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Simultaneous Allocation of Multi-DG with Capacitor Banks in Distribution

System using IGWO

Conference Paper · June 2022

DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope54979.2022.9854766

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2022 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2022 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) | 978-1-6654-8537-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEUROPE54979.2022.9854766

Simultaneous Allocation of Multi-DG with

Capacitor Banks in Distribution System using
IGWO
Sarib Malik Muhammad Faisal Nadeem Khan Intisar Ali Sajjad
Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department
University of Engineering and Technology University of Engineering and Technology University of Engineering and Technology
Taxila, Pakistan Taxila, Pakistan Taxila, Pakistan
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Luigi Martirano
Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE)
Sapienza University of Roma
Roma, Italy
[email protected]

Abstract— Integration of Renewable based distributed inexhaustible nature of RERs. According to the U.S
generations (DGs) along with capacitor banks (CBs) aim to Department of energy, Solar PV is the fastest-growing power-
improve the performance of the distribution system (DS). This generating RER around the world [3]. 1n 2020 almost 139
paper presents an Improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO) for GW of overall global capacity was integrated from PV into
simultaneous allocation of multi-DG with CBs in DS. The
the power system bringing it to almost 760 GW which is about
proposed technique aims to enhance technical, environmental,
and economical benefits. The multi-objective examined in this 3% of the total world’s electricity [3]. While wind power
paper are reduction of power losses, voltage profile achieved a record-breaking 93 GW new installation, to sum
improvement, cost minimization, and control of harmful up to a total of 743 GW [3]. A global total of 2799 GW of
environmental gases. Widely used and most common renewable energy has been generated from RERs in 2020 and it
energy resources (RERs) are considered for integration in DS. integrated more than 290 GW in 2021 [3].
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and wind-based DGs are integrated into
DS with probabilistic generation to fulfill load demand in order The integration of renewable-based DG sources has the
to minimize multi-objective function (MOF). The IGWO main role of power injection along with a few different
algorithm is implemented on radial DS namely IEEE 33-bus and benefits in DS [4,5]. Mostly DG units are injected into DS in
69-bus system. The proposed IGWO provides better results as order to reduce power losses (active (P) and reactive (Q)),
compared to optimization techniques available in the literature. improve system voltage profile, enhance the power quality,
and reliability of DS. [6,7]. DG units are used to enhance Q
Keywords—Distributed generations, capacitor banks
power control, minimization of losses, and frequency control
renewable-based DG, distribution system, improved grey wolf
optimizer, photovoltaic, and wind.
[8,9]. In [10-12] DG sources are used to reduce losses,
improve load factor, system reinforcement, and enhancement
INTRODUCTION of frequency. Evolutionary programming is considered for the
Most of the power supply all around the world is generated integration of DG to reduce losses and minimize cost [13].
from conventional power sources. These conventional sources CBs can generate reactive power that can lead to
are mostly based on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas, thermal, improvement of voltages and minimize power losses. Several
and nuclear power plants. There are a lot of hazards from these studies discussed the integration of DGs in DS and several
sources such as high cost and emission of non-environmental deals integration of CBs in DS but there are few which
friendly harmful greenhouse gases. Moreover, these fossil considered them both. Saonerkar and Bagde presented the
fuels are depleting with the passage of time, and the demand optimal location and sizing of DGs and CBs in DS using a
for power supply is increasing every day [1]. To overcome genetic algorithm [14]. In [15] optimal siting and sizing of
these problems and meet the power demand, renewable-based DGs along with CBs while considering the uncertainty of
DG sources are considered the best alternative to traditional RERs in order to overcome the problems. In [16] optimal
energy sources for power generation [2]. These sources sizing and location of DGs along with CBs are considered in
consist of PV, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc. are inevitable DS by applying the water cycle algorithm (WCA). Optimal
and help to mitigate environmental hazards and provide siting and sizing of DGs along with CBs are examined in [17]
economic power supply. by using constriction factor particle swarm optimization
Electricity generation from renewable energy resources (PSO).
(RERs) is rapidly growing nowadays due to the depletion of
fossil fuels, increase in power demand, and everlasting or This paper presents an IGWO to investigate the
simultaneous optimal allocation of multi-DG units along with

