6

::: 35 , =10rn/s
18
Final velocity (v) = 0
Time = 10s
v u O -10
Acce leration = r
2
- - = - 1 mis ,
\ 10
Dece leration of the car = 1m/s2

Graphical Representation of Motlon:

Dlsp lace men t-Tlm e graphs:

These graphs are very useful in studying the linear motio

n of the body. If the displacement
of the body is plotted on they - axis and the time taken on
x - axis, the slope of the graph
y - axis disp lace men t
{I.e. . ) is equal to t· t k gives the velocity of the body.
x - axis 1me a en
Various types of displacement - time graphs are given below
:
(a) For a stationary body i.e., the body which is not i.1. e.-t-~ ~llt --4- ----
changing its position with time the displacement time

{b)
graph is parallel to time axis

When a body is moving with uniform velocity

ll~ 1 2
Time In (MCOndl)
3 4 5 e

i.e., the body is covering equal displacements 2& ----,- ---,-- --,--- -,----
in equal intervals of time in a specified
. ::: :
1 I I I I
I t I t t
~ : : : : At
direction , the displacement -tim e graph is a lJi ao ----~-
I
---,--- --,---- ----,I
I I

I
straight line such that it starts from origin and 16 ••••~,--••1•••• I ••• • • 17
moves awa y from time and displacement axis :
I I I
10 ----1- C•
---,,__ :
__ 8
__,. _____ \
,
The slope this graph gives uniform velocity. :I \t Al0• \I \I
I

Thus velocity of body = 6 x I ---- ---.!----~---..!---- -:

