BY YARED GRADE 12 IT CHAPTER 3 &4 SHORT NOTE

Unit 3 Database Management System

What is a Database?
A database is an organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a
computer system. It can contain a variety of data, such as text, numbers, or images, and allows for easy
retrieval, insertion, updating, and deletion of data.
. What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that facilitates the creation, management, and
maintenance of databases. It allows users to store, modify, and extract data from databases, ensuring data
integrity, security, and consistency. Examples of DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL
Server.
What is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)?
A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of DBMS that stores data in a structured
format, using rows and columns. These systems use Structured Query Language (SQL) to manage and
manipulate the data, and they organize data into tables with relationships between them. Examples
include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server.
What is a Data Type?
A data type specifies the type of data that a column in a database can hold. Common data types include:

The term Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) usually refers to various types of
software systems developed in order to manage databases. RDBMS is used to create, maintain, and
provide controlled access to a relational database.
A relational database is based on a relational data model. Data are stored in a two-dimensional table,
which contains columns or fields and rows or records.
Each column of a table represents an attribute or data value, and each row in a table represents a tuple or
record.
A database contains one or more tables that maintain records.
Attributes are the set of properties to describe the instances of the entity. For example, a student can be an
entity. The attributes of a student can be described in terms of student id, name, age, grade level and sex.
below has five attributes (or pieces of data). A record is a row or a tuple in the table. It contains a single
data value in each column.
Each field in a table has to be given a name and data type. A data type is the type of data value you want
to store in the field. For example, to populate this database you would use residence id to populate the

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residence id field. Here, we know that a residence id is mentioned as a four-digit number. The second
field, first name, is used to store the first name. Name is an attribute stated in text form
In the database, the data type best describes the fields in the table. For example, referring to Table 3.2,
age can be input by an integer data type, price by float or real number,
All Database Management System(DBMS) provide data types from which to select and use to define the
data type for fields of a table. For example, in MS Access, when you create a new database table, data
types include text, integer, real numbers, dates, currency and yes or no fields five tables: Students,
MarkList, Subject, Subject Assigned and Teachers.
SQL is a special purpose query language meant for interacting with relational databases. Understanding
how SQL works can help you create better queries, and make it easier for you to understand how to fix a
query that is not returning the results that you want. SQL is a language for interacting with databases. It
consists of a number of commands with further options to allow you to carry out your operations with a
database. All RDBMS commands are written using the SQL statements.
Based on their purposes, three categories of Three Categories of SQL Commands:.

Data Definition Language (DDL): commands define the structure of the database, such as creating,
altering, or deleting tables. CREATE: Creates a new database object (e.g., table).

 ALTER: Modifies an existing database object.

DROP: Deletes an existing database object. To define the structure, you can use SQL View in Access.
Here's how to create a table:
CREATE TABLE Students ( DateOfBirth DATE,
Student ID AUTONUMBER PRIMARY Gender TEXT(10)
KEY, );
First Name TEXT(50),
Last Name TEXT(50),
Data Manipulation Language (DML): DML contains commands that are used to manage the database
by performing operations such as inserting, updating, deleting, and navigating through data.
1. INSERT Data:
INSERT INTO Students (FirstName, LastName, DateOfBirth, Gender)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '2005-05-10', 'Male');
2. UPDATE Data: UPDATE Teachers DELETE FROM Enrollments
SET Subject = 'Mathematics' WHERE StudentID = 1 AND ClassID = 2;
WHERE TeacherID = 1;
3. DELETE Data:
Data Query Language (DQL): is used for querying or selecting all or subsets of data from a database.
In addition to the above SQL commands, the DBMS may give you other sets of commands to provide
extra features. However, the three categories of commands are common and applicable in all DBMSs.
Example SQL Commands in Access.
SELECT Query: SELECT S.FirstName, S.LastName, C.ClassName
FROM Students S
INNER JOIN Enrollments E ON S.StudentID = E.StudentID
INNER JOIN Classes C ON E.ClassID = C.ClassID;
Create a database
Creating a Database in Microsoft Access 2013

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. Open Microsoft Access 2013.