978-1-6654-8537-1/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

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 CBs in DS for the sake of minimization of MOF. The MOF PROBLEM FORMULATION
includes reduction of losses, voltage profile improvement,
Objective Functions
cost minimization and environmental benefits. The IGWO is
an improved version of GWO published by Syed Ali Mir Jalili An IGWO algorithm is used for the simultaneous
in 2021 [18]. The results are compared with the other meta- allocation of multi-DG units in DS to enhance technical (P
heuristic techniques in the literature and found better. and Q power losses, V profile improvement and V stability),
economical, and environmental objective OFs. These OFs are
The section organized in this paper are as follow: section discussed in detail in this section.
1 portrayed introduction, section 2 presents DG modelling,
section 3 depicts problem formulation, section 4 deals with 1. Technical OF:
proposed technique. Section 5 determines case study and
The technical OF comprises of power losses reduction,
section 6 discusses conclusions.
voltage profile improvement and voltage stability index. The
I. DG MODELLING first OF aims to reduce power losses f1 of DS and can be
presented as[16]:
Solar PV DG Modelling

|Ii |2 * Ri
nL
A Beta probability distribution function (PDF) is
f1 x =min (5)
considered for PV power generation [19]. A beta PDF is
i=1
utilized in order to define the variability of solar irradiance (s)
The voltage profile improvement is considered as second
of each state for PV panel and is presented as.
technical OF that aims to enhance the voltage profile (f2 ) of
Γ αt + βt αt -1 βt -1 DS and this OF is depicted as[16]:
ft s = Γ(αt )* Γ(β ) *s * 1-s 0≤ s≥1 (1)
N 2
t vi -vsi
0 otherwise f2 x =min (6)
Where α and β are solar pattern parameter and are vmax
i - vi
min
i=0
represented in [19]. The last but not the least voltage stability index (VSI) is
From beta PDF the power generated by PV with installed which is one of the most significant technical OF . This third
r
rated capacity Psolar of PV at each state t with solar irradiance technical OF (f3 ) is represented as given in equation below
(s) is given by [20]. [16]:

Psolar (s)= r
s r
*Psolar 0 ≤ s ≥ sr 1
t s (2) f3 x =min (7)
r VSI b2
Psolar otherwise
ABS(|V n1 |4 -4*[P n2 *Pij -Q f1 *Rij ]2
Where

8
t
Where Psolar is the power of PV at each state t, sr is rated
r = 2
solar irradiance and Psolar is rated solar capacity. The value
of rated capacity and solar irradiance is given in [20]. -4* P n2 *P11+Q n2 *Pij *|V b1 |)
Where n1 is slack bus and n is the selected bus number.
Wind DG Modeling 2. Economic OF:
Wind speed (v) act as the deciding factor for the power
generation by wind DG. To find the wind speed generally One of the most significant is economical OF (f4 ) that
Weibull distribution is considered practically suitable [21]. A aims to reduce the generation cost and is presented as [16]
NDG
Weibull distribution function (WDF) for generation of v at
any point in time interval (t) can be calculated as [22]. f4 x =min CDGi +Csub (9)
Kt v Kt-1 -v Kt i=1
fw v = * *exp ;for Ct ≥1& Kt ≥0 (3) Where
Ct Ct Ct
Where fw v is the WDF of wind speed, Kt is the shape CDGi =a+b*PG i
while Ct is the scale factor and values can be obtained using $
capital cost * capacity kW * Gr
wind data available in article [22]. a= kW
life years * LF* 8760
The power generated from wind turbine (WT) with
probabilities of wind v, rated capacity, at time interval t is b= O&Mcost ($/kW·h) + fuel cost ($/kW·h)
calculated by using equation represented in [22].
⎧ ∑Ni=1
0 if vci ≥v≥vco Csub =PgGrid *PrGrid
c c
v-vi ei +Cci |Qci |
⎨
Pstw v = Prw * c c if vci ≤v≤vco (4) CCB =
⎩ Pw
v r -vo life years * 8760
r
otherwise Where eI is CBs installation cost, Cci is CBs purchase cost
Where Pstw is the power generated by WT at speed v, Prw is and Qci is CBs initial cost. The values of these parameters are
the rated power of WT, vci is the cut-in speed, vco is the cut-out given in Table 1.
speed and vcr is the rated speed. The cut-in wind v is 4 m/s, 3. Environmental OF:
while rated wind v is 14 m/s and cut-off wind v is 24 m/s [23].
The most hazardous pollutants produced as a result of
power generation through fossil fuels are CO2, SO2 and NOx.
The reduction of these emission during power generation is a

