INTEGRATION AND SOME

APPLICATIONS
Emmanuel M. Lagare

It has been the traditional view, albeit inaccurate, that differential

calculus and integral calculus be treated separately. With such a
perspective, teachers lose the pedagogical advantage of viewing these two
facets of the calculus like two sides of the same coin and exploiting the
Synergy of both.
This intimate connection between derivatives and integrals was first
discovered by Newton and Leibnitz and has formed the linchpin in the
development of physics. It has also played amajor role in the application
of calculus to the real world.
The lecture will substantively cover only single integrals although
multiple (particularly double) integrals will be briefly touched. The focus
will be the concept of the sum and the role it plays in the application of
integration.
Proofs will be generally omitted in these notes due to space
limitations. However, you can find the proofsin the texts mentioned in the
bibliography or any good calculus text which are now increasingly
available in local reprints at the bookstores. The assumption throughout is
that other concepts with bearingon integration have been discussed orwill
be discussed by other speakers.
Partitions and integration. The concept of partitions or divisions
play a chief role in the development of the theory of integration.
Depending on the specifications of partitions, we arrive at a different
integral. What we shall be discussing will be partitions which will give
rise to the Riemann integral.

3.1 DEFINITION. A partition Dof [a,b] is a collection of points

i'o.y). . .Vni such that a =yo <y<"<y, =b. The norm |D| of
the partition D is the largest of the differences(y, -}), i=1,2,.. n.
 THE MINDANAO FORUM

3.2 EXAMPLE. Let a=1, b= 4. One such partition is

D: a=|<12<1.5<1.8 <2.1 <2.5 <3.0 <3.4 3.6<3.8<4 -h
F'or this partition, the nornm is |D| = 3.0 -2.5 = 0.5. #

The next definition ives the requirements for a function f to be

Riemann integrable. This definition was given by Ricmann. An equivalent
detinition was given by Darboux.
3.3 DEFINITION. Let f be a function with domain the interval of real
numbers |a,b\, and range which is a subset of the real numbers. We say
that fis integrable on |lab< if we can find a number / with the property that
given &>0 there exists a >0 such that whenever adivision D
satisties tlheconditions that |D| <6 and x; is in [y,-). fori= 1.2.
... n, we have

1Xy;
i=l
- V-)-1| <t.
We say that / is the (Riemann) integral or definite (Riemann) integral of
fover [a,b]. This value is denoted byf(x)d . In some sense. the value
of I is given by
n

= lim

When fx) > 0, each term in the above summation is the area of the
rectangle of width y, - y,- and length fx;). As D’ 0 the widths
become smaller and smaller and the sum of the rectangles better and better
approximates the area under the curveof (x;) from ato b.

3.4 ExAMPLE. Let fx) =2x and D as given ab0ve. Choosing the
x}'s as follows:

x =1.2, x, = 1.3, X = 1.7, x, = 2.0, x; =2.3, xh = 2.8, X, =3.2, x = )

