Math-Bio 124:

Functions
Sophie Marques

[email protected]
A big no-no
If you get frustrated, you’ll be tempted to look at the back of the book, find the answer, and then
figure out how to work backward from it to the facts. Resist that temptation! Never mind the
philosophical reasons; there’s a very practical one: you won’t be able to do that on tests. The way
to practice working problems forward is to work problems forward.
If you’ve really made a genuine effort and you’re just stuck, looking at the answer and working
backward is better than nothing. But don’t fool yourself: if you can’t work a problem forward you
haven’t mastered that part of the material. Once you’ve used the backward technique to figure
out a problem, look in your book for other problems of the same general type (not too similar),
and work them out forward, until you can do so correctly and with confidence.
Make it so. Now carry out your plan. Do the computation, solve the equation, whatever.
Write down all the steps you follow. As you go along, make sure each step follows from the
previous one. It’s tempting to kip steps, but that’s also a good way to make mistakes.
”A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks
others have thrown at him.” David Brinkley
Advises for during the test.

1. Answer the actual question.

Does the problem ask for the dimensions of a box? You had better have three numbers (length, width, height) in
your answer. Does it ask for a percent? A decimal is not your final answer. Does the problem ask how old the
woman was? Verify that your x really did stand for the woman’s age and not her daughter’s age.
Students lose lots of points on every test because they answered the question in their heads instead of the one on the
paper. Work the problem to the end, and put your answer in the right form. Then reread the question to check that
you actually answered it.
2. Give just one answer.
Don’t give two conflicting answers and expect your teacher to pick one - you may not be happy with the results. If
you give one answer you may be wrong, but if you give two you will be wrong.
3. Is it right, or at least reasonable?
If you’ve solved a word problem, put your answer back in the problem and see that it works. If you had an equation
to solve, put your answer(s) back in the equation and see that they work.
Some problems can’t be checked that way, but with every problem you should ask, ?Is this answer reasonable?? If
all the numbers are under 100, is an average of 152 reasonable? If a rectangle?s area is 50 sq.ft. is 680 feet
reasonable for the length of one side? Unreasonable answers tell you to go back and find your mistake.
Prescribed textbook

An Introduction to Applied CALCULUS

for Social and Life Sciences
(Revised 1st Edition with Solutions),
F. Nyabadza, L. Wessels, Juta, 2018.
(Book stores: Van Schaiks, Neelsie;
Protea Books, Andringa Street.)
 Table of Contents
1 Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Quadratic Inequality
1 Quadratic Inequality and absolute value

Example
Solve the inequality and express the solution in terms of
intervals:
|3x + 2| ≥ |5x − 8|
 Quadratic Inequality
1 Quadratic Inequality and absolute value

Example
Solve the inequality and express the solution in terms of
intervals:
|3x + 5|
≤1
|1 − x|
 Table of Contents
2 Functions
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Outside of Mathematics
2 Functions

The word ”function” refers to what something does!

 Now in Mathematics:
2 Functions

In mathematics, a ”function” is something that relates or

connects a set to another set in a particular way!
 What is a Set?
2 Functions

A set is a collection of things.

Often, it is a collection of numbers, but it does not have to be!
A set could be the collection of letters, names, countries,
polygons, or just about anything!
 Back to Our Question: What is a Function?
2 Functions

A function is defined by three objects:

• Rule
• Source Set: Contains all the inputs for the function
• Target Set: Contains all the outputs after applying the rule
to the input
 Back to Our Question: What is a Function?
2 Functions

Notation
We denote
f :X→Y
where X is the source set and Y is the target set.
 Back to Our Question: What is a Function?
2 Functions

The set of all elements in the source set for which the rule
applies without a problem and gives an output is called the
domain of definition of the function, which is the set of all
the inputs of the function.
The range of the function is the set of all outputs obtained
by applying the rule to all elements of the domain of definition
of the function. Mathematically,

Range(f ) = {f (x)|x ∈ Df }
 Back to Our Question: What is a Function?
2 Functions