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 challenging task and mathematical model to achieve this OF P t+1 =Pp t -A*D (19)
is represented by (f5 ) and is as follows [16]: Where Pp indicates position vector, P indicates prey’s
NDG
position, t is current iteration, and coefficient vectors A and

A=2*a*r1 -!" (t)

f5 x = EGrid +EDGi (2) C are determined using equation (20), and (21) respectively.
i=1 (20)
Where C=2*r1 (21)
EDGi = CODG DG DG
2 +SO2 +NOx *PG i (3) Where random numbers r1 and r2 are in range between 0
EGrid = COGrid Grid Grid
2 +SO2 +NOx *PgGrid (4) and 1 while a1 is the vector linearly decreasing from 2 to 0
and is given by the equation (22).
!" t =2-
Constraints (2*t)
1. Equality Constraints (22)
Maxit
b) Hunting
The equality constraints for the power flow are calculated
For hunting mechanism, the pack or group of the wolves
by using the equations as [16].
NDG NDG should have better understanding of the prey. For that purpose
the mathematical modeling of the hunting behavior of wolves
PGi -PL =PD , (5)
Dα =|C1 *#α t -#(t)|
QGi -QL =QD is represented by using the following equations [25].

Dβ =|C2 *#β t - #(t)|

i=1 i=1
Where PGI and QGI is the power generated by DGs at i-
Dδ =|C3 *#δ t - #(t)|
(23)
th iteration respectively, PL and QL are power losses and
PD and QD are load demands. Where the value of C1 , C and C$ are calculated by using
2. Inequality Constraints the equation (21).
P1 t =Pα t -A1 *Dα (t)
The maximum admissible power generated from DGs and P2 t =Pβ t -A2 *Dβ (t) (24)
CBs should not exceed the permissible limitations of the DS.
P3 t =Pδ t -A3 *Dδ (t)
 Operating Generation Limits
Where Pα , Pβ and Pδ are three fittest solutions among all
PGmin max
i ≤ PG i ≤ PGi , QGmin ≤QGi ≤ QG max (6) others and A1 , A2 and A3 coefficients are determined by using
i i
 Voltage Limits equation (20). The value of Dα , Dβ and Dδ are computed by

b = 1, 2, . . . , n-bus.
using the equation (23).
0.95 ≤ V ≤ 1.05, (15) P1 t +P2 t +P3 t
P(t+1)= (25)
 Installed CBs limit 3
a) Attacking
QCB
T
<QD (16) The attacking process starts when the hunting process
 DGs Power Factor (PF) Limits terminates. According to [18] half iterations are mentioned to
the exploration stage while half iterations are assigned to the
0.8≤ PF≤1 (17) exploitation. Exploration deals with smooth adjustment while
exploitation refers to the random change of position and
PROPOSED TECHNIQUE current position of prey.
The IGWO algorithm is used for the simultaneous 2. Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (IGWO)
allocation of multi-DG units with CBs. GWO algorithm is The best solution α, β and δ may entrap in local best
used to find the optimal solution first, then the solution obtain optima instead of finding optimal solution. To overcome this
by this algorithm is updated by IGWO in order to reduce problem an IGWO [18] is used instead of GWO. The
stuck in local optima. The detailed working philosophy of the improvement made in GWO are considered by selecting and
IGWO is presented in this section. updating the following steps [18].
a) Initializing
Working of Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer
In initializing phase number of wolves (N) are randomly
1. Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) allocated all over the search space with given range in