Xy =3.7, X10 = 3.9,

56
 f(2.0)(0.3) on is of as courses.
where thepre
F
defined integralion
class obtaining
that the
+t cases
f(3.5)(0.2) say the calculus also
+
f(1.7)X0.3) functions
we is in
fact, However, by (see
functions
Then in shown
+ In enphasized definition
X0.4) real-valued
+
f(1.2)\0.2)+f(L3)X0.3) la,b]. functions. be
EMMANUEL
M.
L.AGARE integrableperformed.
easier.
f(3.2 can
e the
x formulas
f(3.9)(0.2) twoall
+ +f(3.7)(0.2)
+ somealwaysmuch
+(2.8X0.5) using 57
be for Riemann be C.+
n#-i
f made
of beenalways following
side
Fandf(x)(a,b]. derivatives tC
COSX
=
+f(2.3)(0.4) has is right-hand
in of computation
cannot
Zay,
-y,-)= Let = class differentiation +C e+C
f
F(x) The n+1
of
DEFINITION, =+C
dx
(a)
Oneare process THEOREM. n
edx dáx
antiderivative theceding =
then
have
we 15.12.
=
that which
REMARK. done, of
remark). r"d
(b) =
dx fsin
such inverse derivative
lo
10
3.5 functions
inversebe 3.6 (c) (d) (e)
=|
a.b] The
can
the
it
 Gr) antiderivativetron
then obtained
f
of
antiderivatives be
the
that can
f
fact of
FORUM
MINDANAO antiderivative
the
both #
x+C,+C, use function.
C, are constant.
and needed. 58
+C.
C,
C.
+ tan xcot x+C.x+C, a>0,
-+C, C.
+
xarcsin andG F any
THE
xtC C +
x
x
-csc
+ - + x
arcsec - constant as
C
x+ + sec x x lcos sin
lsec csC x
arctan
any G thatC
x IfF Differentiate constant
-sin tan
=-cot= = In In In
-n (9)Jdt
= = is says
= = = = a
dx dx aIn dx C a
= = is
(g)= (esc'x
dsec'x dr
(h) x x dx dx dt dk fa'ár dx THEOREM.
3.7 where functiontheorem
x (0)
cosrdx cot the
x x x
tan
x x sec csc tan cot 1
+CProof.
choosing
(k) (i) (m) (n) zero
the This
() F(x)
=
by
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

From Definition 3.3. we can see immediate applications of the

definite integral which will be discussed later.

3.8THEOREM. If Fis the antiderivative off, then

F(a), i.e., the integral offover [a,b] is F(b)- F(a).
Proof Fis continuous for each xe [ab] since F is the antideri
vative of f. By the Mean Value Theorem, F(y,)- F(y-)=
fx,; -y-) for some x; in y-.]. The conclusipn follows from this
observation. #

3.9THEOREM. If g is a differentiable function on [a,b], then

-+C.
n+]

3.10 DEFINITION. Iff is integrable on [a, b], then we define

Simple properties of the integral. Viewing the definite integral as an

area gives a meaningful interpretation of the following theorems.

3.11 THEOREM. If f is integrable on [a,b], then

=0

for all c in [a,b].

3.12 THEOREM. Iff is integrable on the intervals [a,c], and lc.b]
where a <c<b, then fis integrable on [a,b]and

59
 and then in
and
[a.bl is
constant. g
|a,c] f+
intervals then
interval
anv
Ja.b),
thethe is
k
on on and on
FORUM
MINDANAO
THE integrable
integrable integrable
b]
|a,
on
r=1/2 3 integrable [(x+2*)dr
ExAMPLE.
3.14.1 # (60
3/ is also are 4
8
f fis g
and
+3 -0)+ If then is and
=0
3
COROLLARY. Iff[a,b] f
f
2 <e<b, THEOREM.
nd
EXAMPLE.
3.12.1 8
THEOREM. 3
3 on la.b]
3
integrable
a
where
3.12.2 on
3.13 3.14tegrable
lc.b\, ix
kf
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

3.15 THEOREM. Iff and gare integrable on [a,b] and if fx) gx),
then

3.16 THEOREM. Iffis integrable on [a,b] and m s f(x)s M for all

r in (a.b], then

m(b -a) s fx)dx s M(b -a).

3.17 THEOREM. If the function f is continuous on the interval a,b],

lhere exists a numnber c e [a,b\ such that

3.17.1 EXAMPLE. Let f be the function f(x) =x, with a=0 and b
=2. Then

2/3
- , C=
3 and f(cXb-a) =(X2 -0) = 3

The succeeding two theorems show the link between the integral and
the derivative. Their names suggest the importance of the ideas presented.

3. 18 THEOREM. (FIRST FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS). Let

the function f be continuous on the interval a,b] and let x be any
number in [a,b]. If F is the finction defined by

lhenF'(x) =*) for all x e (a, b|.

61
 THE MINDANAO FORUM

3.19 THEOREM. (SEcOND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS).

Ler the function fbe continuous on the interval la.b] and ler g be a
fnction such that g()=) for all N e la.b]. Then
=g(b) S(a).

