R Graphics

Charts & Graphs

R Plotting

▷ Plot
○ The plot() function is used to draw points (markers) in a diagram.
○ The function takes parameters for specifying points in the diagram.
■ Parameter 1 specifies points on the x-axis.
■ Parameter 2 specifies points on the y-axis.

○ At its simplest, you can use the plot() function to plot two numbers against each other:
○ Example - Draw one point in the diagram, at position (1) and position (3):
plot(1, 3)
R Plotting

○ To draw more points, use vectors:

○ Example - Draw two points in the diagram, one at position (1, 3) and one in position (8,10):
plot(c(1, 8), c(3, 10))

▷ Multiple Points

○ You can plot as many points as you like, just make sure you have the same number of points in
both axis:
○ Example
plot(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), c(3, 7, 8, 9, 12))
R Plotting

○ For better organization, when you have many values, it is better to use variables:
○ Example
x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
y <- c(3, 7, 8, 9, 12)
plot(x, y)

▷ Sequences of Points
▷ If you want to draw dots in a sequence, on both the x-axis and the y-axis, use the : operator:
▷ Example
plot(1:10)
R Line

▷ Line Graphs
○ A line chart is a graph that connects a series of points by drawing line segments between them.
○ These points are ordered in one of their coordinate (usually the x-coordinate) value.
○ Line charts are usually used in identifying the trends in data.
○ The plot() function in R is used to create the line graph.
R Line

▷ Syntax - The basic syntax to create a line chart in R is −

plot(v,type,col,xlab,ylab,main,lwd,lty)

▷ Following is the description of the parameters used −

○ v is a vector containing the numeric values.
○ type takes the value "p" to draw only the points, "l" to draw only the lines and "o" to draw both
points and lines.
○ xlab is the label for x axis.
○ ylab is the label for y axis.
○ main is the Title of the chart.
○ col is used to give colors to both the points and lines.
R Line

▷ Line Graphs
○ A line graph has a line that connects all the points in a diagram.
○ To create a line, use the plot() function and add the type parameter with a value of "l":
○ Example
plot(1:10, type="l")

▷ Line Color
○ The line color is black by default. To change the color, use the col parameter:
○ Example
plot(1:10, type="l", col="blue")
R Line
▷ Line Width
○ To change the width of the line, use the lwd parameter (1 is default, while 0.5 means 50%
smaller, and 2 means 100% larger):
○ Example
plot(1:10, type="l", lwd=2)

▷ Line Styles
○ The line is solid by default. Use the lty parameter with a value from 0 to 6 to specify the line
format.
○ For example, lty=3 will display a dotted line instead of a solid line:
○ Example
plot(1:10, type="l", lwd=5, lty=3)
R Line

▷ Available parameter values for lty:

○ 0 removes the line
○ 1 displays a solid line
○ 2 displays a dashed line
○ 3 displays a dotted line
○ 4 displays a "dot dashed" line
○ 5 displays a "long dashed" line
○ 6 displays a "two dashed" line
R Line
▷ Multiple Lines
○ More than one line can be drawn on the same chart by using the lines()function.
○ After the first line is plotted, the lines() function can use an additional vector as input to draw the
second line in the chart,
○ To display more than one line in a graph, use the plot() function together with the lines() function:
○ Example
line1 <- c(1,2,3,4,5,10)
line2 <- c(2,5,7,8,9,10)
plot(line1, type = "l", col = "blue")
lines(line2, type="l", col = "red")
R - Scatterplots
▷ R - Scatterplots
○ Scatterplots show many points plotted in the
Cartesian plane.
○ Each point represents the values of two variables.
○ One variable is chosen in the horizontal axis and
another in the vertical axis. Following is the description of the parameters used −

○ The simple scatterplot is created using the plot() •x is the data set whose values are the horizontal coordinates.
•y is the data set whose values are the vertical coordinates.
function.
•main is the tile of the graph.
○ Syntax - The basic syntax for creating scatterplot in •xlab is the label in the horizontal axis.

R is − •ylab is the label in the vertical axis.