2. Click File > New.
3. In the "New" tab, choose Blank Database.
4. Enter a name for your database in the "File Name" field.
5. Click Create. Access will create the database file with the name you provided and open it.
. Creating a Table in Microsoft Access 2013There are two ways to create a table in Access: Design View
or Datasheet View.
a) Create a Table in Design View. In the Access window, go to the Create tab on the ribbon.
2. Click on Table Design. This will open the Design View where you can define the structure of your
table.
3. In Design View, you need to define the columns (fields) of your table:
In the Field Name column, type the name of the field (e.g., EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName).
In the Data Type column, select the type of data the field will hold (e.g., Short Text, Number, Date/Time,
Currency).
. Creating Queries in Microsoft Access 2013
:1Create a Database from template. Create a blank database.
Select the second option to create a database from the scratch. How to Create Table
The first step, after creating your database in Microsoft Access, is creating a Table for your data. Here are
three ways Create a Table from Design View
Create a Table from Datasheet View
How to write a query In order to start writing a query, first you click on the Create tab, then click on the
Query Design Notes „ Close the Show Table dialog box that appears when you click the Query Design
in the previous step. Next, click on the Dropdown of the SQL View that appears on the left corner on
the Windows and from theoptions displayed, select the SQL View (as shown in Figure 3.6). This opens
the query writing windows. On this window, you can write your How to Run SQL Commands
After writing your query using SQL commands, you can save or run your query to
the query. If there are errors in your query, Access shows you a pop-up windows based on the error type.
There are alternatives to run your SQL commands.
Create Relationship Visually using ‘DATABASE TOOL’ tab in MS Access Previously you saw how
to use SQL ALTER command to create a relationship between tables. Alternatively, you can create a
relationship using graphical database tool in MS Access. A relationship in
MS Access helps you combine data from two or more different tables. Each relationship consists of fields
in two tables with corresponding data. The relationship can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-
many.
Steps to create Relationship
On the ‘Database Tools’ tab, in the ‘Relationships’ group, click ‘Relationships’.
tables to create relationships. Similarly,
T_IDNO is a foreign key in Offer_Course table, and C_Code is a foreign key in both Offer Course and
Take_Course tables. S_IDNO is a foreign key in Take Course table. Note that the primary keys (e.g.
D_Number in the DEPARTMENT table) and the foreign keys (e.g. T_department in the Teacher table)
have the same data type. Also, data should not be added until the relationships are set up because if, for
example, you add records and then setup relationships where the records do not meet the requirements,
you get errors Relationship Between TablesIn relational databases, relationships are established between
tables using keys (primary and foreign).

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1. One-to-One Relationship: One record in a table is related to only one record in another table.
Example: A person has one passport.

2. One-to-Many Relationship: One record in a table is related to many records in another table.
Example: One customer can place many orders, but each order is associated with one customer.

3. Many-to-Many Relationship: Many records in one table can be associated with many records in
another table.

Example: Students can enroll in many courses, and courses can have many students. This usually requires
a junction table.

You can write SQL directly in Access for DML, DDL, and DQL operations.
a) DDL Command Examples (Create Tables)
To define the structure, you can use SQL View in Access. Here's how to create a table:
CREATE TABLE Students (
StudentID AUTONUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName TEXT(50),
LastName TEXT(50),
DateOfBirth DATE,
Gender TEXT(10)
);
b) DML Command Examples (Manipulate Data)

1. INSERT Data:INSERT INTO Students (FirstName, LastName, DateOfBirth, Gender)

VALUES ('John', 'Doe', '2005-05-10', 'Male');
2. UPDATE Data: UPDATE Teachers
SET Subject = 'Mathematics'
WHERE TeacherID = 1;
3. DELETE Data:
DELETE FROM Enrollments
WHERE StudentID = 1 AND ClassID = 2;
c) DQL Command Example (Query Data)
1. SELECT Query:
SELECT S.FirstName, S.LastName, C.ClassName
FROM Students S
INNER JOIN Enrollments E ON S.StudentID = E.StudentID
INNER JOIN Classes C ON E.ClassID = C.ClassID; This retrieves the students enrolled in classes.
Assignment 3 (10)
1, Define what a database is and explain its role in storing and organizing data.
2. Explain the difference between DBMS and RDBMS.
3. What is the primary key and What is a Foreign Key?
4. Create a simple database in Microsoft Access with at least two tables.
5. What is a one-to-many relationship in a database?
UNIT 4 WEB AUTHORING