When we ask you to compute the range, we are asking for the
”list” of all real values that have a preimage. That is, all
elements y ∈ Y such that there exists an x ∈ X with f (x) = y.
 Back to Our Question: What is a Function?
2 Functions

In practical terms, X is usually the set of real numbers, but the

given rule may not give an output for some specific values of x.
For example, division by 0 or taking the square root of a
negative number is undefined.
Note: The domain of definition of a function is a set. It is a
subset of X (the source set).
 Back to Our Question: What is a Function?
2 Functions

The concrete question you are asking yourself is: ”What are all
the real numbers that can be plugged into the rule of f (the
equation for f ) and will give me an answer (not an error
message in my calculator, for instance)?”
Functions
2 Functions
 Formal Definition of a Function
2 Functions

Definition
A function f assigns to each element x in the source set X of f
at most one element. When it exists, it is called the image of x
and denoted f (x).
If y = f (x), then we say that x is a preimage of y.

Note: Preimages for a given x are not necessarily unique for a

given y in the range!
 Back to our question: What is a function?
2 Functions

When we ask you to compute the range, we are essentially

asking for the set of all real values that have a preimage.
In other words, we seek all elements y ∈ Y for which there exists
an x ∈ X such that f (x) = y.
This implies finding all elements in the codomain that can be
solved for x in the equation f (x) = y.
 Back to our question: What is a function?
2 Functions

In practical terms, when X represents the set of real numbers,

certain values of x may not yield an output due to the nature of
the rule provided. For instance, division by zero or taking the
square root of a negative number is undefined.
NOTE: The domain of a function is a SET!!!! It is a subset of
X (the source set!)
 Back to our question: What is a function?
2 Functions

The specific question you are asking yourself is:

”What are all the real numbers that can be input into the rule
of f (the equation for f ) and will yield a valid output (not an
error message in my calculator, for instance)?”
 Function with codomain bigger than the range
2 Functions

We consider a function that maps each continent to its highest mountain. The set of inputs in mathematical notation is

{Africa, Europe, Asia, South America, North America, Australia, Antarctica}

Now the function is defined as follows:

South America 7→ Mount Aconcagua

North America 7→ Mount McKinley

Africa 7→ Kilimanjaro

Australia 7→ Carstensz Pyramid

Europe 7→ Mount Elbrus

Antarctica 7→ Vinson Massif

Asia 7→ Mount Everest

The range is

{Kilimanjaro, Mount Elbrus, Mount Everest, Mount Aconcagua, Mount McKinley, Carstensz Pyramid, Vinson Massif}
 Formal Definition of a Function
2 Functions

Definition
A function f assigns to each element x in the source set X of f
at most one element. When it exists, it is called the image of x
and denoted f (x).
If y = f (x), then we say that x is a preimage of y.

Note: Preimages for a given x are not necessarily unique for a

given y in the range!
 Functions
2 Functions

Definition of a Function
We say that two functions f : X → Y and g : X ′ → Y ′ are
equal if X = X ′ , Y = Y ′ , Df = Dg , and f (x) = g(x), for any
x ∈ Df .
 Function
2 Functions

Examples
Given the function f : R → R that sends x to x2 − 2.
1. What is the image of 2 by f ?
2. What is the image of 0 by f ?
3. What is the preimage(s) of 2 by f ?
4. What is the preimage(s) of −2 by f ?
5. What is the preimage(s) of −3 by f ?
 Function
2 Functions

Examples
Given f (x) = x2 − 2. Determine f (2) and f (x/2).
 Function
2 Functions

Examples
Find the following values of the following functions:
√
1. h(t) = t2 + 4t + 4; h(2), h(0), h(−4);
3 if t < −5




2. f (t) =  t√+ 1 if − 5 ≤ t ≤ 5


if t > 5


 t
f (−6), f (−5), f (16).
 Table of Contents
3 Domain of definition
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Function
3 Domain of definition

