C# Assignment-2 QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1) What is object? How to initialize object and how to call object from Main
method?
In C#, an object is an instance of a class. A class serves as a blueprint for creating objects,
defining their structure and behavior.
Initialize an object:
You initialize an object using the new keyword followed by the class name, optionally
passing any required parameters to the constructor.
MyClass myObject = new MyClass(42);
Call object methods:
You call object methods using the dot (.) operator after the object name.
myObject.MyMethod();
Example:
using System;
// Define a simple class
class Person
{
// Properties
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
// Method to introduce the person
public void Introduce()
{
Console.WriteLine($"Hi, my name is {Name} and I am {Age} years old.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create an object of the Person class
Person person1 = new Person();
// Initialize the object's properties
person1.Name = "John";
person1.Age = 30;
// Call a method on the object
person1.Introduce();
}
}
Output:
Hi, my name is John and I am 30 years old.
2) What is class? How to define class in c# with example?
In C#, a class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties, methods, events,
and fields that a particular type of object can have.

Syntax:
class ClassName
{
// Fields (optional)// Properties// Constructors // Methods
}

Here's an example of defining a simple class named Person:

using System;
class Person
{
public string Name { get; set; }// Fields (optional)// Properties
public int Age { get; set; }
public Person() // Constructors
{
// Default constructor
}
public Person(string name, int age)
{
Name = name; // Parameterized constructor
Age = age;
}
public void Introduce() // Methods
{
Console.WriteLine($"Hi, my name is {Name} and I am {Age} years old.");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Person person1 = new Person(); // Create an object of the Person class
person1.Name = "John"; // Initialize the object's properties
person1.Age = 30;
person1.Introduce(); // Call a method on the object
// Create another object of the Person class using the parameterized constructor
Person person2 = new Person("Alice", 25);
person2.Introduce(); // Call a method on the second object
}
}

Output:
Hi, my name is John and I am 30 years old.
Hi, my name is Alice and I am 25 years old.
3) Difference between class and object?
class object
 Class is used template for an object.  An object is an instance of class.
 A class is a logical entity.  Object is a physical entity.
 It is declared with the class keyword.  It is created with a class name with the
new keyword.
 When class is created no memory is  Objects are created memory space,
allocated. whenever they are created.
 Class can not be manipulated.  Objects can be manipulated.

4) How to call variable by value type and reference type?

In C#, variables can be of either value types or reference types, and the way you call them
differs based on their type.

Calling Variables by Value Type:

In C#, value types include primitive types like int, float, double, struct, etc. When passing a
variable of a value type to a method, a copy of the variable's value is passed, so changes
made to the parameter inside the method do not affect the original variable.

Example:
using System;
class Program
{
static void ModifyValue(int x)
{
x = x * 2;
Console.WriteLine("Inside ModifyValue method: " + x);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int num = 10;
Console.WriteLine("Before calling ModifyValue method: " + num);
ModifyValue(num);
Console.WriteLine("After calling ModifyValue method: " + num);
}
}

Output:
Before calling ModifyValue method: 10
Inside ModifyValue method: 20
After calling ModifyValue method: 10

Calling Variable by Reference Type:

In C#, reference types include class instances, arrays, and delegates. When passing a
reference type variable to a method, a reference to the variable's memory location is passed,
so changes made to the parameter inside the method affect the original variable.
Example:
using System;
class Person
{
public string Name { get; set; }
}
class Program
{
static void ModifyReference(Person person)
{
person.Name = "Alice";
Console.WriteLine("Inside ModifyReference method: " + person.Name);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Person p = new Person();
p.Name = "John";
Console.WriteLine("Before calling ModifyReference method: " + p.Name);
ModifyReference(p);
Console.WriteLine("After calling ModifyReference method: " + p.Name);
}
}

Output:
Before calling ModifyReference method: John
Inside ModifyReference method: Alice
After calling ModifyReference method: Alice
5) What is enumeration? Write it’s uses with syntax.
An enumeration, or enum, in C#, is a value type data type that consists of a set of named
constants called enumerators. These enumerators are assigned integral constant values,
usually starting from 0, but you can specify custom values if needed. Enums provide a way
to define a set of related named constants, making the code more readable and maintainable.

Syntax:
enum EnumName
{
Enumerator1,
Enumerator2,
// More enumerators
}

Uses of Enumeration:
 Improving Code Readability:
Enumerations provide descriptive names to represent integral values, making the code easier
to understand.
 Type Safety:
Enumerations offer type safety because the compiler checks that values assigned to variables
of the enumeration type are within the defined set of constants.
 Avoiding Magic Numbers:
Enumerations help avoid using magic numbers in code by giving meaningful names to
integral constants.
 Switch Statements:
Enumerations are often used in switch statements for better readability and maintainability.
 Configuration and Settings:
Enumerations are commonly used to represent configuration settings or options with
predefined values.