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The extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language like HTML. A markup language is a
computer language that uses tags enclosed with less than (<) and greater than (>) symbols to define
elements within a document. When the file
is processed by a suitable application, the tags are used to control the structure or presentation of the data
contained in the file. Any text that appears within one of these tags is considered part of the markup
language. Markup files contain standard words, rather than typical programming syntax.
4.1.1 Elements of XML Documents
XML document must contain one root element that is the parent of all other elements, for example
“<people>” The best way to learn what makes up an XML document is by starting from a simple
example. The following is a complete XML document that lists the names of two known athletes.
XML declaration: describes the general characteristics of the document,such as XML document, the
version of the XML, and the encoding character it uses. XML documents usually begin with the XML
declaration statement called the processing instructions which provide information on how the XML file
should be processed. E.g. <?XML version= “1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?> The processing instruction
statement uses the encoding property to specify the encoding scheme used to create the XML file.
Encoding is the process of converting Unicode character into their binary equivalent representation
depending on the type of encoding(‘UTF-8’ or ‘UTF-16’).
Document Type Declaration (DTD): describes the structure of the documentin terms of which elements
it may contain, along with any restrictions it may have. In other words, it describes the root. The above
example is about people.
The document ‘people’ is described with five elements. These are described below.
XML does not change the way your web pages looks; instead, it changes the way the documents are read
and filed and stored. Therefore, XML is used to describe the structure of a document rather than the way
it is presented.
The two areas in which XML is useful are structuring data for storage, where a relational database (See
Unit Three about database) is inappropriate, and the presentation of web pages. For example, a system is
handling small quantities of data, or if the data lacks a relational structure, programmers usually prefer to
create their own data formats, i.e. XXML declaration: describes the general characteristics of the
document, such as XML document, the version of the XML, and the encoding character it uses. XML
documents usually begin with the XML declaration statement called the processing instructions which
provide information on how the XML file should be processed. E.g. <?XML version= “1.0”
encoding=“UTF-8”?> The processing instruction statement uses the encoding property to specify the
encoding scheme used to create the XML file. Encoding is the process of converting Unicode character
into their binary equivalent representation depending on the type of encoding(‘UTF-8’ or ‘UTF-16’).
Document Type Declaration (DTD): describes the structure of the document in terms of which elements
it may contain, along with any restrictions it may have. In other words, it describes the root. The above
example is about people.Document Type Declaration (DTD): describes the structure of the document in
terms of which elements it may contain, along with any restrictions it may have. In other words, it
describes the root. The above example is about people.
XML declaration: describes the general characteristics of the document, such as XML document, the
version of the XML, and the encoding character it uses. XML documents usually begin with the XML
declaration statement called the processing instructions which provide information on how the XML file
should be processed. E.g. <?XML version= “1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?> The processing instruction
statement uses the encoding property to specify the encoding scheme used to create the XML file.

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Encoding is the process of converting Unicode character into their binary equivalent representation
depending on the type of encoding(‘UTF-8’ or ‘UTF-16’).
Internal DTD subset: a DTD is internal if the elements are declared within the same XML file. In the
following example, internal declarations that are local to the XML document are used.
„ XML information set or Content: this represents the XML document’s content—the information that
the document conveys. Content refers to the information that is represented by the elements
Root element: This encloses all of the information. An XML document can have only one root element.
Therefore, “<people>” is the root of this XML document.
Start tag: XML elements have a start and an end tag—the start tag provides the name of the XML
element. End tag: The name of the end tag must exactly match the name of the start tag.
E.g. <people> with </people>, <person> with </person>, <first> with </first>
XML element: The start and the end tags are collectively referred to as an XML elements. Elements are
the basic units that are used to identify and describe the data in XML. They are the building blocks of an
XML document. E.g. <last>Kebede</last>
Data: XML elements can contain data between the start and the end tags. An XML document represents
information using a hierarchy. That means, it begins with a root element (e.g. people), which contains
sub-elements (e.g. person) which in turn can contain other sub-elements(e.g. name), data (e.g. Kebede), or
both. E.g. Abebech, Kebede, Jemal, and Ahmed are data.
Attribute: Like HTML, XML elements can contain attributes. An attribute provides additional
information about the elements for which it is declared. It consists of a name-value pair. In the following
example, the attribute name is personid and the value is “101”. The attribute value should be quoted:
single or double quotes can be used.
E.g. <name personid = “101”>Ubang </name>
Comment: This is a kind of note or statement that is used to describe the XML code. Comments can
provide documentation information about the XML file or the application to which the file belongs. A
comment is ignored by the XML parser(or a program that interpretes XML instruction) during code
execution. The syntax for a comment is: <!-- This is a comment -->
We can see the whole hierarchy of the above markup in an upside-down tree struc-ture
Although XML is designed so that people can read it, it is not intended to create a finished document. In
other words, you can not open up just any XML-tagged document in a browser and expect it to be
formatted well. XML is meant to hold content so that when the document is combined with other
resources, such as a style sheet which renders a web page, it becomes a finished product.