Examples
Find the domain of definition of the following functions:
1. f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 2x + 5;
√
2. f (x) = 2x + 6;
3. f (t) = t2t+1
−t−2 ;
4. f (t) = √t+2
9−t2
;
r
5. f (x) = x+3 .
x−2
 Table of Contents
4 Range
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Function
4 Range

Examples
Consider the real-valued function defined by the rule f (x) = x2 .
What is the range of the function?
 Function
4 Range

Examples
Consider the real-valued function defined by the rule
f (x) = x2 − x + 1. What is the range of the function?
 Function
4 Range

Examples
Consider the real-valued function defined by the rule
f (x) = 2+x
3+x . What is the range of the function?
 Table of Contents
5 Composition
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Composition
5 Composition

Composition
Let f : B → C and g : A → B. The function composite
f ◦ g : A → C (the composition of the functions f and g) is
defined as
f ◦ g(x) = f (g(x)).
 Composition
5 Composition

f ◦ g ̸= g ◦ f

Remember, the notation f ◦ g means that the function g is

applied first and then f is applied second.
 Composition
5 Composition

It is possible to take the composition of three or more functions.

For instance, the composite f ◦ g ◦ h is found by first applying h,
then g, and then f as follows:

(f ◦ g ◦ h)(x) = f (g(h(x)))
Composition
5 Composition
 Composition
5 Composition

For the composition f ◦ g to be defined, the range of g must be

within the domain of f .

Df ◦g = {x ∈ Dg | g(x) ∈ Df }
Composition
5 Composition
Composition
5 Composition
Composition
5 Composition
 Function
5 Composition

Examples
Compute
1. f (x − 2) where f (x) = 2x2 − 3x + 1;
2. f (x − 1) where f (x) = (x + 1)5 − 3x2 ;
3. f (g(x)) where f (x) = x12 and g(x) = x − 1;
4. f (g(x)) where f (x) = x2 and g(x) = x−1 1
.
 Function
5 Composition

Examples
√
Let f (x) = (x + 1)2 and g(x) = x. Compute f (g(x)) and
g(f (x)).
 Function
5 Composition

Examples
Find some ”nice” functions h(x) and g(x) such that
f (x) = g(h(x)).
1. f (x) = (x5 − 3x2 + 12)3 ;
√
2. f (x) = x + 4 − (x+4)
1
3;
√
3. f (x) = x + 3 − (x+4)
1
3.
 Table of Contents
6 Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Section 6.1

Polynomial
 Polynomial

A polynomial in a single indeterminate x can always be

written (or rewritten) in the form

an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 ,
where a0 , . . . , an are constants and x is the indeterminate.
 Polynomial

This can be expressed more concisely by using summation

notation:
n
ak x k
X

k=0

1. x is the indeterminate;
2. ai is a coefficient;
3. ai xi is a monomial and i is the degree of this monomial;
 Polynomial

4. the degree of the polynomial

an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0 ,

is n (the largest degree of all the monomial appearing in the

sum);
5. a0 is the constant term (term without indeterminate)
 Polynomial

Definition
A polynomial with no indeterminates is called a constant
polynomial. The degree of a nonzero constant polynomial
is 0.
 Polynomial

Example
The polynomial function p : R → R defined by p(x) = 2. Is a
constant polynomial function? What is its degree? What is the
graph of this function? What will be the graph of a constant
polynomial function?
 Polynomial

The degree of the zero polynomial, 0, (which has no terms at

all) is generally treated as not defined or defined as negative
(either −1 or −∞). The zero polynomial is the function
polynomial p : R → R defined by p(x) = 0. What is the graph of
this function?
 Polynomial

Linear function
A linear function is a polynomial of degree one or less, including the zero
polynomial (the latter not being considered to have degree zero).
When the function is of only one variable, it is of the form

f (x) = mx + c,

where m and c are constants, often real numbers. The graph of such a
function of one variable is a non-vertical line.
m is frequently referred to as the slope of the line, and c as the
y-intercept.
Polynomial
 Polynomial

