2024

Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Re

 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Introduction to Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Test Equipment Details------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Reference Standards--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis at HT Outgoing (From 03 October to 04 October)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Events Recording (From 03 October to 04 October)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Conclusion and Recommendations:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Introduction to Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis

There are a number of ways in which electric power can be of poor quality. Improper wiring, incorrect grounding, and
unbalanced loads are just a few examples of conditions that can produce electrical noise through an electrical system and
compromise power quality.
There is no such thing as perfect power quality in the real world. Service interruptions, equipment malfunction, and excess
power consumption are all common symptoms of poor power quality.
To minimize the risk of lost production and damage to electrical equipment, power quality analysis is used to monitor a
system for problems, find the cause, and initiate corrective action. After system data is collected in the field, a power quality
engineer will look for unusual events and determine the proper power conditioning equipment or other steps needed to
resolve the issue. Power quality common issues describes as below:
 Ideal Power Conditions
 Power Interruptions
 Under voltage, Overvoltage, Sags, Swells
 Flicker, Transients and Noise
 Harmonics Techniques
 Techniques for Improving Power Quality

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Ideal Power Conditions:

It is important that power serving electrical loads is “clean,” meaning voltage and current waveforms are relatively in phase,
free of distortion, and balanced between each other. Low quality power can increase utility bills and cause damage to critical
power equipment, resulting in higher production costs and greater chance of downtime.
An “ideal” three-phase power system has the following characteristics:
The current is in phase with the voltage for each phase. Power Factor = 1.
The phase voltage and currents are exactly 120 degrees apart and equal to each other. No unbalance.
The voltage and current sine waves are not distorted or interrupted in any way.
The source impedance is zero, so that events at the load do not affect the source voltage.
The actual frequency is equal to the nominal frequency.

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Power Interruptions:

The simplest type of power quality problem occurs when power delivered to an electrical load goes away; this is called “power
interruption.” The different types of power interruptions are classified according to their duration.
A momentary interruption is a complete loss of voltage on one or more phase conductors for a time between 0.5 cycles and 3
seconds.
A temporary interruption is a complete loss of voltage on one or more phase conductors for a time between 3 seconds and 1
minute.
A sustained interruption is a complete loss of voltage on one or more phase conductors for more than 1 minute.

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Under voltage, Overvoltage, Sags, Swells:

The second simplest type occurs when voltage at the load drops below a minimum rated voltage or climbs above a maximum
rated voltage for some period. Depending on how long these conditions last, they Oct be referred to as under voltage or
overvoltage and sags or swells.
An under voltage occurs when the rms voltage drops below 90% of the nominal rms voltage and stays at that level for more
than one minute. The term “brownout” often refers to an intentional or unintentional drop in voltage in an electrical power
supply system.
An overvoltage is an event where the rms voltage rises above 110% of the nominal rms voltage and stays there for more than
one minute.

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Sags occur when the rms voltage decreases between 10% and 90% for a duration of a half-cycle to one minute. In a 50Hz
power system, a complete sine wave lasts approximately 16 milliseconds; a half cycle is approximately 8 milliseconds.
Swells are defined as an increase in the rms voltage to over 110% for a duration of a half-cycle to one minute

Reductions in voltage and sags usually occur when the rms current to the load increases significantly. There are three
categories of sags and swells, depending on their duration:
 0.5 cycles to 30 cycles: Instantaneous
 30 cycles to 3 seconds: Momentary
 3 seconds to 1 minute: Temporary
 1 minute+: Sustained Under voltage or Overvoltage

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Flicker, Transients and Noise:

The human eye can detect repetitive voltage reductions in lighting circuits, phenomena known as “flicker.” The term flicker
refers to a very specific problem related to human perception of light produced by incandescent light bulbs, not necessarily
general voltage fluctuations.
Some common sources of flicker include Arc welders, Electric boilers, Industrial motors, Lasers, Photocopying machines,
Sawmills, and X-ray machines.

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Harmonics:

Harmonics are a form of waveform distortion that occurs in circuits containing semiconductor based electronics such as LED
lighting, switching power supplies, electronic ballasts, computers, robotics, test equipment, etc. These “non-linear” loads
impose higher frequency sine waves on the system, which result in more power lost in the form of wasted heat.
The excess heat produced by harmonics can have detrimental effects on a power system. Transformers are especially
susceptible to damage caused by harmonics due to stray “eddy currents” which circulate in the iron core and produce excess
heat.
Harmonics are identified by their frequency in multiples of the “fundamental” or main frequency For example, the third
harmonic in a 50 Hz system would be 150 Hz (50×3 = 150) and the fifth harmonic would be 250 Hz (50 x 5 = 250).
The magnitude of each harmonic frequency can be measured using power quality meters and are generally displayed in the
form of a harmonic spectrum. Total harmonic distortion (THD) and total demand distortion (TDD) are sometimes used with
power quality meters to simplify harmonic distortion as a single measurement rather than an entire spectrum.

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Summary

This report contains the Power & Harmonics Analysis carried out on HT Outgoing at

Power & Harmonics data collection was started on 03 October 2024 in which our team has successfully collected all data
within 24-hour Time.

Test Equipment Details

 Power & Harmonics Analyzer – Hioki 3196

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Reference Standards

IEEE Std 519 - IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems.

