COURSE NAME

Computer Application in Business

COURSE CODE: MS3SE02

Course Faculty

Dr. Juned A Siddiqui

Department of Electronics Engineering

Medi-Caps University , Indore (M.P.)

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 Information

Lecture timing and place

Total number of lectures and credits : 2L and 2P 3Credits

Timings and days : Lecture :3.05-4.05 PM( Monday and Tuesday ) Q-210
Lab : 10.30-12.15 AM (Thursday ) Q207-208

Reference Books
1. Pradeep K. Sinha and Preeti Sinha, Foundation of Computing, , BPB, Publication.
2. Deepak Bharihoka, Fundaments of Information Technology, Excel Book, New Delhi
3. V. Rajaraman, Introduction to Information Technology, PHI. New Delhi
4. R. Hunt, J. Shelley, Computers and Commonsense, Prentice Hall of India New Delhi

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 Syllabus

UNIT- I
Basic Concepts: Characteristics of a Computer, Advantages of Computers, Limitation of Computers;
Types of Computers; Applications of computers, Hardware, Firmware, Livewire; Software; System
Software: Operating system, Translators, interpreter, compiler; Overview of operating system,
function of operating system; Basic linux commands, Application software: General Purpose
Packaged Software and tailor-made software.

UNIT- II
Internet: Meaning of Internet; Growth of internet, Owner of Internet, Anatomy of Internet, Net
Etiquette ; World Wide Web; Internet Protocols, Usage of Internet to society, Search Engines

UNIT- III
Word Processing: Introduction to word Processing; Word processing concepts, working with word
document, Opening an existing document/creating a new document; saving,
Selecting text, Editing text, Finding and replacing text, Formatting text, Bullets and numbering,
Tabs, Paragraph Formatting, Page Setup 3

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 UNIT- IV

Spreadsheet and its Business Applications: Spreadsheet concepts; Creating a work book,
saving a work book, editing a work book, inserting, deleting work sheets, entering data in a
cell, formula Copying, Moving data from selected cells, Handling operators in formulae:
Inserting Charts- LINE, PIE, BAR, Mathematical-ROUND ALL, SUM, SUMIF, COUNT, COUNTIF;
Statistical – AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, STDEV, FREQUENCY, INTERCEPT, SLOPE. Financial - PMT,
PPMT, IPMT; Logical - IF, AND, OR.

UNIT- V

Presentation Software & Practical applications: Creating a presentation; Editing, Sorting,

Layout, Set-up row, Rehears timing. Loan& Lease statement; Ratio Analysis, Graphical
Representation of data Payroll statements: Frequency distribution. Cumulative and
calculation of Means, Mode and Median, Regression.
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 Course Objectives and its Outcomes
Course Objectives
To develop students understanding about basics of Computer Applications

To make them learn internet and its application

To make the students understand about Word processing software and its importance
To make the students understand about Spreadsheet and its Business Applications

To familiarize the students about Presentation Software & Practical applications

Course Outcomes

Students will be able to understand the basics of Computer Applications

Students will be able to learn how internet works.

Ability to work with Word processing software like MS office word/Libreoffice writter and its Business Applications.

Ability to work with MS office Excel/Libreoffice calc and its Business Applications.

Ability to work with MS office power point/libreoffice impress and its Business Applications.
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 UNIT- I
Basic Concepts

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 Introduction to Computer

What is Computer ?
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or
logical operations automatically. Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic
sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a
wide range of tasks.
Or

A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and
processes it with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output. It
renders output just after performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the
output for future use. It can process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The
term "computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate.

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 Why we use computer?

Why we need Computer ?

• Efficiency
• Computers save time, labor and resources

• Accuracy

• Reliability
• Communication 9

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 Why computer so popular In this time

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 Difference between Human brain and Computer

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 Applications of computer

▪ Gaming − AI plays important role for machine to

think of large number of possible positions based on
deep knowledge in strategic games. for example,
chess,river crossing, N-queens problems and etc.

▪ Natural Language Processing − Interact with the

computer that understands natural language spoken
by humans.