I I t t
I I t 1
I I
l\t 0 --r--- --=
I I
I
I
I
I
3 -~4-6-➔
2-'"'!"
Tlmeln(aecondl)
Note: The grap h can neve r be parallel to the disp lace men
t axes. As body can not change
its posi tion in zero time.
 ~~~
FWS /SMN III/PH Y/ VOL- 1/KM -27

ml!!!ll!!!l!!!!!!!F!!!!r•o!!l!m
!!!!!!!!!!!!!~
th!!!!e!!!!!!!!!!!d
~i!"=s~p";'Ia~c~e='=m
= e::
n~t ~tii'im
~ e~ g~r:a:p:'i:h~!
: !!!!!I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'!!'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
shown alongside calculate:
(a) Velocity between O - 4s
(b) Velocity between 4s - 6s
(c) Velocity between 6s - 9s
(d) Average velocity betw een (i) 0 -
4s (ii) O - 6s (iii) 0 - 9s
0123456789
8m
Solution: (a) Velocity between O - 4s = = Time In (seconds)
4s
1
2ms-

(b) Velocity between 4s - 6s = 0

(since displacement is zero during 4 th second th
to 6 seco nd)
6m _
(c) Velocity between 6s - 9 s = 35 =2 ms 1
1
8m
(d) (i) Average velocity between O - 4s =
45 = 2ms -
8m
(ii) Average velocity O - 6s = s =1.33 mis
6
14m
(iii) Average velocity between O - 9s = 9s = 1.55 ms-1

t$k1•i1111 From disp lace men t - time graph

shown alon gsid e calculate: I
I

(a) Velocity between O - 2s I

I
I
I
(b) Velocity between 8s -12s I
I
I

(c) Average velocity betw een I

I
I
I,
5s - 12s
1 2 3 4 5 15 7 ti 9 10 11 12 13
Solution: (a) Velocity between O - 2s = 10-2 5 Tine In (NCOndl)

23
15
=- =-7. 5m/ s
2
25-2 0
(b) Velocity between 8s - 12s =
4
(c) Average Velocity between 5s - 12s -- (25 7-10J ms-1
Velocity - Time graph:
In these graphs the velocity is plotted on y-ax is and the
time on x-ax is, velo city + time =
acceleration, the slope of these grap hs gives acceleration.
As, displacement = velocity x time, the area unde
r veloc ity - time grap h give s
displacement of body.

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FWSISMNIIVPHYI VOL-11KM--28

.~
t (a) For a body moving with a uniform "i
1 15
20 p
~
I
';'
I
~ a

r:
velocity the velocity - time graph is ~
I I
I I
I I
a line parallel to time axis. I
I
I
I

As the slope of graph is zero , the s

I
I
:R
4 ,
acceleration of body is zero. 0 1 2 3
rme i\ (NCOndl)

Toe distance covered by in specified direction is given by the area un_d er velocity
time graph for example, the displacement made by the body regarding the graph
above is given by the area of rectangle PQRS.
The displacement of the body = PS x SR
= 20ms- 1 x 4s
=80m.

(b) For a body moving with uniform ~,o

acceleration, the velocity - time .s 8,?;-
graph is a straight line indined ·u
to the time - axis. ~ 6 --
>
When the body has a positive 4 -

constant acceleration , the 2

. .
graph sJopes upward (positive 2 4 6 8 10 12 time (s)
slope). In case the body has
negative constant acceleration,
the velocity - time graph will
slope downward (Negative
slope).

A cyclist is cycling at a uniform rate of 8 ms - for 8 seconds. He then

stops paddling and the cycle comes to rest in next ten seconds with
uniform retardation.
(a) Draw a velocity - time graph
(b) Calculate the average retardation for the last ten seconds
( c Distance covered with uniform velocity.
Solution.· (a) A B

E C
0 '""'-r,-,.~r--r-~~r--r-......., .-..-,.......-~~
8 18
Time in (seconds)

(b) Retardation = slope of the graph line BC

_ BO _ 8ms· 1 _ -2
- - - - - - 0 .8 ms
DC 10s

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 FWS/S M/VIII/PHY/ VOL- 1/KM-29

(c) Distance covere d with uniform veloci ty

= Area of rectangle = A E x D B.
= 8 ms - t x 8s = 64 m

It
A train starting from rest picks up a speed of 20 ms- in 200s.
ht
continues to move at the same rate for next 500s, and is then broug
to rest in another 100s.(a) Plot a speed - time graph.
(b) From graph calculate: (i) uniform rate of accelera~ion
(ii) Uniform rate of retardation.
Solution: (a) Diagram. -
1/)

-
E20
.~ 5
(.)
0
a310
>
5
D

A 1oo 200 300 400 soo soo 100 atoo ()

,me s

(b) (i) uniform acceleration= slope of graph line AB

= BE = 20 = 0 _1ms-2
AE 200
(ii) Uniform retardation= slope of graph line CD
CF 20 -2
=-= -=0 .2m s
FD 100

graph one can

The motion of a body can be represented by a graph. As a converse, from
taking velocity
analyse the motion of a body. For the table, given below if we plot the graph
on Y-axis (in mis) and time on X- axis (in seconds).
Time in sec. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Veloci ty in mis. 2 4 6 8 10 10 10 8 6 4 2

From graph, initial velocity u = 2 mis,

Body is uniformly accelerating between I
I
I
I
I
I

t = 0 tot= 4seconds. 8 - - - - - -
I
-:- - ~ - -:- -
I I I t

Body has uniform velocity between I I I I I

t I I I t

= =
t 4 to t 6 seconds 6 --- -~-•-~
I I'
t
I
--•-~- - I
I
I f
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Body has deceleration between

I I I

- - , - , -r- ~-- 1- ~--~ -

J I I I I I
4
t = 6 tot= 10 seconds. • I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I 1 I I
I I
2 - , - , - ...I - ~ - - ,- - .. - -,- - r - , - -
I I I I I I I I I
/\
I I I I I I I I I I

O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 ~ WUIILOOCIIOCJl.

FWSFSMNlll/PHY/ VOL-1/KM-30
20 -- -·- · -
. graph of three 18 -
Tho velocity - tl~emoving along a t 16
bodies A, B & wn In the figure. v(rn/ s)
14
straight llne Ish~hh:st acceleration In 12
Which has the g - 45 10
the Interval of t = 2s to t - . B
B
· For body A:
Solution : Initial velocity (u) = 10 mis 6
4
Final velocity (v) = 20 mis
2
Time taken (t) =2s
0
t(sec)-
1 2 3 4 5

v- u 20 - 10 10 = 5mfs 2
Acceleration (a)= - t- =~ =2
t= 2s
v - u 8-4 / 2
a=-= -=2m s
t 2
For body C: u=2m/s
V = 4 m/s
t = 2s
v-u 4-2 2
a=-=-- =1m/ s
t 2 h' h
In the time interval t = 2 s to t = 4 s, the body A has the 19 est
acceleration.
Note. The area under acceleration time

~ Motion in a straight line

E~uations of Motion of a body moving with uniform acceleration:
1• Equation:
To find the velocity of a body moving with a uniform acceleration, after any given interval
of time
We use the following symbols:
Initial velocity u" mis
Time "t" s
Final velocity "v" mis
Uniform acceleration "a" mls2
And distance travelled "S"m

~~~nc~n:~!~;h~ ii:Y (particle) moving with uniform acceleration a, starting with a velocity

The initial velocity is u

The velocity at the end of one second is u + a

The velocity at the end of two seconds is u +2 a

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The veloc ity at the end of three secon ds is u + 3a