IEC 61000-4-30 - Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality measurement methods.

IEEE 1159 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality

IEEE 1250 - IEEE Guide for Identifying and Improving Voltage Quality in Power Systems

IEEE 1668 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Voltage Sag and Short Interruption Ride-Through Testing for End-Use Electrical
Equipment Rated Less than 1000 V

IEEE 1789 - IEEE Recommended Practices for Modulating Current in High-Brightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to
Viewers

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis at HT

Outgoing (From 03 October to 04 October)

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L1-L2 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 10.65 kV Maximum Value 11.31 kV Average Value 11.00 kV

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L2-L3 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 10.59 kV Maximum Value 11.27 kV Average Value 10.97 kV

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L3-L1 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 10.65 kV Maximum Value 11.33 kV Average Value 11.02 kV

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L1 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 5.709 kV Maximum Value 6.688 kV Average Value 6.502 kV

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L2 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 5.870 kV Maximum Value 6.704 kV Average Value 6.522 kV

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L3 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 5.750 kV Maximum Value 6.264 kV Average Value 6.097 kV

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Current L1 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 9.0 A Maximum Value 235.2 A Average Value 97.4 A

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Current L2 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 6.8 A Maximum Value 237.2 A Average Value 97.2 A

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Current L3 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 10.2 A Maximum Value 244.0 A Average Value 101.8 A

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L1 Total Harmonics Distortion from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 1.48 % Maximum Value 4.07 % Average Value 2.53 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L2 Total Harmonics Distortion from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 1.33 % Maximum Value 4.09 % Average Value 2.52 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Voltage L3 Total Harmonics Distortion from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 2.19 % Maximum Value 4.94 % Average Value 3.54 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Current L1 Total Harmonics Distortion from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 1.54 % Maximum Value 26.77 % Average Value 9.48 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Current L2 Total Harmonics Distortion from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 1.60 % Maximum Value 27.89 % Average Value 9.14 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Current L3 Total Harmonics Distortion from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 1.42 % Maximum Value 27.04 % Average Value 8.97 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Real Power CH1 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.00 MW Maximum Value 1.19 MW Average Value 0.41 MW

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Real Power CH2 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.00 MW Maximum Value 1.17 MW Average Value 0.42 MW

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Real Power CH3 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.00 MW Maximum Value 1.12 MW Average Value 0.41 MW

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Real Power SUM from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.00 MW Maximum Value 3.48 MW Average Value 1.24 MW

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Apparent Power CH1 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.06 MVA Maximum Value 1.50 MVA Average Value 0.63 MVA

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Apparent Power CH2 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.05 MVA Maximum Value 1.52 MVA Average Value 0.63 MVA

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Apparent Power CH3 from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.06 MVA Maximum Value 1.46 MVA Average Value 0.62 MVA

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Apparent Power SUM from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Minimum Value 0.17 MVA Maximum Value 4.49 MVA Average Value 1.88 MVA

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Maximum Integrated Power Value from 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Maximum Value 32,706 kWh

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Maximum Demand During 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

Average Demand Value 1.2385 MW Maximum Demand Value 1.9859 MW Load Factor 62.4 %

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Events Recording (From 03 October to 04

October)

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Record Event 1:
Name Phase Start Time End time Duration Magnitude
Voltage Dip L1 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:181 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:251 70 msec 5.709 kV

Name Phase Start Time End time Duration Magnitude

Voltage Dip L2 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:168 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:240 72 msec 5.870 kV

Name Phase Start Time End time Duration Magnitude

Voltage Dip L3 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:258 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:333 75 msec 5.750 kV

Record Events Summary:

Name Phase Start Time End time Duration Magnitude

Voltage Dip L1 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:181 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:251 70 msec 5.709 kV
Voltage Dip L2 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:168 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:240 72 msec 5.870 kV
Voltage Dip L3 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:258 04/Oct/24 – 06:49:17:330 75 msec 5.750 kV

Note: All above dips values above as per IEEE 519-2022 are considered voltage sags.

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report
Summary Results w.r.t 03-October-2024(14:10:53) to 04-October-2024(16:36:11):

CH1 CH2 CH3

MIN AVG MAX MIN AVG MAX MIN AVG MAX

Voltage 10.65 kV 11.00 kV 11.31 kV 10.59 kV 10.97 kV 11.27 kV 10.65 kV 11.02 kV 11.33 kV

Current 9.0 A 97.4 A 235.2 A 6.8 A 97.2 A 237.2 A 10.2 A 101.8 A 244.0 A

Power Sum Maximum 3.48 MW

Power Sum Average 1.24 MW

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 Power Quality & Harmonics Analysis Report

Conclusion and Recommendations:

The 24-hour analysis of the power monitoring and harmonics analyzer at the HT outgoing has yielded positive results. The only
recorded anomaly was a brief voltage dip across all phases, lasting just 70 milliseconds, which is above the acceptable limits
for system performance. Overall, the data indicates that the system operates safely and effectively, with satisfactory harmonic
levels and no significant disturbances. This assessment reinforces the reliability of the power system and underscores the
effectiveness of existing protective measures. Continuous monitoring will ensure that any future anomalies are promptly
addressed, maintaining optimal operational conditions.

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