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Module 6 (Part I)

Module 6 (Part I) covers the finite element analysis of plates, focusing on plate bending theory, including thin and thick plate theories. It discusses the assumptions, stress/strain relationships, and displacement models for plate analysis, emphasizing the differences between Kirchhoff and Mindlin plate theories. The module also introduces various plate element types and their degrees of freedom, along with the derivation of element stiffness matrices and equations.

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Tulsi R. Khanal
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6 views

Module 6 (Part I)

Module 6 (Part I) covers the finite element analysis of plates, focusing on plate bending theory, including thin and thick plate theories. It discusses the assumptions, stress/strain relationships, and displacement models for plate analysis, emphasizing the differences between Kirchhoff and Mindlin plate theories. The module also introduces various plate element types and their degrees of freedom, along with the derivation of element stiffness matrices and equations.

Uploaded by

Tulsi R. Khanal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 6 (Part I)

Plates and Shell Elements


Plates Elements
• Introduction to finite element analysis of plates:
• Basic theory of plate, plate bending, thin plate theory, stress
resultants,
• Mindlin’s approximations, formulation of 4 noded isoperimetric
quadrilateral plate element
Basic Concepts of Plate Bending
• A flat plate, like a straight beam, support transverse loads by bending
• Plate is a flat surface having considerably large dimensions as compared to its
thickness
• Example: reinforced slab, bearing plates under columns
• A plate can be considered the two-dimensional extension of a beam in simple
bending.
• Both plates and beams support loads transverse or perpendicular to their plane and
through bending action.
• A plate is flat (if it were curved, it would be a shell).
• A beam has a single bending moment resistance, while a plate resists bending about
two axes and has a twisting moment.
• We will consider the classical thin-plate theory or Kirchhoff plate theory and thick
plate theory.
Basic Behavior of Geometry and Deformation
Consider the thin plate in the x-y plane
of thickness t measured in the z The plate surfaces
direction shown in the figure: are at z = ±t/2, and
its midsurface is at z
1. The plate thickness is much smaller = 0.
than its in-plane dimensions b and
c (that is, t << b or c)
If t is more than about one-tenth the span of the plate, then transverse shear deformation
must be accounted for and the plate is then said to be thick.

2. The deflection w is much less than the thickness t (that is, w/t << 1).
Thin Plate Theory (Kirchhoff Plate Theory)
Assumptions (similar to those beam in the beam theory)
• Consider the differential slice cut from the plate by planes perpendicular to the x
axis as shown in the figure below:

The line a-b drawn


perpendicular to the plate
surface before loading remains
perpendicular to the surface
after loading.

• Loading q causes the plate to deform laterally or upward in the z direction and,
the defection w of point P is assumed to be a function of x and y only; that is w =
w(x, y) and the plate does not stretch in the z direction.
Assumptions
• Normals remain normal. This implies that transverse shears strains γyz = 0
and γ𝑥𝑧 = 0 (no Shear Deformation) . However γ𝑥𝑦 does not equal to zero.
• Right angles in the plane of the plate may not remain right angles after
loading. The plate may twist in the plane.
• Thickness changes can be neglected and normal undergo no extension. This
means that εz = 0.
• Normal stress σz has no effect on in-plane strains εx and εy in the stress-strain
equations and is considered negligible.
• Membrane or in-plane forces are neglected here, and the plane stress
resistance can be superimposed later (that is, the constant-strain triangle
behavior of Module 4 can be superimposed with the basic plate bending
element resistance).
• Therefore, the in-plane deflections in the x and y directions at the
midsurface, z = 0, are assumed to be zero; u(x, y, 0) = 0 and v(x, y, 0) = 0.
Assumptions
• at any point P the displacement, due to a small rotation α, in the x-
and y-direction is given by u and v respectively, as follow

• The curvatures of the plate are then given as the rate of change of
the angular displacements of the normal and defined as:

• Using the definitions for in-plane strains, along with the curvature
relationships, the in-plane strain/displacement equations are:
Stress/Strain Relationship
• Based on the third Kirchhoff assumption, the plane stress equations that relate in-
plane stresses to in-plane strains for an isotropic material are:

• Similar to the stress variation in a beam,


the stresses vary linearly in the z
direction from the mid-surface of the
plate.
• The transverse shear stresses τyz and τxz
are also present, even though transverse The bending moments acting along the edge of the plate can
shear deformation is neglected. be related to the stresses by
• These stresses vary quadratically
through the plate thickness.
Stress/Strain Relationship
Substituting strains for stresses gives:

Using the strain/curvature relationships, the moment expression


become:

The maximum magnitude of the normal stress on each edge of the plate are
located at the top or bottom at z = t/2.