▪ Expert Systems − Machine or software provide

explanation and advice to the users.

▪ Vision Systems − Systems understand, explain, and

describe visual input on the computer.
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 Statistical Methods,
Computational
Intelligence, Traditional
Coding AI, Search And
Mathematical
Optimization, Artificial
Neural Networks And
Methods Based On
Statistics, Probability,
And Economics, We Use
Many Tools

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 Applications of understanding search

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 Applications in analyzing documents

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 Applications in Healthcare

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 ▪ Speech Recognition − There are some AI based speech recognition
systems have ability to hear and express as sentences and understand
their meanings while a person talks to it. For example Siri and Google
assistant.

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 ▪ Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads
the text written on paper and recognize the shapes of the letters and
convert it into editable text.

▪ Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the instructions given by

a human.

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 Why we need Computer or information technology in Business ?

• Business Communication : live chat , online meeting , email

• Inventory Management :Track the quantity of each item

• CRM : System store every Interaction a company has with a customer

• Pay roll system : System use to pay employee salary quickly ,easily

• Data management

• Human Resource Management

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 Disadvantage of Using technology in Business

• Expensive
• Data Security

• Distraction : System failure

• Disconnects

• Electricity

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 Advantages of computer

▪ Minimal Human Intervention

AI-powered systems are the best-fit solutions in the environments, where

human life is more likely to be under risk. Few examples of such
scenarios are space exploration, defense operation like bomb defusing,
workplaces characterized by intense heat, Mineral mining etc.

▪ Faster and Accurate

The performance of well-trained AI enabled applications drastically

reduces the chance for human errors to creep in. These AI versions
proved to be faster at computationally-expensive tasks especially in the
field of scientific research and at time-consuming tasks. Most of the
routine, trivial and repetitive tasks can be automated with proper AI
drove technology to improve operational efficiencies. 32

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 Advantages of computer

Multitasking

Multitasking is one of the major advantage of computer. Person can perform multiple task, multiple
operation, calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform trillion of
instructions per second.

Speed
Now computer is not just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has very important role in
human life. One of the main advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to
complete their task in few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because of
its speed elsewise it takes a long time to perform the task.

Cost/ Stores huge amount of data

It is a low cost solution. Person can save huge data within a low budget. Centralized database of
storing information is the major advantage that can reduce cost.

Accuracy
One of the root advantage of computer is that can perform not only calculations but also with
accuracy.

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 Data Security
Protecting digital data is known as data security. Computer provide security from destructive
forces and from unwanted action from unauthorized users like cyber attack or access attack.

Connects on internet to get all things

The world of any information, data, any problem, to know any celebrities, news, get games, software,
online shopping and other thing just you have to know search internet a Computer. Connecting a
computer to internet is what unlocks the power of the Desktop. Just connected to a computer your
choices and available options are almost limitless, and more benefits listed on this page are a PC that is
linked to the Internet.

In the medical field

In the medical field, robots are used to perform key-hole surgery on patients. This means the person is
less open to infection, a quicker recovery time and hospital bed management systems have a leaner
system in place (patient is less days in hospital).

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 Advantages of computer

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 What are the Limitations of a Computer?

The computer is capable of performing many types of tasks in every field, but the computer is
unable to perform certain types of tasks, which we call computer limitations.
Let us understand the limitation of computer system with an Example.
Although a computer is many times ahead of humans in working, but there are some tasks where
humans are better than computers.
By the way, you should know that the computer cannot function without human instructions, the
computer is completely dependent on us.
Like humans, our computers do not have the ability to think, and neither have the knowledge to
understand right and wrong.
There are some main limitations of computer system are given below:-
•Lack of common-sense
•Zero IQ
•No Feeling
•Computers can’t Decide
•Computers can’t Express their Ideas
•Computers can’t Implement
•Computers can’t Think
•Depend on the user input.