Pij =Ij +randj %0,1&*(uj -Ij ), iє[1,N] , jє[1,D] (26)

A nature inspired swarm intelligence population based equation (26).
meta-heuristic technique are utilized to get better exploration
[24]. The GWO is inspired by leadership hierarchy and natural
The position of wolf in i-th vector in j-th iteration is
group hunting behavior of wolves that hunts in the form of
determined by Pij (t). Where N is number of wolves and D is
pack, usually consist of 7 to 12 wolves. In GWO algorithm
three leaders named alpha (α), beta (β), and delta (δ) are the dimension of desired problem.
considered as best solution. These leaders lead the other b) Movement
remaining wolves known as omega (ω) towards the promising In social behavior the individual hunting along with group
area having global solution. The hunting behavior of GWO hunting is effective hunting mechanism of wolves. The
consists of following steps [25]. movement of wolves introduce dimension learning based
a) Encircling hunting (DLH) mechanism in order to improve search strategy
The encircling of GWO consists of the equations shown of GWO. First we find the radius R by using Euclidian
below in the equations (18) and (19). distances between the wolves by equation [18].
D=|C*Pp (t)- P(t)| (18) Ri t =||Pi t -Pi-GWO t+1 || (27)

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 Then after this neighbor N of P respected to R is CASE STUDY
calculated by using the equation (27). Where D is the
Test System
Euclidean radius.
The proposed IGWO is applied in two IEEE distribution
system. These DS are IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus system.
The total real and reactive power for IEEE 33-bus system is
3715 KW and 2300 KVar. While the real and reactive power
for IEEE 69-bus system is 3802 KW and 2694 KVar [16]. The
power flow for the base case is carried out by using forward-
backward sweeping method and is represented in paper [26].
The base values for active power loss for IEEE 33-bus system
is 201.97 KW while active power loss for IEEE 69 bus system
is 225 KW.
Multi-Objective Function
The MOI is considered for the optimal allocation of CBs
and DGs in DS. DGs are used with controllable power factor
which supply active and reactive power. Two cases for OF
with weighing factors are considered.
Table. 1. Characteristics of Different types of DGs

Type Life Capa O& Fuel Capit Emissions

(year) city M Cost al (lb/MWh)
(MW) Cost ($/K Cost( CO2 SO2 NOx
($/K Wh) $/KW
Wh) )
Grid 25 25 - 0.04 - 203 11. 5.06
Fig. 1. A Flow chart of IGWO for Simultaneous allocation of Multi-DG
4 1 6
units with CBs in DS
PV 20 1 0.01 - 3985 - - -

Ni t ={Pj t 'Di *Pi t ,{Pj t ' ≤Ri t ,Pi t є Pop}

27
(28) WT 20 5 0.00 - 1822 - - -
95
Once neighbor of Pj is constructed, likewise multi GT 12 3 0.06 0.06 1224 123 0.9 0.28
48 67 9 3
neighbors are constructed by using random N and random
wolves from total population by using equation below [18]. Case 1: In first case the technical objective functions are
Pi-DLH t+1 ={Pi,d t +rand*(Pn,d t -Pr,d t )} (29) considered by considering weighing factor method. The

MOF=ω1 f1 +ω2 f2 +ω3 f3

c) Selection and Updating MOF for technical objective functions is presented as:
In this step the best solution is selected on their fitness (31)
basis by determining fitness of two selected candidates using Case 2: In the second case the power losses of technical OF
equation [18]. is considered with the economic and environmental OF.

