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Class 10 - 09092020

The document discusses FM radio broadcasting, detailing frequency deviation, bandwidth calculations, and the use of hard limiters and bandpass filters in FM generation. It also outlines the indirect method of Armstrong for generating wideband FM using frequency multipliers. Key concepts include deviation ratio, modulating signals, and the effects of amplitude and frequency variations on FM signals.

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4 views12 pages

Class 10 - 09092020

The document discusses FM radio broadcasting, detailing frequency deviation, bandwidth calculations, and the use of hard limiters and bandpass filters in FM generation. It also outlines the indirect method of Armstrong for generating wideband FM using frequency multipliers. Key concepts include deviation ratio, modulating signals, and the effects of amplitude and frequency variations on FM signals.

Uploaded by

cladboy023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FM Radio Broadcasting

• Max value of freq deviation, f = 75 kHz.


• Consider B = 15 kHz

This gives,
Deviation ratio,  = 5
Approx. Bandwidth of FM signal
= 2(f +B)
=180 kHz

In Practice, 200 kHz is allocated to each FM transmitter.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 1


I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 2
where

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 3


1. Consider a FM modulated signal, where the carrier frequency is 20 kHz,
carrier amplitude is 5 V and modulating signal is 2 sin 200𝜋𝑡 .
Find ∆𝑓.

2. If the modulating frequency is doubled, find ∆𝑓.

3. If the amplitude of the modulating signal is doubled, find ∆𝑓.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 4


Fixed Frequency
Fixed Amplitude
Varying Amplitude
Varying Frequency

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 5


FM generation

Narrowband FM signal generator. Narrowband PM generator.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 6


is an approximation, and therefore the
Note: output will have some distortions

Further, the output of this NBFM modulator may have some amplitude variations.

A ‘Hard Limiter’ and a Bandpass filter are used to remove the amplitude variations.

𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡)

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 7


Hard limiter input and the corresponding output:

Incoming FM modulated wave:

𝑡
𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑡 cos 𝜃(𝑡) where 𝜃 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 −∞
𝑚 ∝ d∝

The output of hardlimiter can be expressed as:


Since A(t)>= 0,
+1 cos 𝜃 > 0
𝑣0 𝜃 =
−1 cos 𝜃 < 0

𝑣0 𝜃 is a periodic square wave function and therefore can be expressed as a


Fourier series:

4 1 1
𝑣0 𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 − 3 cos 3𝜃 + 5 cos 5𝜃 − … … )
𝜋

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 8


4 1 1
𝑣0 𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 − 3 cos 3𝜃 + 5 cos 5𝜃 − … … )
𝜋

Substituting for θ,

The bandpass filter has center frequency at 𝜔𝑐 and a bandwidth 𝐵𝐹𝑀.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 9


Indirect method of Armstrong
- to generate WBFM, using Frequency multipliers
Let 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑡 .

If a FM signal passes through this device,

𝑦 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑎2 + 0.5𝑎2 cos[2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝛼 𝑑𝛼]

In general,

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 10


A frequency multiplier can be realised by a nonlinear device (nth
order) followed by a bandpass filter centered at 𝑛𝜔𝑐 .

Such a device increases both the career frequency and the


frequency deviation by an integer n.

This forms the basis of indirect method of Armstrong


to generate WBFM from NBFM.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 11


Block diagram of the Armstrong indirect FM transmitter.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 12

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