Linear function
The slope of a straight line passing through (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 )
is given by m = ∆x
∆y
= xy22 −y
−x1 .
1

Linear function
Two lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m2 x + c2 are
1. parallel if m1 = m2 ;
2. perpendicular if m1 m2 = −1.
 Polynomial

Quadratic polynomial
A quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree two. When the function
is of only one variable, it is of the form

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c,

where a, b, and c are constants, often real numbers and a non-zero. The
graph of such a function of one variable is a parabola.
 Quadratic Function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

A quadratic function is a function of the form

f (x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R, a ̸= 0.
We note that
1. When a > 0, then the parabola opens upwards;
2. When a < 0, then the parabola opens downwards;
3. The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at most 2 roots;
  
b b
4. The turning point occurs at − 2a , f − 2a . This can be easily established
from the formulae by completing the square.
 Quadratic Function (Review)
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Example
What can you say about the graph of the function
f (x) = x2 + 2x − 8?
 Polynomial

Example
Factorize the following quadratic polynomials.
1. f (x) = x2 + x − 6.
2. f (x) = 3x2 − x − 14.
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Section 6.2

Rational function
 Rational function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Rational function
A rational function is a ratio of two polynomials f (x) = p(x)
q(x)
where p and q are polynomials. The domain of the definition of
f consists of the values x such that q(x) ̸= 0.
 Rational function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Examples
2
1. f (x) = 3xx+2−1
.
2. f (x) = x1 .
3. f (x) = x21+1 .
x3 +1
4. f (x) = x2 −x−1 .
5. f (x) = 4 .
x−1
 Rational function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Examples
1. x2 −1 + x−1 ;
−2 x
 
x3 −7x2 +10x
2. x−5 ;
x+3

x2 +6x+9
 Rational function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Examples
1. x2 −1 + x−1 ;
−2 x
 
x3 −7x2 +10x
2. x−5 .
x+3

x2 +6x+9
 Rational function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Examples
Write the following as a rational expression in lowest terms
−2 x
+
x2 − 1 x − 1
 Rational function
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Examples
Solve the following equation using factorization
x 3 11x + 10
+ = 2
x + 1 2x + 3 2x + 5x + 3
 Solving by factoring
6 Polynomial and Rational function

Example
Factorise the following expression
1. 6x(x + 1)4 − 4x3 (x + 1);
2. x−1/3 (x − 1) + 4x5/3 .
 Table of Contents
7 Exponents
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
7 Exponents

Section 7.1

Power functions
 Power function
A power function is a function of the form f (x) = xa where
• a = n, where n is a positive integer;
• a = 1/n, where n is a positive integer;
• a = −1 (reciprocal function).
 Function
7 Exponents

Examples
1. f (x) = x15 ;
√
2. g(x) = 3 x = x1/3 ;
3. h(x) = x1 = x−1 ;
4. k(x) = xπ .
 Function
7 Exponents

Examples
Classify the following functions as a polynomial, a power
function, or a rational function, or none.
1. f (x) = x5 ;
2. f (x) = x14 ;
3. h(x) = x24 ;
√
4. j(x) = x;
x+1 3
5. k(x) = 3−x2 .
 
 Function
7 Exponents

Examples
Classify the following functions as a polynomial, a power
function, or a rational function, or none.
1. f (x) = x5 ;
2. f (x) = x14 ;
3. h(x) = x24 ;
√
4. j(x) = x;
x+1 3
5. k(x) = 3−x2 .
 