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 Lack of common-sense

Common sense is also the main limitations of the computer, as you all would know that a computer
works on the instructions of humans.
A computer is designed in such a way that it works only on logic and not on common sense.
Let us understand this with an example.
You must have used Microsoft Word, Whenever you type something in Microsoft Word, sometimes
some word gets mistyped while typing, then you must have seen that the red underline comes down
under that word, it means that the word is wrong.
The computer tells us that the word is wrong, but the computer has no common sense to correct that
word.
Zero IQ
Zero IQ is also one of the major limitations of computers. Zero IQ means that the computer does not
have brains. Simply say that, computer systems do not have the ability to think and understand. A zero
IQ in a computer means that the computer is programmed, or is designed based on the work it is
already to do. If a particular type of task is to be performed by a computer that is not already
programmed in the computer system, then the computer cannot perform that task. You all will know
that computer is also known as dump machine. The more the computer is instructed, the computer
performs that work.
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 No Feeling

Any emotion is not one of the limitations of computers. We are not computers like humans. A human
can work only eight hours in a day, but the computer can work continuously for several hours. A
computer can work continuously from 24 hours to 48 hours or continuously for several days. No matter
how long the computer system works, it does not affect the speed of computer work nor does the
computer ever feel tired.
Depend on the user input

The computer always depends on the user. Without human instruction, computers cannot do any work.
Because until the computer gets no input then how will the computer give the output.
Computers can’t Decide

Like us humans, computers do not have the ability to make decisions. In these cases, human is ahead of
computer.
Computer systems only work in logic, not in judgment.
Let us understand this with an example.
2 + 2 means that we understand that two numbers have to be added, but the computer does not decide what to
do with these two numbers.
2 + 2 = By writing this number, the computer thinks that these two numbers have to be added.
Example 2
I have written some names before you. Like - Avinash, Jhon, Simran, Ava, Sophia.
We know whose boy's name is in this and which name is of the girl, but the computer does not know which
name is of the boy and which name is of the girl.
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 Computers can’t Express their Ideas

One research revealed that computers cannot express their ideas. Because a computer
is a machine and a machine can never be Express their Ideas. Because computers only
work on the instruction of humans. It is also one of the limitations of computers.

Computers can’t Implement

It is also a major part of the Computer of Limitations. Computers never implement anything because
computers are unable to do so.

Let's understand this for example.

When you type something on the computer, then you must have noticed that some red line comes
down under some word, it means that the word is wrong. As soon as you click on that word, there is
an option to correct that word and that word becomes correct. This means that the computer is
unable to implement the wrong word and correct it.

Computers can’t Think

Computers can never think because a computer is a machine.

The machine never does any work by itself, unless it is given an instruction.
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 Characteristics (Features) of Computer

The main characteristics or features of computer are listed as

under. They are:
▪ Speed
▪ Accuracy (Perfect ness)
▪ Diligence
▪ Versatility
▪ Power of Remembering
▪ No I Q
▪ No feelings
▪ Storage
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 Speed
The computer is a fast device; it can perform a task in a few seconds that a human
being does in an entire year. Powerful computers can capable of performing about
3 to 4 billion simple arithmetic operations per second.

Accuracy
The accuracy is one of the most important features in computer. Accuracy
means the computer is always perfect in his work and he never makes mistakes.

Diligence
Unlike human beings, the computer is free from monotony tiredness like lack of
concentration. Hence, the computer can work for many hours without creating
any error and without grumbling.

Versatility
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things in computer. It can do multiple jobs at a
time. One moment it helps the user to take hard copy the same time it supports the
same user to browse the internet and the same user can play the game
for entertainment.

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 Power of Remembering
In computer, we can store any type and any amount of information and we
can retrieve the same information after the several years because of its
storage capability. Therefore, the remembrance capacity of computer is so high.

No I Q (Intelligence Quotient)
The computer I Q is a big zero because it cannot think like human beings and it
cannot take decision. It cannot find any error in a data and it cannot correct such
errors.

No Feelings
The computer is not having any feelings like human beings because it is a
machine. It will do the task, what the user commands to it.