Pi t+1 = ( MOF=ω1 f1 +ω2 f* +ω3 f+

Pi-GWO t+1 if f(Pi-GWO )≤f(Pi-DLH ) Therefore, the MOF for this case is defined as:
(30)
Where ," , , , and ,$ are weighing factor and there
Pi-DLH t+1 otherwise (32)
In order to update the solution if the fitness of new
solution is good as compared to old solution, old solution is values are 0.5, 0.25 and 0.25 respectively [16].
updated otherwise solution remain unchanged. Economic and environmental OF relies on the type of DGs.
The attributes of different types of DGs are shown in the Table
Investigation IGWO for Optimal Allocation Problems 1 [16]. In order to integrate DGs in DS three different types of
The steps for finding the simultaneous allocation of DGs DGs PV, wind and gas turbine (GT) are considered. The

$/KW.h. [16]. In case of CBs the value of ./ ! 0 12/ are 1000

along with CBs are presented in Fig. 1. These steps are power generation costs for base case at substation is 0.044
discussed in detail in this section as follow.
Step 1: Load data (load and line) of DS, run load flow without and 30000 $/MVar respectively [27].
DGs and CBs and determine multi-objectives.
Results and Discussions
Step 2: Identify and initialize the parameters of IGWO.
Step 3: Apply IGWO to obtain simultaneous allocation of Voltages for IEEE 33 and 69 bus system are discussed as
multi-DG with CBs to minimize multi-objective functions. follow:
Step 4: Compute maximum power of DGs and CBs and 1. IEEE 33-Bus System:
check constraints where MOF is minimum.
Step 5: Set number of iterations and determine fitness of each The results for simultaneous allocation of multi-DG with CBs
wolf and arrange according to fitness. in DS for IEEE 33-bus system is presented in Table. 2. The
results determined by IGWO are competed with bacterial
Step 6: Determine the best solution obtained by the wolves
and update the solution. foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA), PSO and WCA. It
Step 7: Repeat step from 3-7 till number of iterations or until depicts that the IGWO algorithm gives better results as
stopping criteria. compared to above mentioned algorithms. Therefore, the

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 proposed technique is more reliable in determining
simultaneous allocation of multi-DG with CBs in DS. The 1.04 Base Case
Table. 2. Comparison of Results for Simultaneous Allocation of DGs along With CBs
with CBs in IEEE 33-Bus System 1.02 With DGs
With DGs and CBs
PL DGs CBs Vmin 1.00
(KW (p.u)

Voltage (p.u)
Algo.
) Site Size Site Size 0.98
(MW) (MVar)
GA 71.25 16,22 0.25, 15,18, 0.3, 0.3, 0.971 0.96
[16] ,30 0.25, 0.5 29,30, 0.3, 0.6,0.3
31 0.94
BFO 41.41 17,18 0.54, 18,30,
0.16, 0.33, 0.978
A ,33 0.16, 0.89 33 0.54 0.92
[16]
WCA 24.68 11,25 0.97, 14,23, 0.46, 0.56, 0.98 0.90
[16] ,29 1.04, 0.56 30 0.53 (33) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
IGW 11.13 14,24 0.36, 13,25, 0.33, 0.24, 0.99 Bus No. (#)
O ,30 0.42, 0.53 31 0.41 (33)
Table. 3. Results Comparison for Multi-objective Simultaneous Allocation Fig. 2. Voltage Profiles for IEEE 33-Bus System
of DGs along with CBs in 33-Bus System