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4.1.2 Creating XML Documents There are a few ways of opening an XML file directly. You can open
and edit XML files with any text editor, view them with any web browser, or use a website that lets you
view, edit, and even convert them to other formats. You can also
use applications such as “oxygen” or “XML Notepad” to see your files’ structures. In this section, we use
“XML Notepad” for our demonstration. For example, after saving the XML code given above as an
example with the *.xml extension in any text editor,
Syntax rules to be remembered while working on XML:
1. You should have one root: XML documents must contain one element that is the parent of all
other elements.
2. XML elements are case sensitive
3. All elements should not overlap, and they must properly be nested within each other.
4. XML attribute values must always be quoted. The XML elements can have attributes in name-
value pairs which are similar to HTML.
5. Comments in XML: The syntax for writing comments in XML is similar to that of HTML
6. XML does not truncate multiple white-spaces. In HTML, multiple white-spaces are truncated to a
single white-space
Entity References: In XML, some characters have special meaning. For example, a character like “<”
inside an XML element will generate an error. This is because the XML parser interprets “<” as the start
of a new XML
Element Declarations: XML documents consist of three things: elements, entities, and control
information. Elements are surrounded by tags like HTML. The content of the document has a structure
imposed by the rules of XML although this structure is quite loose. Each document has a single root
element that contains all of the other markups. You have already learned this point in HTML where all
documents are enclosed inside <html></html> tags. The document is then composed of several sections,
each of which is enclosed between tags. The sections themselves are also elements.
An XML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag’s of the element. An element without
content is said to be empty element. An empty element can be described in one of the following options.
Naming rules of XML elements:
 Element names are case-sensitive.
 Element names must start with a letter or underscore.
 Element names cannot start with the letters XML.

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 Element names can contain letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, and periods.
 Element names cannot contain spaces.

Attribute Declarations: An XML element, like HTML, can have attributes. The element’s attributes
define data related to a specific element. Attributes provide additional information about the element. An
attribute is defined as key-value pair: the key is the name (e.g. gender) and the attribute has values that
must always be quoted (e.g. “female”). Either single quotation marks (‘ ’) or double quotation marks (“
”) can be used. For example, a person element’s gender can be written like this:
If the value of the attribute itself contains double quotation marks, use single quotation marks, as shown
in this example <person gender= “female”>or <person gender= ‘male’>
Any name can be used, but no words are reserved (except XML
Elements vs. Attributes XML Elements vs. Attributes
In the first example gender is an attribute. In the next example, gender is an element. Both examples
provide the same information. There are no rules about when to use attributes or elements in XML.

Entity Declarations: An entity is a declaration of a name that can be used in an XML in place of content
or markup. Entities must be declared before they are used. All entities are declared with the “ENTITY”
declaration. However, the exact format of the declaration distinguishes between internal, external, and
parameter
There are two parts to entities. The first is an entity declaration of a name that tie the replacement content.
The above example declares an entity of the name ‘publisher’. The name ‘publisher’ is associated with
the content of “Berhanena Selam Printing”. The second is using the name defined in the entity declaration
subsequently in the XML as shown below. When the entity name is used in XML, it is called an entity
reference.
<author>Addis Alemayehu</author><pubinfo>Published by &publisher;</pubinfo>
When the parser subsequently encounters an ampersand symbol (i.e. &) and semicolon (i.e. ;) which
identify a general entity reference, the parser looks up that name in an entity declaration table (See Figure
4.9). In our case, the reference, &publisher; is replaced by the content that it represents. Using the
following (left column) XML, expanding the entity reference, and replacing the &publisher; with the
“Berhanena Selam Printing” content gives the following expanded XML.
Document Type Definition (DTD) it is defines the structure attributes of a document and the legal
elements of an XML document. It can be used by an application to verify that XML data is valid. A DTD
declared inside the XML file must be wrapped inside the definition.
<?xml version=”1.0”?> <!ELEMENT album (singer, name, release,
<!DOCTYPE album [ language)>
<!ELEMENT singer (#PCDATA)>

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<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <name>Ammalele</name>