Storage
By default, the user data in a computer stores in secondary storage device (hard
disk). We can store any amount of data based on the storage device capacity

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

• The computers can be classified under the following basis. They

are:
• Classification according to their size 4 types of computer
– Mainframe Computer
– Mini Computer
– Micro Computer
– Super Computer
• Classification according to their Work 3 types of computer
– Analog Computer
– Digital Computer
– Hybrid Computer
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 Mainframe computer

Another giant in computers after the super computer is Mainframe, which can also process
millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of data. This computer is
commonly used in big hospitals, airline reservations companies, and many other huge
companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis.

Minicomputer
This computer is next in his line but less offers less than mainframe in work and
performance. These are the computers, which are mostly preferred by the small
type of business personals, colleges, etc.

Personal Computer
Almost all the computer users are familiar with the personal computers. They normally know
what the personal computer is and what its functions are. This is the computer mostly
preferred by the home users. These computers are lesser in cost than the computers given
above and also, small in size; they are also called PCs in short for Personal computers. This
computer is small and you can easily arrange it to fit in your single bedroom with its all
accommodation. Today this is thought to be the most popular computer in all.

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 Notebook computers
Having a small size and low weight the notebook is easy to carry to anywhere. A
student can take it with him/her to his/her school in his/her bag with his/her book.
This is easy to carry around and preferred by students and business people to meet
their assignments and other necessary tasks. The approach of this computer is also the
same as the Personal computer. It can store the same amount of data and having a
memory of the same size as that of a personal computer. One can say that it is the
replacement of personal desktop computer.

Super computer
The biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and
known as super computer. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. This
computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college.
Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculations
and heavy jobs. Different industries also use this huge computer for designing their
products. In most of the Hollywood’s movies, it is used for animation purposes. This
kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide.

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 Analogue Computer

Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is

continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can
say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact values always such
as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first
converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in
physical quantity and generally render output as a reading on a dial or
scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

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 Digital Computer
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high
speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1)
and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All
modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home
or office are digital computers.
Hybrid Computer
Hybrid computer has features of both analogue
and digital computer. It is fast like an
analogue computer and has memory and accuracy
like digital computers. It can process both
continuous and discrete data. It accepts analogue
signals and convert them into digital form before
processing. So, it is widely used in specialized
applications where both analogue and digital data
is processed. For example, a processor is used in
petrol pumps that converts the measurements of
fuel flow into quantity and price. Similarly, they are
used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific Hybrid Computer
applications.
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 Software & Hardware?

• Computer Instructions or data, anything that can be stored electronically

is Software.

• Hardware is one that is tangible. The storage devices (Hard disk, CD’s
etc.,), mouse, keyboard CPU and display devices (Monitor) are Hardware.

For example: There is a problem in the Software implies – Problem with

program or data

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 Components/Elements of Computer

• Hardware
– Input Device
– Output Device
– CPU (Center Processing Unit)
• CU(Control Unit)
• ALU(Arithmetic logic unit)
– Storage (Memory)
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
• Software
– Application Software
– System Software
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 Hardware

• Input Device
•Keyboard
•Mouse
•Joy Stick
•Light pen
•Track Ball
•Scanner
•Graphic Tablet
•Microphone
•Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
•Optical Character Reader(OCR)
•Bar Code Reader
•Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
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 Hardware

• Out Put Device

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 Hardware

• Memory
– Primary
• RAM :Random Access Memory or RAM refers to the volatile memory of a
computer. It is referred to as the main memory of the computer. RAM is one of
the main parts of a computer and it stores the application programs, operating
system, and the data that is currently used. It takes a shorter time to read data
from RAM and to write data in it. Therefore, the processor of a computer can
access the data stored in the Random Access Memory, in a short time.

