INT-102: Python

Unit 1: Conditionals and Iterations

Created By
Mr. Prince Verma
School of Computer Science & Engg.
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 Conditional Execution
• To write useful programs we need the ability to check conditions and change
the behaviour of the program accordingly.
• Different conditional statements in python are:
– if
– if else (Alternative Execution)
– if elif else (Chained Conditionals)
– Nested Conditionals

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 if condition
• After the if statement a Boolean expression is used i.e. the condition. If it is
true, then the indented statement gets executed. If not, nothing happens.
• There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear in the body of
an if statement, but there has to be at least one.
• Syntax: if condition:
statement(s)

E.g.: If x > 0:
print ("x is positive “)

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 if else condition (Alternative Execution)
• It is a second form of the if statement, in which there are two possibilities and
the condition determines which one gets executed.
• The condition is either true or false, thus exactly one of the alternatives will
be executed. The alternatives are called branches.
• Syntax: if condition:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
E.g.: if x%2 == 0:
print (x, "is even“)
else:
print (x, "is odd“)
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 if elif else condition (Chained Execution)
• It is a form of the if statement, in which there are more than two possibilities
and thus more than two branches are required.
• There is no limit of the number of elif statements, but the last branch
has to be an else statement
• Syntax: if condition1: E.g.: if x < y:
statement(s) print (x, "is less than", y)
elif condition2: elif x > y:
statement(s) print (x, "is greater than", y)
else: else:
statement(s) print (x, "and", y, "are equal ")

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 Nested conditionals
• It is a form of the if statement, in which one conditional can also be nested
within another.
E.g.: if x == y:
print (x, "and", y, "are equal")
else:
if x < y:
print (x, "is less than", y)
else:
print (x, "is greater than", y)

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 Example
• It is a form of the if statement, in which one conditional can also be nested
within another.
E.g.: if 0 < x and x < 10:
print "x is a positive single digit. "

OR

if 0 < x < 10:

print "x is a positive single digit."

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 Shortcuts for Conditions
• Numeric value 0 is treated as False
• Empty sequence "", [] is treated as False
• Everything else is True
E.g. if m%n:
(m,n) = (n,m%n)
else:
gcd = n

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 Avoid Nested If
• We can rewrite the following code using a single conditional:

E.g.: if 0 < x:
if x < 10:
print "x is a positive single digit.“

• Better way:

if 0 < x and x < 10:

print "x is a positive single digit."

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 Programs
• Q1. WAP to find even and odd numbers
• Q2. WAP to find whether number is a prime number or not.
• Q3. Write a Python program to check a triangle is equilateral, isosceles or
scalene.

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 Iterations
• It’s possible to do something repeatedly by just writing it all out
• Print ‘hello’ 5 times
E.g.: print("Hello!")
Count n print("Hello!")
times
print("Hello!")
print("Hello!")
print("Hello!")
Statements
Output: Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
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 Iterations
• A loop repeats a sequence of statements.
• A definite loop repeats a sequence of statements a predictable number of
times.
• E.g. Print ‘hello’ 3 times.

E.g.: print("Hello!") Count n

E.g.: for x in range(3):
print("Hello!") times print('Hello!')
print("Hello!") Output: Hello
Output: Hello Hello
Hello Statements Hello
Hello

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 range function
• Range returns an immutable sequence objects of integers between the
given start integer to the stop integer.
• range() constructor has two forms of definition:
– range(stop)
– range(start, stop, step)
• start - integer starting from which the sequence of integers is to be returned
• integer before which the sequence of integers is to be returned.
The range of integers end at stop - 1.
• step (Optional) - integer value which determines the increment between each
integer in the sequence

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 range function

Range Function Output

Range(5) [0,1,2,3,4]
Range(1,5) [1,2,3,4]
Range(1,10,2) [1,3,5,7,9]
Range(5,0,-1) [5,4,3,2,1]
Range(5,0,-2) [5,3,1]
Range(-4,4) [-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3]
Range(1,1) empty
Range(0,1) 0
Range(0) empty

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 for Loop
• Python’s for loop can be used to iterate a definite number of times.
– Syntax when you have only one statement to repeat:
for <variable> in range(<number of times>): <statement>
– Syntax when you have only one statement to repeat:
for <variable> in range(<number of times>): E.g.: for x in range(3):
<statement-1> print('Hello!’)
<statement-2> print('goodbye')
Output: Hello!
…
goodbye
<statement-n> Hello!
goodbye
Hello!
goodbye
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 for Loop
• The loop variable picks up the next value in a sequence on each pass through
the loop
– The expression range(n) generates a sequence of int from 0 through n - 1

E.g.1: for x in range(5): print(x)

Output: 0
1
2
3
4
E.g.2: list(range(5)) #Show as a list
Output: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

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 for Loop
• Changing range of for loop:
– range(low, high) generates a sequence of ints from low through high – 1.
– range(low, high,step) generates a sequence of ints from low through high – 1.
– range(high, low, step) generates a sequence of ints from high through low+1 by
step.

E.g.3: E.g.4: E.g.5:

for x in range(1, 6): print(x) for x in range(6, 1, -1): print(x) for x in range(1, 6, 2): print(x)
Output: 1 Output: 6 Output: 1
2 5 3
3 4 5
4 3 list(range(1, 6, 2)) #Show as a list
5 2 Output: [1, 3, 5]
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 Using a for Loop in a Real Problem
• An investor deposits $10,000 principal = 10000
with a agency and receives a rate = 0.06
statement predicting the interest term = 5
rate of 6% for a period of 5 years. totalinterest = 0
WAP to prints the beginning for year in range(1,term+1):
interest = principal * rate
principal, the interest earned for
print("Year:",year)
each year, total amount earned
print(" Principal:",principal)
and the final principal.
print(" Interest:",interest)
principal = principal + interest
totalinterest = totalinterest + interest
print("Total Interest:",totalinterest)
print("Total Principal:",principal)
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 while Loop
• A for loop is used when a program knows it needs to repeat a block of code
for a certain number of times.
• A while loop is used when a program needs to loop until a particular
condition occurs.
– Syntax when you have only one statement to repeat:
while condition: <statement>
– Syntax when you have only one statement to repeat:
while condition: :
<statement-1>
…
<statement-n>

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 while Loop
• Evaluate Condition(0 or 1):
– If condition is false(0), exit the while condition and continue
execution in next statement.
– If condition is true(1), execute each of the statement in the body and
go back to step 1.
E.g.: i = 0 Output: 0
while i < 5: 1
print(i) 2
i + =1 3
4

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 Programs
• Q1. Write a password guessing program to keep track of how many times the
user has entered the password wrong. If it is more than 3 times, print "You
have been denied access." and terminate the program. If the password is
correct, print "You have successfully logged in." and terminate the program.
• Q2. WAP that accepts a word from the user and reverse it.
• Q3. WAP to check whether an alphabet is a vowel or consonant.(solved)
• Q4. WAP to find those numbers which are divisible by 7 and multiples of 5,
between 1500 and 2700.
• Q5. WAP to find sum of n natural numbers.(solved)
• Q6. WAP to find factorial of a number. (Solved)

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 Programs
• Q7. WAP to get the Fibonacci series between 0 to 50.(Solved)
• Q8. WAP which iterates the integers from 1 to 50. For multiples of three print
"Fizz" instead of the number and for the multiples of five print "Buzz". For
numbers which are multiples of both three and five print "FizzBuzz“.

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 Any
Questions?
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