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The document outlines various factors affecting the design values of wood structures, including size, load duration, moisture content, and repetitive member effects, referencing the NDS 2018 edition. It provides detailed calculations for adjusted design values and load combinations for different structural components, ultimately determining the critical load combination for structural integrity. Additionally, it discusses shrinkage calculations based on changes in moisture content for various wood elements in the construction.

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2 views

Solution

The document outlines various factors affecting the design values of wood structures, including size, load duration, moisture content, and repetitive member effects, referencing the NDS 2018 edition. It provides detailed calculations for adjusted design values and load combinations for different structural components, ultimately determining the critical load combination for structural integrity. Additionally, it discusses shrinkage calculations based on changes in moisture content for various wood elements in the construction.

Uploaded by

muse ambaye
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Solution

a. Size Factor (CF)


 It accounts for the effect of member size on the strength of wood. Larger members
tend to have lower strength due to the increased likelihood of defects.
 It applies to Design values for bending (Fb), tension (Ft), and compression parallel to
grain (Fc).
 Reference: NDS Section 4.3.6 (2018 Edition)
b. Load Duration Factor, CD (ASD Only)
 It adjusts design values based on the duration of the applied load. Wood can
withstand higher stresses for shorter durations.
 It applies to All design values except modulus of elasticity (E) and compression
perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥).
 Reference: NDS Section 2.3.2 (2018 Edition)
c. Wet Service Factor (CM)
 It adjusts design values for moisture content. Wood strength decreases when used in
wet conditions (moisture content > 19%).
 It applies to All design values except modulus of elasticity (E) and compression
perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥).
 Reference: NDS Section 4.3.3 (2018 Edition)
d. Time Effect Factor, λ (LRFD Only)
 It used in LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) to account for the combined
effect of load duration and variability in material properties.
 It applies to All design values in LRFD.
 Reference: NDS Section 4.3.16 (2018 Edition)
e. Repetitive Member Factor (Cr)
 It accounts for the increased strength of wood members when they are part of a
repetitive assembly (e.g., floor joists spaced ≤ 24 inches apart).
 It applies to Bending design value (Fb).
 Reference: NDS Section 4.3.9 (2018 Edition)
f. Resistance Factor, ϕ (LRFD Only)
 It used in LRFD to account for uncertainties in material properties, fabrication, and
design assumptions.
 It applies to All design values in LRFD.
 Reference: NDS Section 4.315 (2018 Edition)

2. Solution

Load Combination Time Effect Factor (λ)


a 0.9 D + 1.0 E 1.0
b 1.2 D + 1.6 S + 0.5 W 0.8
c 1.2 D + 1.6 L (impact) + 0.5 Lr 1.0
d 1.2 D + E + L + 0.2 S 1.0
e 1.4 D 0.6
f 1.2 D + 0.5 S + 1.6 L 0.8

3. Solution

ASD Load Combinations (ASCE 7-16 Section 2.4.1)


1. D
2. D + L
3. D + (Lr or S or R)
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E)
6. a. D + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
7. 0.6D + 0.6W
8. 0.6D + 0.7E
Given Loads
 Roof Loads:
 Dead load (D) = 16 K
 Roof live load (Lr) = 8 K
 Floor Loads:
 Dead load (D) = 10 K
 Occupancy live load (L) = 15 K
 Snow load (S) = 8 K
 Wind load (W) = 9 K
 Seismic load (E) = 9 K
Total Loads:
 Total Dead Load (D) = Roof D + Floor D = 16 K + 10 K = 26 K
 Total Live Load (L) = Floor L = 15 K
 Total Roof Live Load (Lr) = 8 K
 Total Snow Load (S) = 8 K
 Total Wind Load (W) = 9 K
 Total Seismic Load (E) = 9 K
Evaluate Load Combinations:
1. D:
Load = 26 K
2. D + L:
Load = 26 + 15 = 41 K
3. D + (Lr or S or R):
Use the larger of Lr or S or R: max (8, 8) = 8 K
Load = 26 + 8 = 34 K
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R):
Use the larger of Lr or S or R: max (8, 8) = 8 K
Load = 26 + 0.75(15) + 0.75(8) = 26 + 11.25 + 6 = 43.25 K
5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E):
Compare 0.6W and 0.7E: 0.6W = 0.6(9) = 5.4 K < 0.7E = 0.7(9) = 6.3 K
Use 0.7E (larger value): Load = 26 + 6.3 = 32.3 K
6. a. D + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R):
0.75(0.6W) = 0.75(5.4) = 4.05 K
Use the larger of Lr or S or R: max (8, 8) = 8 K
Load = 26 + 4.05 + 0.75(15) + 0.75(8) = 26 + 4.05 + 11.25 + 6 = 47.3 K
b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S
Load = 26 + 0.75(15) + 0.75(6.3) + 0.75(8) = 47.98 K
7. 0.6D + 0.6W:
Load = 0.6(26) + 0.6(9) = 15.6 + 5.4 = 21 K
8. 0.6D + 0.7E:
Load = 0.6(26) + 0.7(9) = 15.6 + 6.3 = 21.9 K
Critical Load Combination:
The highest load is 47.98 K, (6.b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S)
The critical ASD load combination is:
D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S = 47.98 K.
4. Solution

 Species and Grade: Select Structural Southern Pine.