• ROM : ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can
only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The
information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A
ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This
operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the
computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and
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 ROM
RAM

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 Hardware

• Memory
– Secondary
• The secondary storage devices which are built into the computer or
connected to the computer are known as a secondary memory of the
computer. It is also known as external memory or auxiliary storage.
• The secondary memory is accessed indirectly via input/output
operations. It is non-volatile, so permanently stores the data even when
the computer is turned off or until this data is overwritten or deleted.
The CPU can't directly access the secondary memory. First, the
secondary memory data is transferred to primary memory then the CPU
can access it.
• Example : Hard disk , SSD (Solid State Drive), Pen drive, Secure Digital
Card(SD Card), Compact Disk (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD)
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 Hardware

• CPU
• A Central Processing Unit is also called a processor, central processor, or
microprocessor. It carries out all the important functions of a computer. It
receives instructions from both the hardware and active software and
produces output accordingly. It stores all important programs like operating
systems and application software. CPU also helps Input and output devices
to communicate with each other. Owing to these features of CPU, it is often
referred to as the brain of the computer. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
consists of the following features −
– CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
– CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
– It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
– It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
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 Hardware

• CPU itself has following three components.

– Memory or Storage Unit
– Control Unit
– ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

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 Control Unit: It is the circuitry in the control unit, which makes use of electrical signals
to instruct the computer system for executing already stored instructions. It takes
instructions from memory and then decodes and executes these instructions. So, it
controls and coordinates the functioning of all parts of the computer. The Control
Unit's main task is to maintain and regulate the flow of information across the
processor. It does not take part in processing and storing data.
ALU: It is the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logical functions. Arithmetic
functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication division, and comparisons. Logical functions
mainly include selecting, comparing, and merging the data. A CPU may contain more than one ALU.
Furthermore, ALUs can be used for maintaining timers that help run the computer.

Memory or Storage Unit/ Registers: It is called Random access memory (RAM). It temporarily
stores data, programs, and intermediate and final results of processing. So, it acts as a temporary
storage area that holds the data temporarily, which is used to run the computer.

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 Software Concepts

• The Software refers to the set of instructions fed in form of programs

for functioning together to do a task.
• For example, a word-processing software enables the user to create,
edit and save documents. Or A web browser enables the user to view
and share web pages and multimedia files or The antivirus that we use
to protect our computer system.
• These instructions are written in a computer language that a computer
understands.
• It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a
computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run on a device. It can be
thought of as the variable part of a computer, while hardware is the
invariable part.
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 Types of the Software

• Depending on its use and area of

implementation, Software can be divided into
2 major types:
– System Software
• Utility Software
– Application Software
• System Software
– system software is a set of programs that
handles all the basic internal working of a
computer. Moreover, it executes and
controls all the working of different
peripheral devices and other basic tasks
and software. Examples of system
software are operating systems like
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Microsoft Windows, Android, Linux, etc.
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 Features of System Software

There is a list of some important features of System Software:

•It is very difficult to design system software.
•System software is responsible to directly connect the
computer with hardware that enables the computer to run.
•Difficulties in manipulation.
•It is smaller in size.
•System Software is difficult to understand.
•It is usually written in a low-level language.
•It must be as efficient as possible for the smooth functioning
of the computer system.

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 • System software acts as interface between hardware and user
applications. An interface is needed because hardware devices
or machines and humans speak in different languages.

• The system software can be called the main or the alpha

software of a computer system as it handles the major portion
of running a hardware.

• This System Software can be further divided into 5 major types:

1. The Operating System
2. The Language Processor
3. The Device Drivers
4. The BIOS (Firmware software)
5. Utility software

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 1. Operating System
An operating system is system software that controls the working
of computer hardware and software. Moreover, it acts as a common
connection between the computer hardware and software. In other words, we
can also call it an interface between the hardware and the users. In addition to
this, it keeps the records of all other software. Examples of operating systems
are Microsoft Windows, Android, Linux, Apple iOS, Apple macOS.
Some important tasks performed by the operating system are:
1. Scheduling
It schedules the priority of each process using scheduling algorithms. It helps the CPU to
decide which process will be executed first.
2. Memory Management
The operating system keeps a record of the primary memory. Moreover, when any process
requires the memory, its allocation, and deallocation of the memory.
3. File Management
Besides memory, it also performs the function of allocating and deallocating the resources.
4. Security
Protects data and other software from unauthorized access through authentication.
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 Functions of Operating System(OS):
• Main functions of the operating system are as follows:
o Memory Management
o Process Management
o Device Management
o File Management
o Protection and Security
o User interface or Command interpreter

Memory Management:

• The activities of memory management handled by OS are:

o Allocate memory
o Free Memory
o Re-allocate memory to a program when a used block is freed
o Keep track of memory usage.