Th e veloc ity at the end of' t ' secon ds is u + ta
.-. The final veloc ity v = u + at

V = U + at f · · · .... · .. .. (1)

A car start s from rest and move s with unifo rm acce lerat
ion of 0.5 mis
for 2 minu tes. Find the veloc ity acqu ired by the car.
u = 0, a= 0.5 m/s , t = 2 minu tes= 2 x 60 = 120s
2
Solution:
V = U + at
=0+0 .5x1 20
= 60 mis

lerat ion.
A bus start s movi ng from rest and move s with unifo rm acce
ulate the
Its veloc ity after 20 sec is obse rved to be 90 km/h r. Calc
magn itude of the acce lerati on.
Solution: u = O,
v = 90 km/h r= 90 x 5/18 = 25 mis.
V = U + at
25 = 0 + a X 20
2
a= 25/20 = 1.25 m/s •

After how
The veloc ity of a body is 90 km/h r at a parti cular insta nt.
a unifo rm
much time will its veloc ity be equa l to 144 km/h r if it has
2
acce lerat ion of 3 m/s •
Solution: u = 90 km/h r= 25 mis.
v = 144 km/h r= 40 mis.
f V = U + at.
40 = 25 + 3 X t.
t = 40 - 25 = 15 = S s.
3 3
the brak es
A bus drive r obse rves a obsta cle at a dista nce and pres ses
city of
if the bus was initia lly movi ng along a strai ght line with a velo
72 km/h r how much time will it take for the bus to stop if the
2
retar datio n due to the brak es is 5 m/s •
Sojit ion: u = 72 km/hr = 20 mis.
2
v = 0, a = -5 m/s .
V = U + at
0: 20 - 5 X t
=
t 20/5 4s. =

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-31

"fhe drl'ler of
a car mo'ling
1o seconds o at a certain sp
eed presses
f pressing the the brake. Aft
body is 90 km brake it is ob er
lhr and atter served that th
obser-1ed tha 20 seconds o e speed of th
t the speed o f pressing th e
of the car \in km f the body is 36 kmlhr. e brake it is
( ca\cu\ate the
fhr) when the
brakes were
Calculate th
e speed
retardation du pressed.
Method\: e to the brake Also
s.
Solution: ror f,rst 10s.
" = 90 km/hr
= 25 mis, t = 1
25 = u + 1Oa Os.
f:\tter 20 seco ........... (1)
nds." = 36 km
10 = u + 20a /hr= 10 mis, t
... .. .. .. . .. .(2). = 20 s.
25 = u + 10a
10 = u + 20a
15 = -10a
therefore a =
-1.5 mJs2 .
25 = u + 10a
25 = u + 10 (-
1 .5
u 25 -1 0 (- 1 .5 )
=
u = 40 x18/5 =
) 40 mis. =
M e th o d I\: 144 k m / hr.
F o r the perio
d from 10s to 20s
uv == 90 k m /h r=
u + at 25 m is ," = 3
6 km/h
r -- 10 mis, t
1 0 : 25 + a X = 1Os.
10
10a = -15
a = -1.5 m/s2
.
F o r first 10s
econds:
V = U + at
.
25 = U - 1 .5
X 10
u = 25 + 15
u = 40 mis
U : 40 X
18/5
= 144 km/hr.
Note: Acce
le tion com
ret~rd~tionra es with ne
w h ic h imp_li.eOne can clearly segeath tive sign Th
s retardation · at the ~ p e e' :
:e a n s that
ecreases froth e body is
m 90 km/h r tuonder .
d
2" Equatio .,v6 g
ko
mm/hgr
C o n s id ~ r -~ n:
b o d y m_ovin
L e t th e 1rnt1a g with unifo
l velocity be rm accelera
u m tion in a stra
F in a l v e lo c it is ight r
y b e v m is
A c c e le ra ti o me.
n b e a m/s 2
T im e b e t s
econds
C or po ra te O
ffi ce : ICES f1 11 JU WO
H ou se , 29 -A RLD SCHOO
, Kalu Sarai , Sa L
rvap
riya Vihar , N
ew Delhi-1 6·
, Ph : 265159 '
49 26865182 ' 26 9493 , ax: 2651
56 . F 3942
 FWS/S MNIII/P HY/ VOL-1/KM-33

. .
And the distan ce travelled be S m g_e veloc 1t~ x time, where the
For uniformly accelerated motio n, the displa ceme nt I~ avera
,,c,·ty vl!Veritge is the mean of the Initial veloc ity and final velocity
average VelV
I

.... u ➔ v (Only for uniformly accelerated motion)

V,i,it-r11ge - 2
The distance travelled S in time t is given by
s =VsvertJge X time
u+v
s:: -- )( t
We k,!w from the first equation that v = u + at
Substituting u + at for v
u + u + atJ
weget S =( t
2

5=(2u;a1}
2
2ut at
S= -+-
2 2
1 2
S = ut +- at
2
1 2
S=u t+-a t ................... (11)
2
a unif?nn
A body is moving with a speed of 5. mis. It has got.
mcreasmg.
acceleration of 2mls because of which its speed goes on
2

Find the distance covered by the body in 1Os.