•xlim is the limits of the values of x used for plotting.
plot(x, y, main, xlab, ylab, xlim, ylim, axes) •ylim is the limits of the values of y used for plotting.
•axes indicates whether both axes should be drawn on the plot.
R - Scatterplots

▷ Example
x <- c(5,7,8,7,2,2,9,4,11,12,9,6)
y <- c(99,86,87,88,111,103,87,94,78,77,85,86)
plot(x, y, main="Observation of Cars", xlab="Car age", ylab="Car speed")

▷ The observation in the example above should show the result of 12 cars passing by.
▷ The x-axis shows how old the car is.
▷ The y-axis shows the speed of the car when it passes.
R - Scatterplots

▷ Compare Plots
○ To compare the plot with another plot, use the points() function:
○ Example - Draw two plots on the same figure:
# day one, the age and speed of 12 cars:
x1 <- c(5,7,8,7,2,2,9,4,11,12,9,6)
y1 <- c(99,86,87,88,111,103,87,94,78,77,85,86)
# day two, the age and speed of 15 cars:
x2 <- c(2,2,8,1,15,8,12,9,7,3,11,4,7,14,12)
y2 <- c(100,105,84,105,90,99,90,95,94,100,79,112,91,80,85)
plot(x1, y1, main="Observation of Cars", xlab="Car age", ylab="Car speed", col="red", cex=2)
points(x2, y2, col="blue", cex=2)
R - Pie Charts
▷ Pie Charts
○ A pie chart is a circular graphical view of data. In R the pie chart is created using the pie() function
which takes positive numbers as a vector input. The additional parameters are used to control labels,
color, title etc.
○ Syntax - The basic syntax for creating a pie-chart using the R is −
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
○ Following is the description of the parameters used −
■ x is a vector containing the numeric values used in the pie chart.
■ labels is used to give description to the slices.
■ radius indicates the radius of the circle of the pie chart.(value between −1 and +1).
■ main indicates the title of the chart.
■ col indicates the color palette.
■ clockwise is a logical value indicating if the slices are drawn clockwise or anti clockwise.
R - Pie Charts
▷ Example
# Create a vector of pies

x <- c(10,20,30,40)

# Display the pie chart

pie(x)

▷ As you can see the pie chart draws one pie for each value in the vector (in this case 10, 20, 30, 40).
▷ By default, the plotting of the first pie starts from the x-axis and move counterclockwise.
▷ Note: The size of each pie is determined by comparing the value with all the other values, by using this
formula:
▷ The value divided by the sum of all values: x/sum(x)
R - Pie Charts

▷ Labels and Header

○ Use the label parameter to add a label to the pie chart, and use the main parameter to add a
header:
○ Example
# Create a vector of pies
x <- c(10,20,30,40)
# Create a vector of labels
mylabel <- c("Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates")
# Display the pie chart with labels
pie(x, label = mylabel, main = "Fruits")
R - Pie Charts

▷ Colors
○ You can add a color to each pie with the col parameter:
○ Example
# Create a vector of colors
colors <- c("blue", "yellow", "green", "black")
# Display the pie chart with colors
pie(x, label = mylabel, main = "Fruits", col = colors)
R - Pie Charts
▷ Legend
○ To add a list of explanation for each pie, use the legend() function:
○ The legend can be positioned as either: bottomright, bottom, bottomleft, left, topleft, top, topright, right, center
○ Example
# Create a vector of pies
x <- c(10,20,30,40)
# Create a vector of labels
mylabel <- c("Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates")
# Create a vector of colors
colors <- c("blue", "yellow", "green", "black")
# Display the pie chart with colors
pie(x, label = mylabel, main = "Pie Chart", col = colors)
# Display the explanation box
legend("bottomright", mylabel, fill = colors)
R Data Interfaces -
Importing Data
Importing Data

▷ In R, we can read data from files stored outside the R environment.

▷ We can also write data into files which will be stored and accessed by the operating
system.
▷ R can read and write into various file formats like csv, excel, xml etc.
▷ The file should be present in current working directory so that R can read it.
▷ Of course we can also set our own directory and read files from there.
Importing Data - Input as CSV File

▷ The csv file is a text file in which the values in the columns are separated by a comma.
▷ You can create this file using windows notepad by copying and pasting this data.
▷ Save the file as input.csv using the save As All files(*.*) option in notepad.

id,name,salary,start_date,dept
1,Rick,623.3,2012-01-01,IT
2,Dan,515.2,2013-09-23,Operations
3,Michelle,611,2014-11-15,IT
4,Ryan,729,2014-05-11,HR
5,Gary,843.25,2015-03-27,Finance
6,Nina,578,2013-05-21,IT
7,Simon,632.8,2013-07-30,Operations
8,Guru,722.5,2014-06-17,Finance
Importing Data

▷ Reading a CSV File

○ Following is a simple example of read.csv() function to read a CSV file available in your current
working directory −
data <- read.csv("input.csv")
print(data)

▷ Get Information
○ Use the dim() function to find the dimensions of the data set, and the names() function to view
the names of the variables:
dim(data)
names(data)
rownames(data)
Importing Data

▷ By default, the read.csv() function gives the output as a data frame.