For example, it can be shown that


Displacement Models For Plate Analysis
• Classical plate behavior is characterized by single variable ‘w’ has considerable
advantages in the derivation of governing differential equations for the problem
• But the problems of satisfying continuity requirements along the element edges
based on the single variable w and its derivatives creates considerable difficulties
in the FEM.
• Considerable research work has taken place to develop suitable plate bending
elements
• All these works may be grouped into the following three categories:
C2 Continuity element
C1 Continuity element
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
• Many researchers, considered only 3 dof at a node i.e. w, ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
• Performance of such elements have been studied and have expressed, satisfaction to
great extent
• Example: 12 dof rectangular element
C0- Continuity element
Plate Elements: Kirchhoff Plate Element
• 4 node quadrilateral element
• Basic 12-degree-of-freedom rectangular element
shown in Figure
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
• Degree of Freedom at each node: w, 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦
• On each element, the deflection w(x,y) is represented
by
Thick Plate Theory( Mindlin Plate Theory)
• If the thickness t of a plate is not “thin”, e.g., t/L is less than
1/10 (L is a characteristic dimension of the plate), then the
thick plate theory by Mindlin should be applied.
• This theory accounts for the angle changes within a cross
section, that is, 𝛾𝑥𝑧 ≠ 0, 𝛾𝑦𝑧 ≠ 0
• This means that a line which is normal to the mid surface
before the deformation will not be so after the deformation
• 𝜃𝑥 and 𝜃𝑦 are the rotations angles of a line, which is normal to
the mid surface before the deformation , about x-axis and y-
axis , respectively

• Mindlin’s theory is the extension of the Timoshenko theory to the analysis of plate
• In this theory the rotation and large deflection are decoupled and shear
deformation are considered
• This resulted into development of C0-contunity plate element
Mindlin Plate Elements
Discretize and Select Element Types
• 12-degree-of-freedom plate element
• Each node has 3 degrees of freedom – a transverse displacement w in the z direction, a
rotation 𝜽x about the x axis, and a rotation 𝜽y about the y axis.
𝑤𝑖
where the rotations are related to the transverse
• At node i, displacement 𝑑 = 𝜽𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜽𝑦𝑖 displacements by 𝜽 =
𝒙 𝜕𝑦 , 𝜽 𝒚 =-
𝜕𝑥

• The negative sign on 𝜽𝒚 is due to the fact that a negative displacement w is required to
produce a positive rotation about the y axis.

• The total element displacement matrix is


Mindlin Plate Elements
Select Displacement Functions
• Since the plate element has 12 degrees of freedom, we select a 12-term
polynomial in x and y as:

(polynomial to represent the lateral displacement of the plate over the entire surface of the plate)
• The function given above is an incomplete quartic (Fourth Degree) polynomial;
however, it is complete up to the third order (first ten terms), and the choice of
the two more terms (x3y and y3x) from the remaining five terms of the complete
quartic must be made.
• The choice of x3y and y3x ensure that we will have continuity in the displacement
among the interelement boundaries.
• The terms x4 and y4 would yield discontinuities along the interelement
boundaries.
• The final term x2y2 cannot be paired with any other term so it is also rejected.
Select Displacement Functions
• The displacement function approximation also satisfies the basic differential
equation over the unloaded part of the plate.
• In addition, the function accounts for rigid-body motion and constant strain in the
plate.
• However, inter-element slope discontinuities along common boundaries of elements
are not ensured.
• To observe these discontinuities in slope, evaluate the polynomial and its slopes
along a side or edge.
• For example, consider side i-j, the function gives:
Select Displacement Functions

• The constant a1 through a12 can be determined by expressing the 12


simultaneous equations linking the values of w and its slope at the
nodes when the coordinates take their appropriate values.

• or in the matrix form {Ψ}=[P]{a} ,where [P] is the 3 x 12 first matrix on


the right-hand side of the above equation
Select Displacement Functions
Define the Strain (Curvature)/Displacement and Stress (Moment)/Curvature Relationships
Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations

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