NOTES FOR CLASS 3

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2D AND 3D

2 DIMENSION

It has 2 dimension that is length and width.

Flat, like a drawing on paper.
Examples: a square, a circle.

3 DIMENSION

It has 3 dimension length, width, and

height.
Has depth, making it more realistic.
Examples: a cube, a sphere.
 3D PEN
1.1 Introduction of 3D pen
A 3D pen is a handheld device that allows users to draw in three dimensions, creating freeform structures and
objects by extruding heated plastic filament that quickly cools and solidifies. It's similar to a 3D printer in
function but it provide more flexibility and creativity, enabling users to bring their imaginative designs to life
instantly.
Buttons 3D Pen :

1.Temperature Control : This button is used to adjust the temperature of the pen.

2.Speed Control : This button is used to adjust the speed of melted PLA.
3.Load filament : This button is used to load the filament.
4.Unload filament : This is button is used to unload or remove the filament.
5.Display Information: The display is used to show the value of temperature .
How to use 3D pen :
Step :-1 :
Clean the workspace in a good manner connect the wire to power supply (hear in lab CPU)
and then to 3d pen. Now the orange light ON and then Push the Load filament button
(down arrow button) once and it shows red light and it increases the temperature up to
190-210 degree Celsius

Step-2 :
Wait until it shows green light on display ,here green light indicates 3D pen is ready to use,
meanwhile check whether speed controller is all the way up.
To insert the filament follow as shown in the picture after that press the load button
after pressing the load button filament is coming out continuously then again press the
load button then it stops coming out
Step :- 3
Now press the load button and create the 3D objects

Step :- 4
To unload the filament just press the unload button it automatically filament
comes out form the pen
Precautions :

1. Firstly we should not use this 3d pen in skin.

2 . we always use this pen in pvc plane.

Activities :

1 . Letter designing
Aim - To design letter A,B,C

2. Name designing:- Design your name.

3. Shape Designing :- Design the 3D shape.

 snap circuit
Why it is called Snap circuit kit ?
It teaches basic engineering, electronics and circuitry concepts by using
building components with snaps to assemble electronic circuits on a simple
“rows-and-columns” base grid.

Components of snap circuit kit:-

Bread Board
CONNECTER (1 Snap,2 snap,3 snap,4 snap,5 snap)
Reed switch OR Magnetic switch
push Button switch
Slide switch
Red LED
Lamp
Battery Holder
Loud Speaker
IC for Alarming
Motor
Power Amplifying IC
Frequency Modulation IC
Magnet
Fan Blade

Bread Board :
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it.
These holes let you easily insert electronic components to prototype an
electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, motor, and an LED
(light-emitting diode).
 SNAP CONNECTERS :
Snap Circuits make it easy and safe to build electrical circuits by just
snapping parts together, like building blocks. They help beginners explore
how circuits work without needing wires or tools, making learning fun and
safe.

SWITCHES
THREE TYPES OF SWITCHES :

1.Magnetic switch
2.Push button switch
3.Slide button switch
Magnetic switch
A magnetic switch is a switch that turns on or off when it senses a magnet
nearby. For example, when a magnet comes close, it can connect a circuit
(turning something on), and when the magnet moves away, it disconnects
the circuit (turning it off). It’s often used in devices like alarms or door
sensors.
 Push button switch :
A push button switch is a button that turns something on when you press it
and turns it off when you let go. It’s like the button on a doorbell or a toy.

Slide button switch :

if you place the slider at ON position then it should be on if you place the
slider at OFF positionthen it should be off. it is used to ON any elcetronics
components for long time You might see this type of switch on flashlights
or toys.

Fig:- Circuit symbol of Switches

LED(Light emitting diode )

It is a semiconductor device.It having two terminal.i.e Anode (+) and

Cathode (-) .it convert electrical energy to light energy the bigger
terminal of the LED is Anode (+),and the Smaller terminal is
Cathode(-) its required 2 volt to power up
 Fig:- Circuit symbol of LED

Lamp :
Lamp is component which converts electric energy into light energy it is a
two terminal device for the lamp there is no polarity is defined it is work like
as led but it required 3 voltage and high current as comapare to led

Fig:- Circuit symbol of Lamp

Battery holder :
The battery holder is used to hold batteries in place and connect them to
the circuit, providing the necessary power for the components to work. It
ensures that the batteries are securely placed and that the electrical energy
flows from the batteries to the other parts of the circuit, like LEDs, motors,
 Fig:- Circuit symbol of battery

LOUD SPEAKER

A speaker is a device which converts electrical energy into sound energy. When
electricity flows through the speaker, it makes a part inside it vibrate, which
creates sound waves that we can hear.Loud Speakers are widely used in
radio/tape recorder, stereo system, black and white and colour TV receivers,
public address system, musical systems for reproduction of sound.
 Fig:- Circuit symbol of speaker
IC For Alarming
The alarm IC module contains a sound-generation IC and supporting
components. It can make several siren sounds. Its actual schematic looks like
this: This module has three control inputs, and can make five siren sounds.
The Music IC is an integrated circuit that converts the direct current from the
battery into a signal that can produce appropriate electromagnetic
interactions to form a sound by the movement of a speaker.