Solution:
2
S = ut + _!at
2
=5x1 0+_! x2x( 10)2
2
= 50 + 100 = 150m.

A body starts accelerating at the rate of 0.4 mis . It main

tains this
ed spee d for the
✓ acceleration for 5 seconds and then moves at attain
~ next fJve seconds. Calculate the total distance
covered by the body
during this time Interval.
Solution: S = ut +..!at2
2

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ouse, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi-1S; Ph: 26515949 2686
 = 5 m.
\Je\oc\\~ aC;\\U\ted b~ bo dl
\.\: (),\ =- 5s ,a =- 2
0.4m Is
"= u + a\
:. () +().4~5
=- 2.m Is
O\s\ance =1 x 5 =~Om
, o\a\ d\s\ance = 5 + ~ Q
= ~5 m.
'The 'le\oc\t't ot a bus
\s s mis at a particu\a
the 'le\oc\t't ot the bus r instant. After ten se
\s '\O mis, Ca\cu\ate th conds
bus \n '\Os. e distance covered by
the
Solution: u = 5 m is ," = ~Q mis,
t = ~Os.
/ "= u + at.
~Q = 5 + ~Qa
a= 0.5 mls2 .
S: : 5 X ~0 + ~/2x0.5x10
0
=
50 + 25 7 5rn. =
~ car st ar tin g fro
m re st acce\erates
/ and \hen m o' le s at un ifo rm \y fo r 5s at
un ifo rm ve \o cit y fo th e ra te of 5 m is
( brakes and th en re r an ot he r 5 se co nd
tards un ifo rm \y an d s. It ap pl ie s
distance covered by co m es to re st in 2s
So lu tio n: th e car. .F in d th e total
u = 0, t = 5s, a= 5 mt 2
s ,
"= u + at
= =
0 + 5 X 5 25 mis.
S = ut + ~at2
, 2.
1
= 0 X t + 2. X 5 X 52 = 62.5
rn
S2 = 25 x 5 = 125 m
u = 25 rn /s ," = 0, t =
2s
V = U + at
0 = 25 + 2a
a= -1 2. 5 rn/s2
S2= ut + -1 at2
2

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= 25 X 2 + ~ (- 12 .5) X 4
= 50 - 25 = 25 m.
Total distance travelled 62 .5 + 125 + 25 = 212. 5 m.

3 rd Equation:

This is usually used to find the acceleration, displacement or velocity when time
·t · is not given .
(Relation between u, v , a and S)
We know that v = u + at and
Wehave
V - U = at .. ...... ( 1) and

U+V= -
2s
t
....... (2) (Asaveragevelo city= t = -U +2 -V )
S

Multiplying (1)and (2)we have

⇒
25
(v - u) x ( v + u) = (at) x v2 - u2 = 2as
t
Thus velocity 'v', acquired by a body in travelling a distance, 'S', can be found out from this
e uation.
~!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!~!!!!!!!!!~~~~
The velocity of a car when it is at point A at a certain instant is 5 m/s.
After some time when it is at point B, which is at a distance of 50 m
from A, its velocity is observed to be 15 m/s. If the car is moving in a
straight line, calculate the rate at which it is accelerating.
Solution: u =5 mis, v =15 mis, s =50 m.
v2 = u2 + 2as
(15)2 = (5)2 + 4 X a X 50
2 2
a = 15 - 5 = 225 - 25 = 2 m/s2
100 100
A _car starts a_ccel~ra!ing from rest at the rate of 5 m/s . It undergoes
J!l•s acceleration tall It has travelled a distance of 20 m. After this it
2
/ ~~tards at the rate of 1 0 m/s till it comes to rest. Calculate the total
distance covered by the car.
Solution: u =0, a =5 m/s 2 , s =20 m.
v2 = u2 + 2as.
= (0)2 + 2 X 5 X 20.
v 2 = 200

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 .,
-, •1n1
"- - ~ v10n.o r~ '
r,,
\l ,\.\ =--~'2.()~\ s =_,
" -=-
(.)m I s' \f O\arda\\on)
'2.
\/ -= l\'}. + •t.~421
(.) =- 2\)() - 2:~ ,G~
s
2()\)
S= = \Om .
'2.()
1 o\a\ d\s\ance co
\Jernd =20 + ~ 0
=30 rn .