▷ Access the data frame by using the $ sign, and the name of the variable.
data$name

▷ Once we read data in a data frame, we can apply all the functions applicable to data frames
▷ Example - Get the maximum salary
# Get the max salary from data frame.
sal <- max(data$salary)
print(sal)
Importing Data

▷ Sort data
○ To sort the values, use the sort() function:
sort(data$salary)

▷ Analyzing the Data

○ Now that we have some information about the data set, we can start to analyze it with some
statistical numbers.
○ For example, we can use the summary() function to get a statistical summary of the data:
○ Example
Data_Cars <- mtcars
summary(Data_Cars)
Importing Data

▷ The summary() function returns six statistical numbers for each variable:
○ Min
○ First quantile (percentile)
○ Median
○ Mean
○ Third quantile (percentile)
○ Max
Importing Data

▷ Some Examples of accessing data

▷ Get the details of the person with max salary
▷ We can fetch rows meeting specific filter criteria similar to a SQL where clause.
# Create a data frame.
data <- read.csv("input.csv")
# Get the max salary from data frame.
sal <- max(data$salary)
# Get the person detail having max salary.
retval <- subset(data, salary == max(salary))
print(retval)
Importing Data

▷ Get all the people working in IT department

# Create a data frame.
data <- read.csv("input.csv")
details <- subset( data, dept == "IT")
print(details)

▷ Get the persons in IT department whose salary is greater than 600

# Create a data frame.
data <- read.csv("input.csv")
info <- subset(data, salary > 600 & dept == "IT")
print(info)
Importing Data

▷ Get the people who joined on or after 2014

# Create a data frame.
data <- read.csv("input.csv")
info <- subset(data, as.Date(start_date) > as.Date("2014-01-01"))
print(info)
Importing Data

▷ Writing into a CSV File

○ R can create csv file form existing data frame.
○ The write.csv() function is used to create the csv file. This file gets created in the working
directory.
# Create a data frame.
data <- read.csv("input.csv")
retval <- subset(data, as.Date(start_date) > as.Date("2014-01-01"))
# Write filtered data into a new file.
write.csv(retval,"output.csv")
newdata <- read.csv("output.csv")
print(newdata)
Importing Data - Excel File
▷ Microsoft Excel is the most widely used spreadsheet program which stores data in the .xls or .xlsx format.
▷ R can read directly from these files using some excel specific packages.
▷ Few such packages are - XLConnect, xlsx, gdata etc.
▷ We will be using xlsx package. R can also write into excel file using this package.
▷ Install xlsx Package
○ You can use the following command in the R console to install the "xlsx" package.
○ It may ask to install some additional packages on which this package is dependent.
○ Follow the same command with required package name to install the additional packages.
install.packages("xlsx")
Importing Data

▷ Verify and Load the "xlsx" Package

○ Use the following command to verify and load the "xlsx" package.
■ # Verify the package is installed.
■ any(grepl("xlsx",installed.packages()))
○ Load the library into R workspace.
■ library("xlsx")
■ print(library("xlsx"))
Importing Data

▷ Input as xlsx File

○ You should save it in the current working directory of the R workspace.

▷ Reading the Excel File

○ The input.xlsx is read by using the read.xlsx() function as shown below. The result is stored as a
data frame in the R environment.
# Read the first worksheet in the file input.xlsx.
data <- read.xlsx("input.xlsx", sheetIndex = 1)
print(data)
Importing Data

▷ Writing data into Excel File

○ In R, we can also write the data into our .xlsx file.
○ R provides a write.xlsx() function to write data into the excel file.
○ There is the following syntax of write.xlsx() function:
write.xlsx(data_frame,file_name,col.names,row.names,sheetnames,append)
■ The data_frame is our data, which we want to insert into our excel file.

■ The file_names is the name of that file in which we want to insert our data.

■ The col.names and row.names are the logical values that are specifying whether the column names/row
names of the data frame are to be written to the file.

■ The append is a logical value, which indicates our data should be appended or not into an existing file.
Importing Data

▷ Example
# Create a data frame.
data <- read.xlsx("input.xlsx", sheetIndex = 1)
empdata <- subset(data, as.Date(start_date) > as.Date("2014-01-01"))
# Write filtered data into a new file.
write.xlsx(empdata,"emp.xlsx",col.names=TRUE,
row.names=TRUE,sheetName="Sheet2",append = TRUE)
newdata <- read.xlsx("emp.xlsx",sheetIndex = 1)
print(newdata)