3.20 DEFINITION. A partition D: a='o < < <V, =b of

[a.b] is said to be regular if the subintervals ;.N;-| are of equal
lengths for all i =1,2..... n.

3.21 THEOREM. lf the function f is contimuous on the closed interval

la.b] and the mumbers a = xo <X<.. <X, =h form a regular partition
of la.b]. then

2n

Integration techniques. We shall look at some of the most useful

techniques for evaluating integrals.
(1) INTEGRATION BY PARTS. Under certain integrability conditions.
e.g., continuity of the derivatives f" and g'. the following formula holds:

=f(x)g(r)- g(x)f"(*)dr.

EXAMPLE. Integrate r
Solution. Let fr) = and gx)dx = xe dx, then f'(x)dx = 2xdx and
(r) = Hence,

[redr =x? -

2xdx

2
- fe',xdr
62
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

2 -e-e +C. #
2

EXAMPLE. Integrate xedx.

Solution. Let fx) = x and g'(*)dt = e du, then f'(x)d = 2rdk and
g()= e. Hence,

(xedr = xe-2|xe*d +C'.

Now let f(r) =x and g'(x)dr = eds, then f(x)dk = de and g(x) = e.
Hence,

Jxe dt =xe*- edr =xe* -e* +C" and

xe'd =xe'-2[xe'dx +C
= xe-2(xe* -e +C") +C'
= xe*- 2xe* - 2e* +C, where C = C'+ 2C". #

EXAMPLE. Integrate ecosx dr.

Solution. Let fx)= e and g(r)dx cos x dx, then f(r)dx = ex and
g(<) = sin x. Thus,

e`cos xdx = e*sinx- esin x d +C'.

Now let f(x)= e and g'(x)d =sin x dx then f"(x)dx = e*dx and g(x)
cos x. Hence,

e'sin x dx = -e'cos x + e*cos x dr + C" and

Jecos xdx =e*sin x- e*sin x dr + C'

63
 THE MINDANAO FORUM

=e'sin x- (-e'cos x+ e'cos x dx +C") +c:

Therefore.

2cosx dx = esin x + ecos x +C, where C = C'-C" #

(2) TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS. Integration by trigonometric

substitution is based on the Pythagorean identities.There are three types:

du
u>0. Let u = a sin . Then du = a cos d and
Vu'-?
Na-u = acos .

r(3sin )»cos d
EXAMPLE.
V9-? 3cos

-sin 20) + C

2
(aresin (")-9-u')+C, #
3

du 0 and
u> 0. Let u = atan . Then du = a sec
Va+u?

du
EXAMPLE. 2sec 0

64
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE
=
sec Ode
= In sec + tan e| + C

= In
v4+? +
+C. #
2 2

du
a> 0. Let u= asec , Then du =sec 0 tan 0 d0
Vu-2
andyu-a? =a tan .

du -5sec tan 0 d
EXAMPLE.
-25 5tan 9

=
Jsec d9
= In sec +tan +C

In
u+ Vu-25 +C. #
5

(3) PARTIAL FRACTIONS. This method is based on the fact that a

P(u)
rational function of the form can be expressed as a sum of simple
gu)
partial fractions.
For instance, suppose Q(u) is a product of nonrepeating linear factors.
Let Q(u) = L(u)L,(u), where L,(u) and L>(u) are linear. Then for some
4, Be R.