7 Exponents

Section 7.2

Power laws
 Exponent laws

Let x, y ∈ R and m, n ∈ N.
1. xn · xm = xn+m ;
2. (xn )m = xnm ;
3. (xy)n = xn y n ;
 n
xn
4. x
y
= yn
provided y ̸= 0;
5. x −n
= 1
xn
provided x ̸= 0;
xn
6. =x
xm
provided x ̸= 0;
n−m

7. x = 1 provided x ̸= 0;
0
√
8. x1/n = n x provided x ≥ 0;
√ √
9. xm/n = (x1/n )m = (xm )1/n = n xm = ( n x)m provided x ̸= 0;
 Example

1. 23 = 8;
2. 15 = 1;
3. (−1)5 = − 1;
4. (−2)5 = − 32;
1 5

1
5. 2
= 32
;

5
6. − 21 = − 1
32
;
1
7. 2−3 = 8
8. 36−1/2 = √1 = 1 .
36 6
1
9. 27−4/3 = √
3 = 314 = 1
81
( 27)4

1 −3/2

√ 3
10. 4
= 4 = 23 = 32.
√
3
11. (27)4/3 = ( 27)4 = 34 = 81.
12. (25)1/2 = 5.
 Example

Example
Simplify without using the calculator
√ √ 3
27( 3)
.
9
 Example

Simplify the following expression:

ab2 c−3 − a−2 b−1 c3
a2 b−1 c4
 Power functions

Example
Simplify without using the calculator
√ √ 3
27( 3)
.
9

Solution: √ √ √ √ √ 3
27( 3)3 9 3( 3)
9 = √ 9 √ 4
3( 3)4 32
= 9 = ( 33) = 3 = 3.
 Example

Simplify the following expression:

ab2 c−3 − a−2 b−1 c3
a2 b−1 c4
 Example

Simplify the following expression:

!2
2x3/2 3x−9/2
!

y 2/3 2y 2/3
 Table of Contents
8 Piecewise defined functions
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Piecewise defined function
8 Piecewise defined functions

Example: water tarifs

• usage: x
• cost per kl: C(x).
0≤x≤6



 R29.93/kl
R52.44/kl 6 < x ≤ 10.5






C(x) =  R114.00/kl 10.5 < x ≤ 20


R342.00/kl 20 < x ≤ 35





35 < x



 R912.00/kl
Piecewise defined functions
8 Piecewise defined functions
 Piecewise defined functions
8 Piecewise defined functions

Absolute value
The absolute value function (or modulus) denoted by
| · | : R → R+ is the function defined by
x, x ≥ 0


|x| = 


−x, x < 0
Compute f (0), f (1/2), f (−1), f (2), f (−3). Draw the graph.
 Piecewise defined functions
8 Piecewise defined functions

NB:
• the output from an absolute value is not negative.
• we can also think of the absolute value as a distance, |c − d|
is the distance from c to d in the horizontal line representing
R.
 Piecewise defined functions
8 Piecewise defined functions

Exercise
Do the same work with the function denoted by f : R → R+ is
the function defined by

f (x) = |2x − 3|

Compute f (0), f (1/2), f (−1), f (2), f (−3). Draw the graph.

 Piecewise defined functions
8 Piecewise defined functions

Exercise
We define the piecewise function f : [0, +∞[→ R
if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1



 x,
f (x) =  2 − x, if 1 < x ≤ 2


0, if x > 2




Compute f (0), f (1/2), f (1), f (2), f (3). Draw the graph

 Piecewise defined function
8 Piecewise defined functions

Exercise
We define the piece wise function f : R → R
1 − x, if x ≤ 1


f (x) = 


x2 , if x > 1
Compute f (0), f (1/2), f (−1), f (2), f (−3). Draw the graph
 Table of Contents
9 How big is a circle?
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

360◦ is just a convention!

But why not 400◦ so that a right angle becomes 100◦ ?
 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

There is no universally agreed-upon reason for choosing the number 360, but
several theories attempt to explain its significance.
1. The Persian calendar had 360 days.
2. 360 has a high number of divisors (24 in total, including 1 and 360). It is
divisible by every number from 1 to 10 except 7. This divisibility makes
360 a convenient number for geometric calculations.
 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

There is no universally accepted reason for the choice of the number 360, but several theories attempt to
explain its significance.
3. The Babylonians used a chord of length equal to the radius to measure a circle. This chord created
an angle of 60 degrees at the center. Since the Babylonians utilized a base 60 number system, they
divided this 60 degree angle into 60 equal parts, resulting in 1 degree as the smallest measurable
angle. With a circle having 6 such chords, the complete angle became 360 degrees.