'l h e dr\'ler pre

sses the brake
u n "o rm speed s of a car wh
of 25 mis. As ich was m o v
nna\\~ stops. \f a resu\t the v in g with a
the brakes can ehic\e s\ows
then ca\cu\ate th retard the vehic d o w n ana
e distance it wi\\ \e at the rate
\rave\ before c o f 5 mls2,
Solution: u = 25mls,\/ = o m in g to
O,a = -5mls2 rest.
.
l =u2 +2aS

\0)2 = \2 5 )2 + 2 \- 5 )S
⇒ 625=10S ⇒ S = 6 2 .5 m .
"The driver of
a car watches
distance of a barrier a t
'\50 m in fr a
reaction, • he ont of him.
presses the A s a
reaction time brakes. \f h
/ a uniform sp
ap~\ication of
is 2.5s and he
eed of 25
was moving w
mis before
is
ith
brakes, then, the

S o lu ti o n :
dnver hits the
of_ the brakes
Distance tra\/e
barrier or not.
is uniform and
find out if th
lh e retardatio
equa\ to 5 mf s2
e
n F 150 m -- -+

\\ed during reac

~ = 25 m is ,\ /= tion time 2 .5 x
25 = 6 2 .5 m
0 , a = -5 m/s2
" = u2 + 2as
0 = 625 - 2 X
5XS
S = 62 .5 m .
Tota\ d is ta n ce
= 62.5 + 62.5 =
Hence , he wi\\ 125 m .
not hit the barr
ier.

C o ro ll a ry to nd
2 equation:
D is ta n ce tra\/
elled by a body
in nth second of
its motion.
D is ta n ce tra\/e th
\\ed in n seco
nd is gi\/en by
E q u a ti o n (1) -
(2)
D is ta n ce tra\/e
\\ed in 'n ' seco
nds is gi\/en by
- - - -- -- -
- - - ----;; ; ; - ; ~
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ce : IC ES Ho us e , 29 - A . tl lU U ,WOR ~ ~ ~ ~- - - - -
LD SCHOOL
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 FWS /SM NIII/ PHY / VOL -1/K M-3 7

an 2 ... . ... . (1)

S = Un + _!_
2
n
give n by
Dis tanc e trav elle d in (n - 1) sec ond s is
S,, 1 == u(n - 1) + ~a( n - 1}2 ... .. .. (2)
Dis tanc e trav elle d in nth sec ond 2

· ·. - ·1)
2
S ntll = S n - S n - 1 =[u n+ 2 2 (n
!an ] - [u( n-1 )+ .2a ]·

2
n 2 -u(• n~1 )-2 a(n +1- 2n) ]
S = [un +2a
2 . ' 2 '
nth

2
2
S th =[u n+2 an -un +u -2a n - a +an ]
n . 2 . _· · 2 2

a +an
S th= u- 2 ⇒ s nth = u+ a(n -2)
2
or S nth= u+ a(2
2
n-1 )
n

velocity -time graph:

Derivation of 2 equ atio n of mo tion by
nd

s of info rma tion . v

The velo city time gra ph give s thre e type
(i) Vel ocit y at a par ticu lar inst ant.
t on the gra ph give s the
(ii) The slop e of the tan gen t at a poin
adjo inin g figu re the
acc eler atio n at tha t inst ant. In the u
of the line CD
acc eler atio n of the obje ct is the slop e
BC v-u
a= tan O= -=t--
BD o--
V =U +af (1)

lace men t of the par ticle .

(iii) The are a und er the gra ph give s total disp
are a OA BCD
The tota l disp lace men t of the obje ct is
s = Are a OA BC D = ~ OA BD + ~ BCD
= ut + _! x BO x BC
2
1 1 at
= ut + - X t X (V - u) = ut + - X t X
2 2
1 (2)
s = ut + -at 2
2

ate s uni form ly at the rate of 6 m/s .