65
 numerators i.e., num whereA,b
=-3) factors,
real numbers
L(u)M(u),
3A exist
B- the linear real
du of there
J)(u-3)) and coefficients
nonrepeating = exist
=5, then, O(u)
B there
FORUM
MINDANAO
THE B LL(u),
(4+ say,
the#
u-3+C. of
then,
du integral. factor,
quadratic., du.
A
du (B-34) equating product
= du. 66
du B(u+1)
+
-3) (u-3)J
(u+l)(u-3) (u)
Lz(u)) du= (u+1)(u-3) fourth quadratic Bu+C
M(u)
u+1|+3ln
by ais L B
B EXAMPLE.
Ju+)(u-3) + where
is
5u-3 B)u
-a obtained
the O(u) M(u) L(u)
(A+ 2 and If (u),that. A a
2ln hasand
is integral(1) L(u)l,
such
= integral REMARKS. Q(u)linear
Csuch
and
that,
B
cP(u) çP(u)
P(u) first = and If
last Q(u) A (2)is
r the L(u)
The bers
in if
 the andy the origin planeA(x),
planes is
whose to proportion
curve by base perpendicular
of of
b|
the the given
between
applicationsa, the A by basethe
on area through of givenis of andhave
by area V, square
side
continuous
the S? ratio
we
bounded lies is S,
Then passing the theof drawn base
some S If x of a
withIf volume
Using
volume
EMMANUEL
M.
LAGARE andx=b.
be region
thatb. at origin. S the
line x-axis pyramid of square.and
consider =
(9-I)=4.
# such
and the section
f theThen the altitude
the theis
function solida the then a
be x=a be
at to a at what plane
is 67
now to b=3, drawn
perpendicular be x-axis origin
R a x-axis [a,b], units, the
lines be
shall theLet f S thetheby
Takeand 2 S the on the formed
Let [a,b].
the Let Let to 6 of from
a=1 continuous is
We and to perpendicular
height area
DEFINITION.
in EXAMPLE. DEFINITION,
perpendicular EXAMPLE.
by
x x-axis,
Applications. all unitstriangle (30
5- x
given Let 2 The 3
the
for of is x
the is
1.
3.22.1
S
section and Solution.
at right A(x)
=
a slope 3.23.1 x-axis
integral.3.22>0 f(x),R = 3.23 A
is units
f(x) region with
A drawn where plane the
= 10 theon
 THE MINDANAO FORUM

T-faa - dx

L (900 - 300x + 25x* )adx

6
1 25
(900x 1 50x + 200 cubic units.
9 lx=0

3.24 THEOREM (DIsC METHOD) Ler the function f be continuous on

theclosed interval [a,b] and assume fx) >0 for all x in [a,b]. If Sis
the solid of revolution obtained by revolving about the x-axis the region
bounded by the curve y=fx), the x-axis, and the lines x =a and x=
b, and if V is the volume of S, then

V=

3.24.1 EXAMPLE. The region between the curve y= Vx, 0<x<4

and the x-axis is revolved about the x-axis to generate a solid. Find the
volume of the solid.

V= = 8.. #

3.25 THEOREM. (WASHER METHOD) Let the functions f and g be

continuous on the closed interval [a,bl and assumne fx) > 0 for all
la,b]. If S is the solid of revolution obtained by revolvingSaboul and
ne th
)
axis the region bounded by the curve y = x) and y =
lines x =a and x = b, then the volume, V, of S is given by

V=

68
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

3.25.1 ExAMPLE. The region bounded by the curve =r I and

the line v= -r+3 is revolved about the x-axis to generate a solid. Find
the volume of the solid.

(8x -32

117r

3.26 THEOREM (SHELL METHOD). Let the function fbc contiu0Us On

the closed interval a.b] where a> 0 and assume fx) >0 for all x in
Ja.b]. If S is the solid of revolution obtained by revolving about the x
A
axis the region bounded by lhe cure y =fr), 1he y-xis, and the lines
=a und x =h. nd if I is the volume of S hen

l'= 2axf(x )dx .

3.26.1 EXAMPLE. The region bounded by the curve y = Vx, the -
axis and the line x=4 is revolved about the y-axis to generate a solid.
Find the volume of the solid.
Solution. Using the preceding formula for thevolume, we have
4
128
l'= 2n Nrar =2n(=x ly=0
5

3.27 DEFINITION. Suppose the function is continuous on the closed

interval la.bl. Further suppose that there exists a number L having the
for everv
following property: For any [ > 0 there is o > 0 such that
partition D of the interval [a,b] it is true that if D<, then we have

69
 THE MINDANAOFORUM

Then L is called the arclength of the curve y=f*) from the point
A(afa)to the point B(b,fb).

