Calculus 1
Calculus 1
Differentiation
Theorems on Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Properties of Logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Trigonometric Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Hyperbolic Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Integration
Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
DIFFERENTIATION Trigonometric Identities
Theorems on Differentiation 1
sin 𝑥 =
csc 𝑥
𝐷 (𝑘) = 0 1
cos 𝑥 =
𝐷 [𝑥 ] = 𝑟𝑥 − sec 𝑥
1
𝐷 [𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝐷 𝑓(𝑥) tan 𝑥 =
cot 𝑥
𝐷 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝐷 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝐷 𝑔(𝑥) sin 𝑥
tan 𝑥 =
𝐷 [𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 𝐷 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
⋅ 𝐷 𝑔(𝑥) cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 𝐷 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝐷 𝑔(𝑥) sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 1
𝐷 =
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]
1 + tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
𝐷 [(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)] = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔 (𝑥)
1 + cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥
𝑛−1
𝐷 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑢(𝑥) ⋅ 𝐷 𝑢(𝑥) sin(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥
cos(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ∓ sin 𝑦 sin 𝑥
Properties of Logarithm
tan 𝑥 ± tan 𝑦
tan(𝑥 ± 𝑦) =
1 ∓ tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
log (𝑢𝑣) = log 𝑢 + log 𝑣
𝑢 sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
log = log 𝑢 − log 𝑣
𝑣 cos(2𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
log 𝑢 = 𝑝 log 𝑢 = 2 cos 𝑥 − 1
log 𝑎 = 1 − 2 sin 𝑥
log 𝑎 =
log 𝑏
2 tan 𝑥
tan(2𝑥) =
1 − tan 𝑥
Derivatives of Logarithmic and
Exponential Functions Derivatives of Trigonometric
Functions
𝐷 (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝐷 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 ln 𝑎 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢) 𝐷 (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1 𝐷 (cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝐷 (ln 𝑢) = ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝑢
𝐷 (tan 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1
𝐷 (log 𝑢) = ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢) 𝐷 (cot 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝑢 ln 𝑎
𝐷 (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝐷 (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Functions
𝐷 (sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1 𝐷 (cosh 𝑢) = sinh 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝐷 (sin− 𝑢) = √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1−𝑢
𝐷 (tanh 𝑢) = sech 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
− 1
𝐷 (cos 𝑢) = − √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢) 𝐷 (coth 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1−𝑢
1 𝐷 (sech 𝑢) = − sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝐷 (tan− 𝑢) = ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1+𝑢 𝐷 (csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
− 1
𝐷 (cot 𝑢) = − ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
1+𝑢 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic
1
𝐷 (sec− 𝑢) = √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢) Functions
|𝑢| 𝑢 − 1
1 1
𝐷 (csc− 𝑢) = − √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢) 𝐷 (sinh− 𝑢) = √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
|𝑢| 𝑢 − 1 𝑢 +1
1
𝐷 (cosh− 𝑢) = √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
𝑢 −1
Hyperbolic Identities 1
𝐷 (tanh− 𝑢) = ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢), |𝑢| < 1
1−𝑢
𝑒 − 𝑒− 1
sinh 𝑥 = 𝐷 (coth− 𝑢) = ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢), |𝑢| > 1
2 1−𝑢
𝑒 + 𝑒− 1
cosh 𝑥 = 𝐷 (sech− 𝑢) = − √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
2 𝑢 1−𝑢
1
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒− 𝐷 (csch− 𝑢) = − √ ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑢)
tanh 𝑥 = = |𝑢| 1 +𝑢
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒−
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒−
coth 𝑥 = =
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒−
1 2
sech 𝑥 = =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒−
1 2
csch 𝑥 = =
sinh 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒−
cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 1
tanh 𝑥 + sech 𝑥 = 1
coth 𝑥 − csch 𝑥 = 1
sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± sinh 𝑦 cosh 𝑥
cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± sinh 𝑦 sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 ± tanh 𝑦
tanh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) =
1 ± tanh 𝑥 tanh 𝑦
sinh(2𝑥) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh(2𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥
= 2 cos 𝑥 − 1
= 1 − 2 sin 𝑥
2
INTEGRATION Integration of Trigonometric
Functions
Theorems of Definite Integral
sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)
csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥)| = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹 (𝑎)
sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
Integration of Polynomial Functions
csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
Integration of Inverse Trigonometric
𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 Functions
1 + 𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1 √ = sin− +𝐶
𝑛+1 𝑎
𝑎 −𝑢
1
𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
𝑥 = tan− +𝐶
𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎
[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
[𝑓(𝑥)] ⋅ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 √ = sec− +𝐶
𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑎
𝑢 𝑢 −𝑎
Integration of Logarithmic and
Exponential Functions
𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 + 𝐶
1
𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑎
𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶, 𝑎≠1
ln 𝑎
ln 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 ln 𝑢 − 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝐶
3
Integration of Hyperbolic Functions Applications of the Definite Integral
cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝐴(𝑅) = [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(cosh 𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑉 (𝑆) = 𝜋 ([𝑓(𝑥)] − [𝑔(𝑥)] ) 𝑑𝑥
coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(sinh 𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑉 (𝑆) = 2𝜋 𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
sech 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan− |sinh 𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑥 Integration by Parts
csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln tanh +𝐶
2
sech 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
csch 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝐶
Remark:
sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶
In choosing 𝑢, we use the 𝐿𝐼𝐴𝑇𝐸 principle
csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶 of precedence.
𝐿 = logarithmic
Integration of Inverse Hyperbolic
𝐼 = inverse trigonometric
Functions
𝐴 = algebraic
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑇 = trigonometric
√ = sinh− +𝐶
𝑢 +𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝐸 = exponential
√ = cosh− +𝐶
𝑢 −𝑎 𝑎
⎧1 tanh− 𝑢 + 𝐶 if |𝑢| < 𝑎 Then, the remaining terms of the integrand
𝑑𝑢 will be 𝑑𝑣.
= 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 −𝑢 ⎨1 − 𝑢
coth + 𝐶 if |𝑢| > 𝑎
⎩𝑎 𝑎
4
Integration of Powers of Sine and Case 4:
Cosine
sin 𝑢 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Case 1:
where both 𝑛 and 𝑚 are even.
sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 or cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Rule:
where 𝑛 is an odd integer.
Use Case 2.
Rule:
Case 3:
sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 or csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
sin 𝑢 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
where 𝑛 is a positive even integer.
5
Case 3: Case 2:
Rule:
where 𝑚 is a positive odd integer.
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 and use the identity
Rule:
sec 𝜃 = 1 + tan 𝜃.
Factor out sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 (csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢) and to the
remaining tan −
𝑢 (cot −
𝑢) even power Case 3:
factor, use the identity
The integrand contains the form 𝑢 − 𝑎 .
tan 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 − 1 and cot 𝑢 = csc 𝑢 − 1.
Rule:
Case 4:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 and use the identity
cos 𝜃 = 1 − sin 𝜃.
6
Case 2: Case 4:
The factors of 𝑄(𝑥) are all linear and some The factors of 𝑄(𝑥) are all linear and
are repeated. quadratic and some of the quadratic factors
are repeated.
Rule:
Rule:
Suppose that (𝑥 − 𝑎 ) is an n-fold factor of
𝑄(𝑥). Then, corresponding to this n-fold Let (𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) be an n-fold factor of
factor is the partial fraction 𝑄(𝑥). Then, its corresponding partial
fraction is of the form
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
+ + ⋯+ .
𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎 ) (𝑥 − 𝑎 ) 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝐴
+
𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
Case 3:
𝐴 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝐴
+
(𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
The factors of 𝑄(𝑥) are linear and quadratic
𝐴 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝐴
and none of the quadratic factors are …+ − .
(𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)
repeated.
Rule:
𝐴 ⋅ 𝐷 (𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝐵
.
𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
7
Improper Integrals Case 2:
3) If 𝑓 is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑏, then
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
→
+
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
→−
− →
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