4. The number 360 is mentioned in the Rigveda, the oldest sacred text of Hinduism.
How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

We have
How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

How big is a circle?

 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

Conclusion: The radian measure of an angle is simply the

arclength along the corresponding sector on the unit circle.
That is, π radians = 180◦ . The total circumference of a circle
with radius 1 is 2π. Hence, we have 2π radians = 360◦ .
 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

Arc Length vs. Radian

For a circle with radius r, the relationship between the angle θ
(in radians) and the arc length a is given by the formula

rθ = a

where θ is the angle measured in radians.

 How big is a circle?
9 How big is a circle?

• An angle of θ radians is equivalent to an angle of 180θ

π
degrees. (Note that 180(2π)
π = 360.)
• Conversely, an angle of θ degrees is equivalent to an angle of
180 radians. (Note that 180 = 2π.)
πθ 360π

We will consistently use radians in our calculations.

 Table of Contents
10 Generalities about Angles
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Definition
The standard position of an angle occurs when we place its
vertex at the origin of a coordinate system and its initial side on
the positive x-axis.
 Definition
A positive angle is obtained by rotating the initial side
counterclockwise until it coincides with the terminal side.
Likewise, negative angles are obtained by clockwise rotation.
 Example
1. Convert from degrees to radians: 90◦ , 60◦ , −135◦ .
2. Convert from radians to degrees: π, −π/3, 2π/3, 0.
 Table of Contents
11 Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric functions
11 Definition of trigonometric functions
 Trigonometric Functions
11 Definition of trigonometric functions

Definition
For any angle θ, cos(θ) = x and sin(θ) = y where (x, y) is the
point to which (1, 0) is carried by a rotation of θ radians about
the origin.
 Trigonometric Functions
11 Definition of trigonometric functions

Example
1. At θ = 0, we have cos(0) = 1 and sin(0) = 0.
2. At θ = 2π, we have cos(2π) = 1 and sin(2π) = 0.
3. At θ = π/2, we have cos(π/2) = 0 and sin(π/2) = −1.
4. At θ = π, we have cos(π) = −1 and sin(π) = 0.
5. At θ = 3π/2, we have cos(3π/2) = 0 and sin(3π/2) = −1.
 Table of Contents
12 Special Angles
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
 Special Angles
12 Special Angles

Example
Use the special triangles to determine the following:
1. cos(π/6);
2. cos(π/3);
3. cos(0);
4. tan(π/4);
5. sin(π/3);
6. sin(π/6);
7. sin(π/2);
8. tan(π/2).
Special Angles
12 Special Angles
Special angles
12 Special Angles
Special angles
12 Special Angles
 Table of Contents
13 Trigonometric functions
▶ Quadratic Inequality and absolute value
▶ Functions
▶ Domain of definition
▶ Range
▶ Composition
▶ Polynomial and Rational function
▶ Exponents
▶ Piecewise defined functions
▶ How big is a circle?
▶ Generalities about Angles
▶ Definition of trigonometric functions
▶ Special Angles
▶ Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric functions
13 Trigonometric functions

h h x
csc(Φ) = sec(Φ) = cot(Φ) =
y x y
13 Trigonometric functions

Graph of cos.
Trigonometric functions
13 Trigonometric functions

Graph of sin.
 Trigonometry functions
13 Trigonometric functions

Definition
For any x ∈ (−∞, +∞),
sin(x)
tan(x) =
cos(x)
13 Trigonometric functions

Graph of tan
Trigonometric functions
13 Trigonometric functions

h h x
csc(Φ) = sec(Φ) = cot(Φ) =
y x y
 Trigonometric functions
13 Trigonometric functions

For all θ ∈ R,
cos(θ) ;
1. tan(θ) = sin(θ)
2. cot(θ) = sin(θ) ;
cos(θ)

3. sec(θ) = cos(θ) ;
1

4. csc(θ) = sin(θ) .
1