
are equivalent to current-carrying loop and thus possess orbital magnetic moment. Most of the electrons are
paired in the atoms of diamagnetic Materials. Diamagnetic substances are the ones in which resultant
magnetic moment in an atom is zero. When magnetic field is applied, those electrons having orbital
magnetic moment in the same direction slow down and those in the opposite direction speed up. This
happens due to induced current in accordance with Lenz’s law which you will study in Chapter 6. Thus, the
substance develops a net magnetic moment in direction opposite to that of the applied field and hence
repulsion.
Meissner Effect
The most exotic diamagnetic materials are superconductors. These are metals, cooled to very low temperatures
which exhibits both perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism. The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in

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superconductors is called the Meissner effect. Super conductors are used power magnetically levitated
superfast trains.

Explanation of Para magnetism

The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) of a paramagnetic material

possess a permanent magnetic dipole moment of their own. On account of
the ceaseless random thermal motion of the atoms, no net magnetisation is
seen fig (a). In the presence of an external field B, which is strong enough,
and at low temperatures, the individual atomic dipole moment can be made
to align and point in the same direction as B. fib (b)
Explanation of Ferromagnetism
The individual atoms (or ions or molecules) in a ferromagnetic material possess a dipole moment as in a
paramagnetic material.
However, they interact with one another in such a way that
they spontaneously align themselves in a common direction
over a macroscopic volume called domain. Typical domain size
is 1mm and the domain contains about 1011 atoms. In the first
instant, the magnetisation varies randomly from domain to
domain and there is no bulk magnetisation. When we apply an
external magnetic field B, the domains orient themselves in the
direction of B and simultaneously the domain oriented in the
direction of B grow in size. The domain structure disintegrates with temperature.
Properties of Dia, Para and Ferromagnetic materials

Diamagnetic Materials Paramagnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials

1. Susceptibility Susceptibility Susceptibility
–1 ≤ 𝜒< 0 0 < 𝜒< e 𝜒>> 1
2. Permeability Permeability Permeability
μ < μ0 μ > μ0 μ >> μ0
3. Relative permeability Relative permeability Relative permeability
0 ≤ μr < 1 1< μr < 1+ e μr >> 1
4. Resultant magnetic moment in an Resultant magnetic moment in an atom Resultant magnetic moment in an
atom is zero is not zero atom is not zero
5. Feebly repelled by a magnet Feebly attracted by a magnet Strongly attracted by a magnet
6. When a diamagnetic Bar is When a paramagnetic Bar is suspended When a ferromagnetic Bar is
suspended in a Uniform magnetic in a Uniform magnetic field, it aligns suspended in a Uniform magnetic
field, it aligns perpendicular to the parallel to the external magnetic field. field, it quickly aligns parallel to
external magnetic field. the external magnetic field.
7. Diamagnetic substances have Paramagnetic substances have Quickly move from
tendency to move from stronger to tendency to move from Weaker to the Weaker to the stronger part of the
the weaker part of the external stronger part of the external magnetic external magnetic field.
magnetic field. field.

8. Figure shows a bar of diamagnetic Figure shows a bar of paramagnetic a bar of ferro magnetic material
material placed in an external material placed in an external field. placed in an external field. The
magnetic field. The field lines are The field lines get concentrated inside field lines get highly concentrated
repelled or expelled and the field the material, and the field inside is inside the material, and the field
inside the material is reduced. enhanced inside is enhanced

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9. Diamagnetism is independent of Depends on temperature The ferromagnetic property
temperature depends on temperature. At high
enough temperature, a ferromagnet
becomes a paramagnet
10. Some diamagnetic materials are Some paramagnetic materials are Some ferromagnetic materials iron,
bismuth, copper, lead, silicon, aluminium, sodium, calcium, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium,
nitrogen (at STP), water and oxygen (at STP) and copper chloride etc.
sodium chloride
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