DC Motor
A DC motor (Direct Current motor) is a type of motor that runs on direct
current (DC) electricity. When electrical power flows through the motor, it
creates a magnetic field that causes the motor's shaft to spin. it is rotated
in clockwise and anti-clockwise .This spinning motion can be used to
power devices like fans, toys, or robots. DC motors are commonly used in
many projects because they are easy to control and provide steady power.
 Fig:- Circuit symbol of motor
POWER AMPLIFYING IC
A power amplifier is a device that makes a weak signal stronger. It takes a small
input signal and boosts it so that it can power things like speakers, headphones,
or

radios.

FREQUENCY MODULATION IC
frequency modulation (FM) IC is used to create and receive FM signals. It
allows you to send and receive information or sounds over radio waves by
changing the frequency of the signal. This IC is typically used in projects where
you want to explore how FM radio
works,
 Activity-1:- Open and Close Circuit Activity with LED and Lamp
Open Circuit
An open circuit means there is a break or gap in the path through which
electricity would flow. As a result, current cannot travel through the circuit, so
the electrical components don't operate. An open circuit can happen if:
 A switch is open (in the "off" position).
 A wire is disconnected.
 There's a break in the circuit components or connections.
Close Circuit

A closed circuit means that there is a complete path for electricity to flow
without any gaps. When the circuit is closed, current can flow through the
components, allowing them to operate as intended.

Objective:
Understand how an open and closed circuit affects the operation of an LED
and a lamp.
Materials Needed:
Battery holder (with batteries)
One LED
One lamp
Slide switch
Snap connectors
Procedure:
1. Create a Closed Circuit
2. Connect the Battery:
Connect the positive terminal of the battery holder to a snap connector.
3. Connect the LED:
Connect the snap connector to the positive terminal of the LED.
Connect the negative terminal of the LED to the negative terminal of the
battery with other snap connector.
holder.
Observation:
Both the LED and the lamp should light up, indicating that the circuit is closed.

Fig :- Closed Circuit

2. Create an Open Circuit
1. Take out one of the snap connector to make open the circuit.
Observation:
Both the LED and the lamp should turn off, indicating that the circuit is open.
 Fig:- Open Circuit

Activity-2. Series vs. Parallel Circuits

Series Circuit
In a series circuit, all components are connected one after another along a
single path. This means that the same current flows through each component.
 If one component stops working (for example, if a bulb in the series
burns out), the entire circuit is broken, and all components will stop
working.
 Example: Think of a string of old holiday lights. If one bulb goes out, the
whole string stops working because there is a single path for the
electricity.
Characteristics:
 The same current flows through each part.
 If one part is removed or stops working, the whole circuit stops working.
Parallel Circuit
In a parallel circuit, components are connected on separate paths or branches.
This means electricity has multiple paths to flow through, and each component
operates independently.
 If one component stops working (like a bulb), the other components will
still work because they each have their own path.
 Example: Imagine a set of modern holiday lights. If one bulb goes out,
the others stay on because each bulb has its own path to the power
source.
Characteristics:
 Different paths for electricity to flow.
 If one part stops working, the other parts still work.
Objective: Understand the difference between series and parallel circuits.
Components Needed:
Snap Circuits base grid
1. Battery holder
2. LED
3. Lamp
4. Sliding Switch
5. Snap connector
Procedure:
1. Series Circuit:
Place the battery holder on the base grid.
Connect the first LED to the battery holder in series, then connect the lamp in
line with the LED.
Place a switch after the lamp in the circuit.
Close the switch and observe how both LEDs light up, sharing the same
current.
We see that only LED light up but Lamp dose not light up because of in
sufficient supply voltage.

Fig :- Series circuit

2. Parallel Circuit:
Rearrange the LED and lamp so that each has its path from the battery holder,
creating two branches that connect back to the battery holder.
We see both LED and lamp light up brightly since each branch receives full
Voltage.
Fig :- Parallel circuit
 Activity-3. Conductor, Insulator with examples

Conductor

A conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow through it easily. This is because
conductors have many free electrons that help transfer electric current.

 Examples:
o Metals like copper, aluminum, gold, and silver are great conductors and are
often used in wires.
o Water with dissolved minerals (like tap water) also conducts electricity.
 Real-life examples:
o Wires in electronic devices are made of copper because it is a very good
conductor.
o Forks and spoons made of metal can conduct electricity, which is why they
shouldn’t be placed in outlets or plugged-in appliances.

Insulator

An insulator is a material that does not allow electricity to flow through it easily. Insulators
are used to protect us from electric shocks by stopping the flow of electricity.

 Examples:
o Plastic, rubber, wood, glass, and ceramics are all good insulators.
 Real-life examples:
o Plastic coating on wires helps protect people from getting shocked.
o Rubber gloves are used by electricians to work safely with electrical
equipment.