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 Process Management:
• The activities of process management handled by OS are:
o Control access to shared resources like file, memory I/O and CPU
o Control execution of applications
o Create, execute and delete a process
o Cancel or resume a process
o Schedule a process
o Synchronization, communication and deadlock handling for process

Device Management:
• The activities of device management task handled by OS are:
o Open, close and write device drivers.
o Communication, control and monitor the device drivers.
File Management:
• The activities of file management task handled by OS are:
o Create and delete both files and directories
o Provide access to files
o Allocate space for files
o Keep back-up of files
o Secure files
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 Protection and Security:

• OS protects the resource of system.

• User authentication, file attributes like read, write, encryption and back-up of data are
used by OS to provide basic protection.

User Interface or Command Interpreter:

• OS provides an interface between the user and the computer hardware.

• The user interface is a set of commands or a Graphical User Interface via which the user
interacts with the application and the hardware.

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 Introduction to Computer Languages
• Programming Language is a set of rules called syntax which user has to
follow, to instruct the
computer what operation are to be performed.
• Computer language are classified into two categories:
o Low-Level Languages
▪ Machine level languages
▪ Assembly languages
o High-Level Languages
▪ General Purpose languages (Ex: BASIC, PASCAL, C)
▪ Specific purpose languages (Ex: COBOL, FORTAN, C++)
➢ Machine Level Language
• Machine level language is the fundamental language of a computer.
• It is written using binary numbers i.e. 0’s and 1’s.
• A program written in the machine level language is called Machine code.
• The instructions provided in machine language are directly understood by the
computer and
converted into electrical signals to run the computer

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 For example a typical program in machine language to add two numbers:

An instruction given in the machine language has two parts:

o OPCODE (Operation Code)
o Operand (Address/ Location)
• The first 4-bit represents Opcode denoting operation such as load, move, store etc.
• The last 8-bit represents the operand denoting the address.
• Advantages: It can be directly typed and executed and no compilation or translation is
requires.
• Disadvantage: These instructions are machine dependent and it is difficult to program,
modify
and debug errors.

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 Assembly Level Language:
• Assembly level language is a low-level programming language that allows a user to
write
programs using letters, words and symbols called mnemonics, instead of the binary
digits used in
machine level languages.
• A program written in the assembly level language is called Assembly code.
• For example a typical program in assembly language to add two numbers:

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 However a program in assembly language has to be converted to its equivalent machine
language to be excuted on computer.
• The translator program that converts an assembly code into machine code is called an
assembler.
• Advantages: Mnemonic code are easy to remember, easy to understand, easy to
modify and
debug.
• Disadvantage: These languages are the mnemonic are machine dependent and
assembly language programming takes longer to code.
High-level Languages
• A language designed to make programming easier through the use of familiar English words and
symbols.
• High-level languages used English like language, which are easier to learn and use.
• High-level languages are machine independent. Therefore, a program written for one computer can
be executed on different computers with no or only slight modifications.
• Some of the high-level languages are C, C++, JAVA, FORTRAN, QBASIC, and PASCAL.
• For example a typical program in high level language to add two numbers: c = a + b;
• However a program in high-level language has to be converted to its equivalent machine language
to be excuted on computer.
• The translator program that converts an high level code into machine code is called an compiler.

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 Advantage:
o HLL’s are machine independent.
o Easy to learn and understand.
o Easy to modify and debug the program.
• Disadvantage:
o HLL is slower in execution.
o HLL requires a compiler to convert source code to object code.
o HLL take more time to execute and require more memory

Language Translators
• The translator translates the high-level language to low level language.
• There are three types of translators: Compilers, Interpreters, and Assemblers.

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 Language translators

▪ Programming language translators are programs that

convert code written in one programming language into another
programming language.

▪ This translator can be helpful when you want to take code written in
one language and run it on a machine that only understands
another language.

▪ It converts code from an older language into a newer one, making it

easier to keep your code up-to-date.