Example with Output:

using System;
enum DayOfWeek
{
Sunday,
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
DayOfWeek today = DayOfWeek.Wednesday;
Console.WriteLine("Today is: " + today);
switch (today)
{
case DayOfWeek.Sunday:
Console.WriteLine("Relax, it's Sunday!");
break;
case DayOfWeek.Monday:
Console.WriteLine("Back to work on Monday!");
break;
case DayOfWeek.Wednesday:
Console.WriteLine("Happy Hump Day!");
break;
case DayOfWeek.Friday:
Console.WriteLine("Hello, Friday! Almost weekend!");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Just another day...");
break;
}
}
}

Output:
Today is: Wednesday
Happy Hump Day!
6) Write a program value type with enumeration?
using System;
enum Fruit // Enumeration representing different types of fruits
{
Apple,
Banana,
Orange
}
class Program
{
static void DisplayFruitInfo(Fruit fruit) // Method to display information about a fruit
{
switch (fruit)
{
case Fruit.Apple:
Console.WriteLine("Name: Apple");
Console.WriteLine("Color: Red or Green");
Console.WriteLine("Taste: Sweet or Tart");
break;
case Fruit.Banana:
Console.WriteLine("Name: Banana");
Console.WriteLine("Color: Yellow");
Console.WriteLine("Taste: Sweet");
break;
case Fruit.Orange:
Console.WriteLine("Name: Orange");
Console.WriteLine("Color: Orange");
Console.WriteLine("Taste: Sweet and Tangy");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Unknown fruit");
break;
}
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Fruit myFruit = Fruit.Banana; // Declare a variable of type Fruit
Console.WriteLine("Information about my fruit:");
DisplayFruitInfo(myFruit); // Display information about the fruit
}
}

Output:
Information about my fruit:
Name: Banana
Color: Yellow
Taste: Sweet
7) What is structure? Use of structure and it’s syntax?
A structure in C# is a value type that can contain data members of different data types.
Syntax:
struct StructName
{
// Data members (fields)
// Methods (optional)
}
Use of Structure:
 Pointers: Representing geometric points in two or three-dimensional space.
 Complex Numbers: Storing complex numbers with real and imaginary parts.
 Date and Time: Representing dates and times using separate fields for year, month, day,
hour, minute, and second.
 Coordinates: Storing geographic coordinates such as latitude and longitude.
 Color: Storing RGB values for representing colors.
Example:
using System;
// Define a structure to represent a point in 2D space
struct Point
{
public int X; // Data members
public int Y;
public Point(int x, int y) // Constructor
{
X = x;
Y = y;
}
// Method to display the coordinates of the point
public void DisplayCoordinates()
{
Console.WriteLine($"X: {X}, Y: {Y}");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create an instance of the Point structure
Point point1 = new Point(10, 20);
// Display the coordinates of the point
Console.WriteLine("Coordinates of point1:");
point1.DisplayCoordinates();
}
}
Output:
Coordinates of point1:
X: 10, Y: 20
8) Write a program structure using value type?

using System;
// Define a structure to represent a person
struct Person
{
// Data members
public string Name;
public int Age;

// Constructor
public Person(string name, int age)
{
Name = name;
Age = age;
}

// Method to display information about the person

public void DisplayInfo()
{
Console.WriteLine($"Name: {Name}, Age: {Age}");
}
}

class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create instances of the Person structure
Person person1 = new Person("John", 30);
Person person2 = new Person("Alice", 25);

// Display information about the persons

Console.WriteLine("Information about person1:");
person1.DisplayInfo();

Console.WriteLine("\nInformation about person2:");

person2.DisplayInfo();
}
}

Output:
Information about person1:
Name: John, Age: 30
Information about person2:
Name: Alice, Age: 25
9) What is array? Uses of array?
An array in C# is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous
memory locations.

Uses of Arrays:
 Grouping Data:
Arrays are used to group together elements of the same type under a single name.
 Sequential Access:
Elements in an array are accessed using an index, allowing for easy traversal and
manipulation of data.
 Efficient Storage:
Arrays provide efficient memory allocation and access, making them suitable for storing
large amounts of data.
 Iterating and Manipulating Data:
Arrays allow for easy iteration over elements, making tasks like sorting, searching, and
filtering data straightforward.
 Passing and Returning Multiple Values:
Arrays can be passed as arguments to methods or returned as function results to encapsulate
and transfer multiple values.

Example:
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Define an array of integers
int[] numbers = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };

// Display the elements of the array

Console.WriteLine("Elements of the array:");
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Element {i + 1}: {numbers[i]}");
}
}
}

Output:
Elements of the array:
Element 1: 10
Element 2: 20
Element 3: 30
Element 4: 40
Element 5: 50
10) Write a program for single dimensional and multidimensional array?
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Single-dimensional array
int[] singleArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

Console.WriteLine("Single-dimensional array:");
foreach (int num in singleArray)
{
Console.Write(num + " ");
}
Console.WriteLine();

// Multidimensional array (2D)

int[,] multiArray = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 }, { 7, 8, 9 } };

Console.WriteLine("\nMultidimensional array (2D):");

for (int i = 0; i < multiArray.GetLength(0); i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < multiArray.GetLength(1); j++)
{
Console.Write(multiArray[i, j] + " ");
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}

Output:
Single-dimensional array:
12345

Multidimensional array (2D):

123
456
789
11) Difference between Enumeration and array?

Enumeration array
 Enumeration is a data type that consists  An array is a data structure that stores a
of a set of named constants. collection of elements of the same type in
contiguous memory locations.
 It represents a list of predefined values  It represents a sequence of values
(constants) that can be assigned to indexed by integers, allowing random
variables. access to elements based on their index.
 Enumerations are useful for defining a  Arrays are useful for storing and
collection of related named constants, manipulating a fixed-size sequential
making the code more readable and collection of elements.
maintainable.
 Example: Days of the week (Sunday,  Example: Collection of integers [1, 2, 3,
Monday, Tuesday, etc.) 4, 5]

12) Difference between classes and structure?

classes structure
 Classes are reference types.  Structures are value types.
 They support inheritance and  They do not support inheritance.
polymorphism.
 They are typically used for complex data  They are used for lightweight data types
types, such as objects with behaviors and with few members, like points, colors, or
relationships. simple data collections.
 They are allocated on the heap.  They are allocated on the stack or inline
within containing structures or classes.
 They have a default constructor.  They can have constructors but do not
support parameterless constructors by
default.
 Example: class Car { }  Example: struct Point { }