<!ELEMENT release (#PCDATA)> <release>2012</release>
<!ELEMENT language (#PCDATA)> <language>Oromiffa</language>
]> </album>
<album>
<singer>Ali Birra</singer>
4.2. HTML vs. XML: HTML is the markup language that helps you to create and design web content. It
has a variety of tags and attributes for defining the layout and structure of the web document. It is
designed to display data in a formatted manner. An HTML document has the extension .htm or .html.
XML is a markup language that is designed to store data. It is popularly used for the transfer of data. It is
case sensitive. XML offers you the ability to define markup elements and generate customized markup
language. The basic unit in XML is known as an element, and the extension of an XML file is .xml
4.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of XML Some of the advantages and disadvantages of XML are
listed
Advantages of using XML: It makes documents transportable, separates data from HTML, flexible
platform change process.
Disadvantages of using XML: It requires a processing application, syntax sometimes confusing, no
intrinsic data type, and redundant syntax
4.3. Publishing Website the purpose of XML is for storing structured data, not formatting or styling a
document. That is why you see on top of the browser “This XML file does not appear to have any style
information associated with it” when you open your XML document
Step-by-Step design of XML document and publishing So far, it has been discussed that HTML tags
are not understood by XML coding. If that is the case, we can have our own customized tag names for the
specific environment rather than predefined HTML tags. Let us take a ‘college’ environment and organize
the contents of the college documents using an XML structure. To start your coding, you should write an
XML declaration statement at the beginning to indicate that it is an XML language by using , as shown in
the example below. Instead of , we can start our root to be . This shows that the initial data or root for our
XML is going to be college:
Once you have designed your website, the next step is to publish it. Until this point, you have learnt
website design. Once you have completed the design of your website, the next step involves publishing
the website so that the website is accessible worldwide by anyone. Website publishing is the process of
publishing the website’s original content onto the Internet, or specifically onto a remote server. The term
sometimes refers to the whole process of website design and publishing. This includes building and
uploading websites, updating the WebPages, and posting content to these WebPages online. Web
publishing includes personal, business, and community websites. The content meant for web publishing
can include text, videos, digital images, artwork, and other forms of media such as music. The most
common thing about any website is that it is represented by a root directory.
A root directory contains folders to organize images(.jpg,.gif), style files(. css), and script files(.js) that
are used in the website, and its index file
1, root in this is the top level or root folder that represents the website itself. It contains all other files and
folders of the website. For example, moe.gov.et.
2. Index.html: contains the main homepages of the site which are written in HTML. Web servers are by
default set up to return to the index.html file if no file name is specified. For example, if you write
moe.gov.et, it returns to moe.gov.et/index.html.

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3. Pages folder: this subfolder contains web pages of the site. For example: about, contact us, etc. The
name could be anything related to the site.
4. Images folder: this is the subfolder that contains all the images that are used on the site.
5. CSS folder: CSS code used to style the site resides in this folder. It includes, for example setting text
and background colors.
6. scripts folder: this subfolder contains all the JavaScript code used to add interactive functionality to
the site (e.g. buttons that load data when clicked).
A website is published by uploading website content or files onto the remote server which is provided by
the hosting company or web host. Hosting companies provide web hosting services, which means
providing online space for the storage of websites. A website is made available via World Wide Web
(WWW). Web hosts must possess a web server. The web server is the actual location where your website
resides. A web server may host single or multiple sites depending on what hosting service you have paid
for. The process of publishing a website also involves registering a domain name. A domain name is the
part of your internet address that comes after “www”. For example, in http://www.moe.gov.et/, the
domain name is moe.gov. A domain name becomes your online business address, so care should be taken
when selecting a domain name. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type. It must
be unique. If the one you want to use is taken or not available, domain registration fails, and you need to
find another one. A domain extension is made up of three letter (for example, .gov in the above URL) at
the end of the internet address which is known as a top-level domain names. The most common domain
extensions include:
.com for commercial sites. • .org for a non-profit organization.
• .edu for educational institution. • .mil for military.
• .gov for government institutions.
• .net for network
Security options To keep your site safe and secure, a secure URL is needed. Particularly, if the site
visitors are providing their private information, HTTPS is required, not HTTP. HTTPS (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol Secure) is a protocol that is used to provide security over the Internet. To enable
HTTPS, your website needs an SSL. SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer which provides a secure online
connection, and your website needs an SSL Certificate. SSL is also another necessary site protocol. It
ensures your site visitor’s personal information transfers between the website and your database is secure.
SSL encrypts information (send from you/receive from the server) to prevent others from accessing and
reading it while in transit
Assignment
Part 1 explain the following question
1. What is XML?
2. What is HTML?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using XML?
4. What is the difference between HTML and XML in terms of tag usage?
5. How is XML different from HTML in terms of data handling?
6. What is the role of attributes in XML?

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