DGs CBs 1.04 Base Case

Vmin
Algo. PF Size With CBs
Site Size (MW) Site (p.u)
(MVar) 1.02 With DGs
WCA 0.90, 0.98, 11,2 0.99, 0.98, 19,23 0.32,0.31 0.989(1 With DGs and CBs
[16] 0.95 4,31 1.065 ,30 ,0.54 8) 1.00
OF f1 =19.84 KW f2 =0.041 f3 =0.015
IGW 0.92, 0.99, 14,2 0.44, 0.36, 13,25 0.33,0.53 0.99 Voltage (p.u) 0.98
O 0.95 4, 30 0.52 ,32 ,0.40 (33)
OF f1 =11.1 KW f2 =0.036 f3 =0.12 0.96

Table. 4. Multi-Objective for Simultaneous Allocation of DGs along with

0.94
CBs in 33-Bus System
0.92
Location P (MW) Q (MVar)
Grid 1 1.54 0.657 0.90
PV 14 0.55 0.12 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68
WT 24 0.62 0.18 Bus No. (#)
GT 30 0.36 0.05
CBs 13,25,31 0,0,0 0.25,0.3,0.4 Fig. 3. Voltage Profiles of IEEE 69-Bus System
OFs Power Loss (KW) Cost ($/h) Emissions (lb/h) DGs are integrated at locations 14, 24 and 30 with power
Base Case 201.97 304.89 8.02e+006 generation of 0.36 MW, 0.42 MW and 0.53 MW respectively.
WCA [16] 28.96 249.34 3.40e+006
IGWO 13.27 233.24 3.33e+006 While CBs are installed at 13, 25 and 31 with power 0.33
Table. 5. Multi-Objective for Simultaneous Allocation of DGs along with MVar, 0.24 MVar and 0.41 MVar respectively. A substantial
CBs in 69-Bus System amount of power losses is attained as compared to BFOA,
PSO and WCA. The minimum value of 0.99 p.u. is found at
DGs CBs
Vmin bus number 33. The voltage profiles for IEEE 33-bus with
Algo. PF Size multi-DG with CBs are shown in Fig. 2.
Site Size (MW) Site (p.u)
(MVar)
WCA 0.90, 19,3 0.10, 15,22 0.018,0.5 0.994(
The detailed results for simultaneous allocation of DGs along
[16] 0.91, 0.87 6,61 1.04, 1.82 ,33 51,0.457 50) with CBs in Case 1 are shown in Table.3. The results show
OF f1 =18.70 KW f2 =0.0092 f3 =0.0313 that the allocation of DGs along with CBs is efficient to
IGW 0.93, 17,6 0.33, 02,60 0.33,0.6,0 0.99 reduce losses, improve V profile and control voltage
O 0.95, 0.87 1, 0.36, 0.52 ,62 .47 (33) deviation. While in Case 2 the technical, economic and
69
OF f1 =10.30 KW f2 =0.0087 f3 =0.022 environmental OF are considered for simultaneous allocation
Table. 6. Multi-Objective for Simultaneous Allocation of DGs along with of multi-DG with CBs and the results are presented in Table.
CBs in 69-Bus System 4. Power losses are reduced, cost of the system is minimized
and emissions are controlled due to integration of renewable
Location P (MW) Q (MVar) based DGs. The results depict that the power losses are
Grid 1 1.74 0.29
reduced to 13.37 KW, power generation cost is minimized by
PV 06 0.10 0.22
WT 42 0.62 0.24 23.6 % and the emissions are controlled by 59.5 %.
GT 62 0.56 0.021 2. IEEE 69-Bus System
CBs 02,43,61 0,0,0 0.6,0.54,0.33
OFs Power Loss Cost ($/h) Emissions (lb/h) Table 5. shows the results for simultaneous allocation of
(KW) DGs along with CBs for IEEE 69 bus system. The DGs are
Base 225 309.71 8.02e+006
Case
located at the bus number 17, 61 and 69 with power
WCA 22.26 297.47 4.34e+006 generation of (0.33, 0.36 and 0.52) MW respectively. While
[16] CBs are located at bus number 2, 60 and 62 with reactive
IGWO 10.22 272.24 4.13e+006 power (0.33, 0.6 and 0.47) MVar respectively. Integration of

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