3.28 THEOREM. If the function f and its derivative f'are

On la,bl, then the length of the curve y =f(x) from the point continuous
(a, fa)
lo thepoint (6,fb)) is given by

L-i+/'ofar.
3.28.1 EXAMPLE. Find the length of the arc of the curve y = from
the point (1.1) to the point (8,4).
Solution. The arclength is given by

N9x+ 4
V3 -dx.

Let u=9x +4. Then då=6xdx.Hence.

|40
40 1(2
18J3,udu = 18 (40% -132). #
å=13

3.29 DEFINITION. The moment of mass ofa

particle of mass m loca
ted x units away from the origin is given by mx.
3.30 DEFINITION. A rod of length L meters has its left endpoint at the
origin. If &<) kilograms per meter is the linear density at a point x meters
from the origin, where is continuous on [O,LI, then the total mass of
the rod is M kilograms, where

M= ö(r)dx .
70
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

3.31 DEFINITION. A rod of length L meters has its left endpoint at

the origin. If Sx)kilograms per meter is the linear density at apoint
meters from the origin, where 8 is continuous on [0,L], then the
moment of mass of the rod with respect to the origin is given by

Mo =xö(x)cdx .
The center of mass is at

Mo
M

3.31.1 EXAMPLE. A 10-meter-long rod thickens from left to right so

that its density is given by S(x)= 1+ 10 kg./m.. Find the rods center of
Imass.

Solution. The mass M and the moment Mo of the rod is given by the
equation

M= x+ = 15 kg.,
20
lx=0

and the equation

|
250
M, 1+d=
10/ 30
Ix=0
3
kg.-m..

Hence, the center of mass is at

250
kg.-m. 50
X= Mo 3
M 15 kg.

71
 THE MINDANAO FoRUM

3.32 DEEINITION. Let I be a homogeneous lamina whose Constant

area density is k kilograms per square meter and which is boundeddby the
curve ' = ) . the x-axis. and the lines X=4 and x = h.
1 is continuous on (ab] and /(x) 0 for all x e[a,b]. If M
The function
gram-mcters is the moment of mass of the lamina L with kilo-
axis. then
respect to tlhe y.

If M kilogram-imcters is the moment of mass of the lanina L itl

respect to the x-axis, then

1
M, =
2

If M kilograms is the total mass of the lamina L. then

M=*[fd.
If (xy) is the center of mass of thelamina L. then
1
M, and
M M

3.32.1 EXAMPLE. Find the center of mass of the region bounded by

fx) =2 yx, r=4 and the x-axis.
Solution. From the preceding formulas
4 32
M =k
3 3

M -32k.

72
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

4k
=16k
5 ly=0

128
M, 16k 12
y = My
3 5
and 32 5
M 32 M
k -k
3

continuous on the closed

4.33 DEFINITION. Let the function F be
at the point x on
interval [a,b] and F(x) be the force acting on an objectthe
as object moves
the x-axis. Then if W is the work done by the force
from a to b,

W- F(a)dt.
feet. If the
3.33.1 EXAMPLE. A leaky bucket is lifted to a height of 20
emptying
bucket starts with 16 lbs. of water and leaks it at a constant rate
work was done in lifting
the water as it reaches the full height, how much
the water?
with the
Solution. The force used in lifting the bucket diminishes
(We shall
height traveled by the bucket and is proportional to the height.
disregard the weight of the bucket.) This force is given by

F() =1(20-*). SO

20
4
204 = 160lbs.. #
W-(20-
5
x)d* = ly=0

3.34 DEFINITION. Suppose that a flat plate is submerged vertically in a

plate
liquid for which a measure of its mass dernsity is p. The length of the f
units, where
at a depth of x units below the surface of the liquid is fx)
[a,b]. Then if F
is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and fx) >0 on
plate,
is themeasure of the force caused by liquid pressure on the

73
 THE MINDANAOFORUM

where g is the gravitational constant.