 Reference Design Values: From NDS Supplement Table 4B:
 Bending (Fb): 2,350 psi
 Modulus of Elasticity (E): 1,800,000 psi
 Minimum Modulus of Elasticity (Emin)
 Shear (Fv): 175 psi
 Compression Parallel to Grain (Fc): 1,900 psi
 Tension Parallel to Grain (Ft): 1,650 psi
 Compression Perpendicular to Grain (Fc⊥): 565 psi
a. Roof Joists (2x6 at 24 in. O.C.)
 Loading: Dead load (D) + Snow load (S).
 Load Duration Factor (CD): 1.15 (for snow load).
 Wet Service Factor (CM): 1.0 (assume dry conditions).
 Size Factor (CF): For 2x6 bending, CF = 1.3 (NDS S. table 4A 2018 Edition).
 Repetitive Member Factor (Cr): 1.15 (joists spaced ≤ 24 in.).
 Temperature Factor (Ct): 1.0 (normal temperatures).
 Incising Factor (Ci): 1.0 (not incised).
 Flat Use Factor (Cfu): 1.0 (bending about the strong axis).

Fb′=Fb⋅CD*CM*CL*CF*Cr*Ct*Ci*Cfu
Adjusted Bending Design Value (F'b)

Fb′=2,350*1.15*1.0*1.3*1.0*1.15*1.0*1.0*1.0
Fb′=4,040.24psi

Ft′=Ft⋅CD*CM* CF* Ct*Ci


Adjusted Tension Parallel to Grain (Ft)

Ft′=1,650*1.0*1.3*1.0*1.0=2,145psi

Fv′=Fv⋅CD*CM*Ct*Ci
Adjusted Shear Design Value (F'v)

Fv′= 175*1.15*1.0*1.0*1.0
Fv′=201.25psi
Adjusted Modulus of Elasticity (E)
E′=E*CM*Ct*Ci
E′=1,800,000*1.0*1.0*1.0
E′=1,800,000 psi
Adjusted Minimum Modulus of Elasticity (Emin)
Emin′=Emin*CM*Ct*Ci*CT
Emin′=660,000psi (use direct Emin cause the frame is fully braced)
b. 4x12 Supports (D + 0.75(L + Lr)
Loading: Dead load (D) + 0.75(Live load (L) + Roof live load (L r)).
Load Duration Factor (CD): 1.0
Wet Service Factor (CM): 1.0 (assume dry conditions).
Beam Stability factor(CL): 1.0 (bending member are laterally fully supported)
Size Factor (CF): For 4x12 bending, CF = 1.0 (from NDS Table 4A).
Repetitive Member Factor (Cr): 1.0 (not a repetitive member).
Temperature Factor (Ct): 1.0 (normal temperatures).
Incising Factor (Ci): 1.0 (not incised).
Flat Use Factor (Cfu): 1.0 (bending about the strong axis).
Adjusted Bending Design Value (F'b):
Fb′=Fb⋅CD*CM*CL*CF*Cr*Ct*Ci*Cfu
Fb′=2,350*1.15*1.0*1.0*1.0*1.15*1.0*1.0*1.0
Fb′=3,107.88psi

Fv′=Fv⋅CD*CM*Ct*Ci
Adjusted Shear Design Value (F'v):

Fv′=175⋅1.0⋅1.0⋅1.0⋅1.0
Fv′=175psi

5. Shrinkage value (SV):


Shrinkage Value SV=6/30=0.2% per 1 percent change in MC
=0.002in/in. per 1 percent change in MC
Change in moisture content: The initial MC is 19% and the final MC is 9%, resulting in
a 10% decrease in moisture content.
 The shrinkage rate: 10*0.2%=2%=0.02in/in.
 Shrinkage (S) that occurs in the dimension d of a piece with the given MC change
from 19% to 9% is:
Shrinkage S=SV*d*∆MC
=0.002*d*(19-9) =0.02d
Shrinkage for the depth of one 2*12 floor joist:
Sfloor = 0.02d =0.02*11.25 =0.225 in.
Shrinkage for the the thickness of 2*wall plate.
Splate = 0.02d = 0.02*1.5 =0.03 in.
Shrinkage in the length of a stud: the longitudinal shrinkage of a piece of lumber is
small.
Sstud ≈ 0
 The first floor is a concrete Slab.
 The second, third and fourth floors each use 2*12 floor joists (three total).
 There is a 2*bottom plate on the first, second, third and fourth floors (four
total).
 There is a double 2*plate on top of the first, second, third and fourth-floor
walls studs (a total of eight 2*top plates.

Total = S = 3(Sfloor) + (4+8)(Splate)


=3(0.225) + 12(0.03)
S = 1.035≈1.04

Reference : Handout & e-360 Course live stream Video exercise, Azzawi,Phd,PE
NDS 2018 edition
NDS Supplement 2018 edition
Design of wood structures ASD/LRFD, 8th edition, Donal E. Breyer, Kelly
Cobeen, Zeno Martin,Mc Graw Hill, ICC

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