A bod y sta rts from res t and acc eler th of its mo tion .
Cal cul ate the dis tan ce cov ere d by it in the 4 sec ond
Solution: = = 2
u 0, a 6 m/s , n 4s =
a
84th = U + - (2n - 1)
2
6
= 0 + - X (2 X 4 - 1 )
2

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Corporate Offic e:
 FW S/S MN III/ PH Y/ VO
L-1 /KM -38
a~ -:;,
Fln JEE
IIIIOR U) ~

=3 X 7 = 21 m
(or )
= un + .!. an 2
2
1
= - ><6><16 = 48 m
2
s 3 =u n+ -1 an 2 =(O x3 )+ -1 x6 2
2 x 3 =2 7m
2
S th= s -s = 48 -27
4 4 3 = 21m .
He nc e the eq ua tio ns of
mo tio n for a bo dy mo vin
g wit h un ifo rm ac ce ler
(1) V = U+ at ati on are giv en by
(2) S= Ut +½ at 2
(3) 2
V -U =2 aS
2
(4) =U +~ (2 n- 1)snlh
Ac ce ler ati on du e to
gr av ity :
Th e acc ele rat ion pro du
ce d in the mo tio n of
acc ele rat ion du e to gra a bo dy un de r the eff ec
vity . It is de no ted by 'g'. t of gra vity is cal led
Th e ea rth att rac ts ev ery
oth er bo dy lyin g ne ar
for ce of att rac tio n exe rte or on its sur fac e tow ard
d by the ea rth on a bo dy s its cen tre . Th e
Ne ar the sur fac e of the is cal led gra vita tio na l pu
ea rth , the va lue of g is 2 ll ( orJ gra vit y
9.8 ms - , 98 0 cm s- 2 (or
) 32 ft/s .
No te: At a giv en pla ce,
the va lue of 'g' is co ns
res ist an ce all bo die s irre tan t for all bo die s. In
spe ctiv e of the ir siz es, the ab se nc e of air
va cu um ) . Th e va lue of ma sse s fal l wit h the sa
'g' ch an ge s fro m pla ce me ac ce ler ati on (in
to pla ce.
Eq ua tio n of mo tio n un
de r gra vit y:
(a) Eq ua tio ns of mo
tio n in the ca se of fre
ely fal lin g bo dy :
Co ns ide r a bo dy is situ
ate d at a he igh t of 'H'
gro un d an d it is at res ab ov e the
t. Wh en the bo dy is rel
fal ls fre ely un de r gra ea sed it
till it rea ch es the gro
As the bo dy fal ls fro
vity . Its ve loc ity go es on
un d.
m res t its init ial ve loc ity
inc rea se s

is u 0. = H
1
Th e tim e tak en for the
J
bo dy to rea ch gro un d
Di sta nc e tra ve lle d by
bo dy in rea ch ing gro un
=t
Ve loc ity of the bo dy
wh ile rea ch ing the gro
d =H
He re a is rep lac ed by
+g .
un d =V

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ..ij 1ii 1i" TJ
Co ,po ,ale Off ice, ICE S Hou
se, 29 '
J•• ·•- ,W NC O> FR
_A Kalu Sar ai , Sar vap
UL :iO JS SC C: tH «~ iio 5iL ~-~
riya Viha r, New Del hi-1
6 ; Ph : 265 159 49 , 268
651 82, 265 694 93, Fa>< . ----__- .I
--- --- --- ~~ =-~2651394Z
 FWS/SM/V III/PHY/ VOL-1/KM- 39

From second From third equation From fourth equation

From fi rst equation of motion of motion
equation of motion
of motion V 2 - U 2 = 2as Snth = U + a(n - ½)
V = U + at S = ut + ½ at2
H = 0 x t + ½ gt2 V 2 - 0 2 = 2gH Hnth = 0 + n - ½)
V = 0 + gt n- ½
H = ½ t and V2 = 2gH Hnth =
[v = g~
=~
P=J29HI H
or
= g2 (2n - 1)
n"

(b) Equations of motion in the case of vertically thrown upward body:

Consider a body is thrown vertically upward from the (--T'~ v= o
surface of earth with an initial velocity u. As the gravity
is acting down its velocity goes on decreasing an
· d 1 .-~ -,
f
a=~

becomes zero at a height H momentarily and return

back to earth.
JH
_ 6
·-~,•
u
• j

Initial velocity= u.
Height reached by the body before its velocity becomes zero = H.
Time taken to reach the maximum height = t.
Here a is replaced by -Q.
From first equation From second From third equation From fourth equation
of motion equation of motion of motion of motion
2 2
V = u + at U 1 2 V - U = 2as a
Snth = U + - (2n-1 )
0 = u - gt s = t + 2 gt 2 2
0 - U = 2(-g)H 2
2

r-t-=~/
,. H = Ut
I -½gr'I
U = 2oH
U= ~land IHnth = U - f (2n-1 ~
ui
before reaching H=-
2g
maximum height the
velocity of body after
time t'
V' = LJ - Qt'
Time of Ascent:
The time taken by vertically thrown upward body to reach maximum height is called time of
ascent.
Time of ascent ta= !!._
g
Time of ascent is directly proportio nal to the initial velocity of projection at a given place.