Activity 4:- Clockwise and anticlockwise rotating of

motor.

Clockwise Rotation

 Clockwise means the motor or object is

rotating in the same direction as the hands of
a clock.

 Imagine: Think of a clock hanging on the wall.

The hands move from the top (12) to the right
(3), then to the bottom (6), and finally to the
left (9).

 Example: When a car's wheels turn clockwise,

they move forward.
Anticlockwise Rotation

 Anticlockwise (or counterclockwise) means

the motor or object is rotating in the opposite
direction of the clock’s hands.

 Imagine: Picture the hands moving from the

top (12) to the left (9), then to the bottom (6),
and finally to the right (3).

 Example: If a car’s wheels turn anticlockwise,

they would move backward.

Objective: Change motor direction by reversing the

battery polarity.

Components Needed:

Battery holder

Motor

Slide switch

Snap connectors

Procedure:

1. Connect the motor to the battery holder in a

standard configuration.

2. Place a slide switch in the circuit to control the

motor.

3. Observe the motor’s rotation direction (clockwise

or counterclockwise).

4. To reverse the direction, flip the battery

connections (swap the positive and negative

terminals)
Fig:- Clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of motor

Activity 5:- Two switch in parallel control one lamp.

Concept of Parallel Switches

In a parallel circuit, each switch has its own path to the power source, so each
switch can control the lamp independently. This setup is helpful in places like
hallways with lights that can be turned on or off from two different locations.

Building the Circuit

1. Gather the parts: For this circuit, you’ll need:

o Two switches (let’s call them Switch A and Switch B)
o One lamp or LED
o A battery holder with batteries
o Snap connectors
2. Build the Parallel Connection:
o Connect one terminal of the battery to the lamp.
o Attach the other terminal of the lamp to two separate paths that
each lead to one switch (Switch A and Switch B).
o Connect both switches back to the battery on the other terminal,
forming a parallel path.
3. Testing the Circuit:
o Turn on Switch A only. The lamp should light up.
 o Turn off Switch A and turn on Switch B. The lamp should also light
up.
o Try turning both switches on or off: The lamp will light up if either
switch is turned on.

How It Works

Since each switch is on a separate path, the current can flow through either
switch to light the lamp. The lamp will stay on as long as at least one of the
switches is closed (turned on).

This parallel circuit shows how two different switches can independently
control a single light, similar to how lights can be controlled from different
places in a house.

Fig :- 2 switches in parallel control one lamp

Activity 5:- Two switch in parallel control two lamp

To control two lamps with two switches in parallel using your Snap Circuits kit,
you can follow a similar setup, with slight modifications for the two lamps.
Here’s how you can do it:

Concept
In this circuit, two switches are connected in parallel, and each switch controls
both lamps. This means that turning on either switch will light up both lamps
at the same time, and turning both off will turn both lamps off.

Components You Will Need:

 2 switches
 2 lamps (or LEDs)
 1 battery holder with batteries
 Snap connectors

Steps to Build the Circuit:

1. Set Up the Power Source:

o Connect one terminal of the battery to one of the lamps.
2. Connect the Lamps in Parallel:
o The other terminal of the first lamp connects to the second lamp
(both lamps are in parallel, so they share the same power path).
3. Add the Switches:
o Connect the first switch between the battery and the first lamp
(this allows the current to flow through when the switch is on).
o Connect the second switch in parallel to the first switch, meaning
the second switch will also control the flow of current to both
lamps.
4. Final Connection:
o The second lamp will also have its other terminal connected back
to the battery's other terminal.
5. Testing the Circuit:
o Turn on Switch A or Switch B—both lamps will light up.
o Turn off both switches to turn off the lamps.

How It Works:

 In a parallel circuit, both switches control the flow of electricity to both

lamps.
 If either switch is closed (turned on), electricity flows to both lamps,
making them light up.
 If both switches are open (off), the circuit is broken, and both lamps will
turn off.

This setup allows you to control two lamps simultaneously from two different
switches, using a parallel configuration to ensure that either switch can light
both lamps.
 Fig :- Two switch in parallel control two lamp

Activity 6:- Using speaker and IC for alarming make different types of sound.
Component Required
1. Snap Connectors
2. Sliding switch
3. Speaker
4. Battery holder
5. Lamp
6. IC for Alarming
Procedure
Make a circuit as shown in figure.
Sound of machine gun with flashing light:- Connect C to D and E to F
separately, turn on the switch, the loudspeaker produces the sound of machine
gun and the bulb flashes at the same time.
Sound of fire engine with flashing light:- Connect A to B and C to D separately,
turn on the switch, the loudspeaker produces the sound of fire engine and the
bulb flashes at the same time.
Sound of fire ambulance with flashing light:- Connect C to D and B to G
separately, turn on the switch, the loudspeaker produces the sound of
ambulance and the bulb flashes at the same time.
Fig :- Using speaker and IC for alarming make different types of sound.