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 •Translators provide diagnostic reports whenever the code rules don't meet
the criteria.
•It helps to create a list of the program's source code and its detail.
•It helps to allocate the data.
•Translators help to detect syntax errors which help developers to make
necessary changes easily

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 Assembler:
• Assembler is system software which translates an assembly language program into
its machine language.
• It recognizes the mnemonics used in the assembly level languages and substitutes
the required machine code for each instruction.

Example: TASM (Turbo Assembler), MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler) etc.

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 Compilers:
• Compiler is system software that translates high-level language (source code) into the
machine level language (machine/object code).
• It reads the whole program and translates the entire program at once into a series of
machine level language instructions.
• Once compiled, the program normally gets saved automatically and can be executed
directly.
• Examples: C, C++.

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 Compiler: A compiler is a program that reads a
program in one language – the source language and
translates into an equivalent program in another
language – the target language.

Source Target Languages

Languages
‘C’ language ‘C’ language
‘Pascal’ language Machine language
FORTRAN language
C++ language
ADA language

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 Interpreters:
• An Interpreter reads once a statement of a high-level language program at a time and
translates it into machine level language and executes it immediately.
• It continues to read, translate and execute the statements one by one until it reaches the
end of the program.
• Therefore, it is slower than a compiler.
• The machine code produced by the interpreter is not saved and hence, to execute a
statement again, it has to be interpreted again.
• Example: BASIC, PROLOG
Linker and Loader:
• A source program written in high-level languages may contain a number of modules or segments.
To execute properly the modules are to be linked so that execution of the program is sequential.
• This operation is performed by software called as the linker.
• A linker is system software that links (combines) smaller programs to form a single
program.
Once an executable program is generated someone will have to load the program into the main
memory of the computer so that it can be executed.
• This operation is performed by software called as the loader.
• A loader is system software that loads machine code of a program into the system memory
and prepares these programs for execution.
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 Linker: A linker is special program that combines the object files, generated by
compiler/assembler and other pieces of code to originate an executable file has .exe
extension. In the object file, linker searches and append all libraries needed for
execution of file.
Loader: It is special program that takes input of executable files from linker, loads it to main
memory, and prepares this code for execution by computer. Loader allocates memory space to
program.

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 Firmware Software
▪ These are the operational software installed on the computer motherboards that help
the operating system to identify the Flash, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and memory chips.

▪ However, the primary function of any firmware software is to manage and control all
activities of individual devices. Initially, it uses non-volatile chips for installation
purposes, but later it gets installed on the flash chips.

▪ Firmware is a software program on the hardware device, which perform functions like
basic input/output tasks and offers necessary instructions for the device to
communicate with other computing devices.

▪ It is a set of instructions programmed that is permanently etched into a hardware

device like video cards, BIOS, keyboards, or hard drives.

▪ Without using special programs, it cannot be modifying or deleted by an end-user,

unlike normal software.

▪ And it remains on that device whether it is on or off. But firmware is typically stored in
the flash ROM, which is actually a kind of flash memory and allows users to erase and
rewrite information.
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 Application Software:

Application Software
• Applications software is capable of dealing with user inputs and helps the
user to
complete the task.
• It is also called end-user programs or only an app.
• It resides above system software.
• First user deal with system software after that he/she deals with application
software.
• The end user uses applications software for a specific purpose. It
programmed for
simple as well as complex tasks.
• It either be installed or access online. It can be a single program or a group
of small
programs that referred to as an application suite.
• Some examples of Application Software are Word processing software,
Spreadsheets Software, Presentation, Graphics, CAD/CAM, Sending email etc.

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 Application Software:
Word Processors:
Word processing is a tool that helps user in creating, editing,
and printing documents. Word processors will normally have
the following capabilities built into them:
» Spell checking
» Standard layouts for normal documents
» Have some characters appear in bold print,
italics, or underlined
» Center lines, make text line up on the left side
of the paper, or the right side of the paper
» Save the document so it can be used again
» print the document.