Time of Descent:
The time taken by freely falling body from certain height to reach the ground is called time
of descent.

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 FWS/SMN\11/PHYI VO
L-1IKM_.0

Ti m e of de sc en t td
= -
'
11 ·'
Bu t H=
2~

Th er ef or e to = - = l;~l_~/ -@J" =~ =,
2

g -
g1 -
g
2

g c1
i.e.. time of ascent is eq
ual to time of de sc
en t.
Time of F\\ght:
Th e tota\ time take
n by a vertically th .
rown up bo dy to re .
fl\ gh t ach th e gr ou nd 1s
ca lle d time of
Time of flight = tim
e of as ce nt + time
of de sc en t
T= ta +\ o

T = 2u
Maximum height reac g
hed:
\n th e case of bo
dy proiected vertica
de cr ea se s and fina\ \\y upwards, th e
\y becomes zero . Th velocity of th e bo
e he ig ht of th e po in dy gr ad ua lly
velocity of th e body t from th e gr ou nd at
becomes zero is ca wh ich th e
\\ed "maximum heig
ht".
Le t a bo dy be proj
ected vertica\\y up
up wa rd s, its accele wards with an initia
ration (a )= -a . At m l velocity 'u'. Since,
ax im um he ig it is moving
W e have v 2 - u'f ht (Hmax), v=O .
= 2as
⇒ (0 )2 - u2 = 2 (-g)
H
⇒ + u 2 + 2gH = :.Hmax ~
Th e ab ov e eq ua tio 2g
=
n gives th e maximum
height reached by th
e body.
Note:
1. Fr om th e ab ov e eq
uation , it is clear th
di re ct ly proportiona at the maximum he
l to square of the ig ht attained by a bo
ini dy is
co ns ta nt ) . tia l velocity (u) i.e., H
rna u 2 (·: g is a
2. In ca se of vertica
lly thrown upward
m ag ni tu de bu t dire body, velocities at
ctionally opposite. equal highest are
equal in
Ve lo ci ty on reachi
ng the ground :
W he n a bo dy dr op
pe d fro m a he ig ht
re ac hi ng th e gr ou 'H' , its initial velocit
nd be V. Accelera y (u) is zero le t the
tion du e to gravity final velocity on
is po sit ive .
W e have v - u2 =
2
2a s
⇒ v 2 - 0 2 = 2gH
⇒ V = J 2gH ... ..
. ... ... . (1)

Corporate Of fice I fl IT JU WORLD SCHO

CE S House . 29-A , Kalu Sara, Sarvapriya Vihar OL
, New Delhi-16 , Ph : 265
• 15949 , 26865182 . 26569493
, Fax: 26513942
• FWS/SM/VIII/PHY/ VOL-1/KM-41
,~. ""'"
•
~
\\\<'lllO!!C10JI

•s projected vertically upwards with an Initial velocity 'u' the maximum

Note: If a bod y , u2
height attained by it is given by H = 2g

- ,u2::: 2gH
~' u:: ftgH ............ (2) -
· uations (1) and (2), v =u = J 2gH , , . . . .
From eq d th t the initial velocity of the body u with which 1t proJected
From this we can under~tan f th ab d with which it returns to the point of projection.
. equal to the final velocity o e O Y
~ertical projecti~n fr~m a towrte~: II wards from the top of a tower of height 'h' with a
Consider a body ,s proJected ve 1ca Yup
velocity •u' and after 't' seconds it reaches the ground
(xis the height reached from the top of the tower)
Total distance travelled = x + h + x = (h + 2x)
Net displacement = x - (h + x) = -h
Using the equation of motion x

S = ut + !at2
2
-h = ut- _!_ gt2
2
h
Height of the tower
h = -ut + !gt2
2
If an object is dropped from a balloon rising up with a velocity 'u' at a height 'h
Equation of motion relative to balloon is
1 2
h = -ut + -gt
2
A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a tower with a
velocity 10 m s-1. The ball reaches the ground with the velocity 30 ms-
2
1. What is the height of the tower? (Take g = 1Om s- )
Solution: According to the sign convention takin~ the vectors in the upward direction
as positive initial velocity, u = + 10 m s-
1
final velocity v = -30 m s- ,
displacement, s = -h, where h is the height of the tower and
2
acceleration, a= -10 m s-
2 2
Using v - u = 2as, we get
2
(-30) - (10)2 = 2 (-10) (-h)
2 2
. h = (- 30) - 10 _ 900 - 100 _ 4
.. 2x10 - 20 - 0m
: . h = 40 m