3.34.1 EXAMPLE. Atrough having atrapczoidal cross section

wide at the is full
of water. If the trapczoid is 3feet wide at the top, 2feet
and 2 feet deep. Find the total force owing thc water pressure on
of the trough.
one end bottom
Solution. In thisproblem f(r) = 2 which is obtained
4
of the trapezoid. The
Irom the
cquation of the line which form one side force F is
(3 1)

3
= 2 pgr
4 12 y=0

14 14
= Pg (62.5 Ibs. ). #

3.35 DEFINITION. Let the curve C have the parametric equation =

f) and y = g). Suppose there exists a number L having the property:
For any 6>0 there is a ô>0 such that for every partition Dof the
interval a.b) for which |D<å, then

Then we write

L= limP-.
|D0j=
and Z is calledthe length of arc of the curve C from the point (/a).ga) t
the point (b).g(b).

74
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

1 36 THEOREM. If the fnction F Cnd 6 are contnuous On the

closed interval a.b] then the function v - G is also continuous

on the closed interval |a.b] and if D is u partition a= lh I< <ln
-bofthe interval [a.b] and =j and wË are any numhers in (li.1. ;). then

lim X\F=,)|F +[Gw;)A NFOF +|GO d.

D’0j=

3.37 THEOREM. Let the curve C have parametric equations x =)

und y=g(). and suppOse that ' and g' re continuous on the closed
inteval la.bl. Then if L units is the leng1h of arc of the crre Cfiom
the point ((la).g(a)) othepoint Ab).gb). then

3.38 DEFINITION. Let f be a function defined on a closed rectangular

region R. The number Lis said tobe thelimit of suns of the form

if L satisties the property that for any [ > 0there is a ð >0 such that
for every partition D of R for which |D| <6 and for all possible
choices of the point (,.n,) in the ith rectangle i= 1.2. ... n

f, )A,1- L<.
i=1

If suclh L exists, we wvrite

0
R

5.39 TIEOREM. Suppose f is a function of w0 Variables thu is

cMimons on aclosed rectangulur region R. in the xrplane. and

75
 THE MINDANAOFORUM

the volume of the solids

xy) >0 for all (x,v) in R. If V cubic units is
altitude of fx,y) units at
having the region R as its base and having an
the point (x,y) in R, then

V= lim f5;.n)A,4 =
|D0j=l R

find the double integral of a

It would be difficult if not impossible to
lot of the double integrals we
function from the definition. Fortunately, atechniques we have learned in
would be interested in can be found using be done.
shows how this can
single integration. The following theorem

is integrable on a rectangle
3.40 THEOREM (FUBIN'S THEOREM). If f
suppose that for each value y in
R= {(x,y) : asx sb, c y sd} and
exists. Then F is integrable on
(c.d] the integral F(Y) =[(x, y)dr
[c,d] and

by A={(x. y):po)
3.40.1 COROLLARY. Let A be the region given
q are continuous functions on C,d]
xS qo), cSy< d}where p and
continuous and real valued on A, then f is
with values in [a,b]. If f is
integrable on A and

A
Ei.n.L) and y, z)dl
Items 38 to 40.1 can be altered using
integral.
to give properties for the triple integrals evaluated on a domain which is
A lot of applications use areas. A discussion on these type
path rather than of regions with
integralsare available in most calculus books.

76
 EMMANUEL M. LAGARE

Let us end with a note that what have been discussed here are just the
introductory part of applications. We hope that this training will serve as
an appetizer for your mathematical feast.

REFERENCES

| Leithold, Louis, The Calculus with Analytic Geometry, be, Harper and
Row, 1990.
|2] Protter, Murray, H. and Morrey, Charles, B., College Calculus with
Analytic Geometry. 2e, Addison-Wesley. 1964.
|31Thomas, George, B. and Finney, Ross, L., Calculus and Analytic Geo
metry, 8e, Addison-Wesley, 1992.

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