Examples: WordPerfect and Microsoft Word

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 Application Software

Spreadsheets: The spreadsheet packages are designed to use

numbers and formulas to do calculations with ease. Examples of
spreadsheets include:
» Budgets
» Payrolls
» Grade Calculations
» Address Lists
The most commonly used spreadsheet programs are Microsoft Excel and
Lotus 123.

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 Application Software

Graphic Presentations: The presentation programs can make

giving presentations and using overheads easier. Other uses include:
» Slide Shows
» Repeating Computer Presentations on a computer monitor
» Using Sound and animation in slide shows

The most recognized graphic presentation programs are Microsoft

PowerPoint and Harvard Graphics.

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 Application Software

Database Management System (DBMS):

• A DBMS is a software tool that allows multiple users to store, access, and
process data into useful information.
• Database programs are designed for these types of applications:
» Membership lists
» Student lists
» Grade reports
» Instructor schedules
All of these have to be maintained so you can find what you need quickly
and accurately.

• Example:Microsoft Access, dBASE, Oracle.

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 Basic Command of Linux

• Linux is an entire family of open-source Unix operating systems, that

are based on the Linux Kernel. This includes all of the most popular
Linux based systems like Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint, Debian, and others.
More accurately, they’re called distributions or distros.
Since Linux was first released in 1991, it has continued to gain
popularity due to its open-source nature. People can freely modify
and redistribute it under their own name.

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 Basic Command of Linux

• ls - The most frequently used command in Linux to list directories

• pwd - Print working directory command in Linux
• cd - Linux command to navigate through directories
• mkdir - Command used to create directories in Linux
• mv - Move or rename files in Linux
• cp - Similar usage as mv but for copying files in Linux
• rm - Delete files or directories
• touch - Create blank/empty files
• ln - Create symbolic links (shortcuts) to other files
• cat - Display file contents on the terminal
• clear - Clear the terminal display
• echo - Print any text that follows the command
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 Basic Command of Linux

• less - Linux command to display paged outputs in the terminal

• man - Access manual pages for all Linux commands
• uname - Linux command to get basic information about the OS
• whoami - Get the active username
• tar - Command to extract and compress files in Linux
• grep - Search for a string within an output
• head - Return the specified number of lines from the top
• tail - Return the specified number of lines from the bottom
• diff - Find the difference between two files
• cmp - Allows you to check if two files are identical
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 Basic Command of Linux

• comm - Combines the functionality of diff and cmp

• sort - Linux command to sort the content of a file while outputting
• export - Export environment variables in Linux
• zip - Zip files in Linux
• unzip - Unzip files in Linux
• ssh - Secure Shell command in Linux
• service - Linux command to start and stop services
• ps - Display active processes
• kill and killall - Kill active processes by process ID or name
• df - Display disk filesystem information
• mount - Mount file systems in Linux
• chmod - Command to change file permissions
• chown - Command for granting ownership of files or folders
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 Basic Command of Linux

• ifconfig - Display network interfaces and IP addresses

• traceroute - Trace all the network hops to reach the destination
• wget - Direct download files from the internet
• ufw - Firewall command
• iptables - Base firewall for all other firewall utilities to interface with
• apt, pacman, yum, rpm - Package managers depending on the distro
• sudo - Command to escalate privileges in Linux
• cal - View a command-line calendar
• alias - Create custom shortcuts for your regularly used commands
• dd - Majorly used for creating bootable USB sticks
• whereis - Locate the binary, source, and manual pages for a command
• whatis - Find what a command is used for
• top - View active processes live with their system usage
• useradd and usermod - Add new user or change existing users data
• passwd - Create or update passwords for existing users
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 Quiz –I/ Assignment-1

Q1. What do you understand by Software ? Explain it features .

Q2. Compare system software with application software with example.
Q3. Draw the Basic Computer Architecture and explain each component
with example?
Q4 Give two examples of super computer ,mainframe computer ,mini
computer?
Q5 Compare Analog and digital computer (at least 4 Points)?
Q6. Explain any four Characteristics (Features) of Computer?
Q7 What is the difference between following
1.Linker And Loader
2.Compiler And Assembler
Q8.Write any 5 commands with explanation used in Linux?
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