:::=-= ~ ~.---- - -- - -, ,iii111iuii111wwooiRiLLo"

' · ·
ooruL_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
o sicc~Hni
1e 0 ffice: ICES House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvaprlya Vlhar, New Delhl- . Ph·
16 26515949
, 268651 82 , 26569493, Fax: 265139'42
 L

\\\\') Un\\o
®\' i te\atded
mo\\on
\J

\
(}J) Un\\on
n\~ te\atd \
ed and \h
en acce\eta\e
I.I d mo\,on

\mportan
t po
Le\ a grap \n t s t e g a t d \n g gta
h \s dtawn ph:
'\ . ~ \\near
between 'f
... and ~
e(\ua\\on b a\ong 'f... an
etween x d ~ a'f...\s
y\_ and ~ rnp
resen\s a
stra\ght \\
ne betwe
en x and
'J

x.-+
E.xarnp\e·.
2. " = u + a\
\1 a a. 'J \ m
) 'J = KX, re
'\ prnsen\ a
3. xa. - reprn stra\gh\ \\n
sen\ a gra e pass\ng
'J ph o1 rec\a through o
ngu\at h'J t\g\n.
petbo\a.

----+-
- -x - x
-+
C o rp o ra
te O ff ic e·
. \CE.S H
o u se , 29 t l\ U H W
-F>-, l<.alu
S a ra i, Sar11apri' ORLO SC
la \Jihar, HOOL
New Oe
ln \- ,6 ; P
h: 2 6 5 ,5
94 9, 26865
,8 2 , 2656 3941
9f\93 , F 651
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n p/11 nlu ,111 .
Aq11 11drnlll: oq11ntlon roptoN011ln
4
'

- - -,----::-x-~ x
➔
'
point.
•~0 n nevor bo Infinite ot any
graphs that are not yo 1~lb1~ not possibl e
Slope s of v-t, s-t grap IocIt Y(or ) dlsplacement are
1
2 At 0 118 time two values of ve
V S

s
t
V
t
V

➔-:- -- t- -- -: -t--::-IJJ
-+---t-
-+--~--t=➔-';
height and which undergoes inelastic collision with
certain
3. If a body is r;l :S ed from ph will be as shown.
the floor, veloc ity time gra
V

with
certain height and which undergoes elastic collision
4. If a body is released from will be as shown.
the floor, velocity time graph
V

then
5.
t moves wit h uniform acceleration for some time and
If the body starts from res on until it stops.
moves with uniform retardati
V

-- .n ,1 iw oR Loi ◄
ctt roino~L - - - - - - -- -----
COlior ··~ -.-
• . ---, rlya Vihar, New Delhi- 16 · Ph·
se, 29- A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvap
1::g...ir,

42
p ate Office: IC:ES Hou 2651
u ~u,
26865182,26569493, Fax: 265139
, •
f'NSIS~N\\\\~\-\~ I
~O\.·\l\(\l-44

\\ \\le bod~ s\at\s . \t acce\erat\on to

Mm rns\ mo~~s ~1 r some Um~ , mo'Je~
~\\\, ct,t\~\sn\ \Je\oc \\'\ u~:mo~es vii\\'\ u
\\~ \m some \\me an nilorm re\arda\lon
~\Q\)~ d unij\ i\
.

\
~ bod'j mo\Jed w\\\"\
1. .
un"mm \Je\oc\\~ to
un\\\ s\O?S , t some \,me an d \hen w\\h uniform retardation

"

\.....-_ _ .. ._ t
8. \f the bod'j starts
from rest mo\Je
with constant \J w,th un,form acce
e\odt'j for some \erat,on for som
stops t,me and mo\Je e time _and ~v~
s with uniform
s retardation until it

Whi\e deaHng pr
9- ob \e m w ith graphs fo\\o
A re a u n d e r th wing point shou
e v - t graph \d be \<.ept in m
gives the disp ind .
10. \acement of pa
s\ o p e o f v - t rtic\e.
gr ap h a t any
a t th a t point. point gives the
instantaneous
acce\erauon of
the partic\e
11. S \o p e o f s -
t g ra p h a t any
th a t p o in t. point gives the
instantaneous
ve\ocity of the
paruc\e at
12. T h e a re a o f a
- t gr ap h repres
ents the change
in ve\ocity.

Co rp or at e O ffi
ce: IC ES Ho us fl lU H WORlD
e , 29 -A , Ka lu Sa ra i , Sa SCHOOl
rvapr iya Vihar , New
Oelhi-1 6: Ph·. . 2o5139'2
26515949 , 2686
5162 . 26 56 ~93. Fa.x