Good morning

Welcome to Class 6

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 1

 Sketch the signal 𝒎 𝒕 in time-domain:

𝑚 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 − 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡 + 1)

ts=1e-2;
t=-4:ts:4; 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡
sig1=2*sinc(t);
sig2=sinc(t-1);
sig3=sinc(t+1); 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 + 1
plot(t,sig1); 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡 − 1)
hold on;
plot(t,sig2);
hold on;
plot(t,sig3);
Axis(-4 4 -1 2.2);
xlabel('t (sec)');

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 2

 Now, consider a new signal

𝑚 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 − 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡 + 1)

ts=1e-2;
t=-4:ts:4;
m_signal=2*sinc(t)+sinc(t-1)+sinc(t+1);
plot(t,m_signal);
Axis([-4 4 -1 2.2]);
xlabel('t (sec)');

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 3

 A slightly modified function (with different time scale):

2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡
𝑚 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 − 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 +1 ; 𝑇𝑎 = 0.01
𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑎

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 4

 Spectrum of

2𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡
𝑚 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 − 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 +1 ; 𝑇𝑎 = 0.01
𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑎 𝑇𝑎

ts=1.0e-4;
t=-0.04:ts:0.04;
Ta=0.01;
m_signal=2*sinc(2*t/Ta)+sinc(2*t/Ta-1)+sinc(2*t/Ta+1);

Lfft=length(t);
Lfft=2^ceil(log2(Lfft));
m_spectrum=fftshift(fft(m_signal,Lfft));
freqs=(-Lfft/2:Lfft/2-1)/(Lfft*ts);

plot(freqs,abs(m_spectrum));
axis([-300 300 0 250]);
xlabel('f (Hz)');

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 5

 Sketch s t = 𝑚 𝑡 ∗ cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) where 𝑓𝑐 =500
In time-domain and Frequency-domain

ts=1.0e-4;
dsb_spectrum=fftshift(fft(sig_dsbam,Lfft));
t=-0.04:ts:0.04;
freqs=(-Lfft/2:Lfft/2-1)/(Lfft*ts);
Ta=0.01;
m_signal=2*sinc(2*t/Ta)+sinc(2*t/Ta-1)+sinc(2*t/Ta+1);
Lfft=length(t); plot(freqs,abs(dsb_spectrum));
Lfft=2^ceil(log2(Lfft)); xlabel('f (Hz)');
m_spectrum=fftshift(fft(m_signal,Lfft)); axis([-800 800 0 200]);
freqs=(-Lfft/2:Lfft/2-1)/(Lfft*ts);
sig_dsbam=m_signal.*cos(2*pi*500*t);
plot(t,sig_dsbam);
axis([-0.04 0.04 -2.2 2.2]);
xlabel('t (sec)');

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 6

 Sketch the spectrum of 𝑠 𝑡 ∗ cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 7

Amplitude Modulation

• Why modulation

• Frequency translation

• AM radio

• TV broadcast - picture

• ASK, QAM

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 8

 AM broadcasting is done at several frequency bands.

Long Wave: 153-279 kHz with 9 kHz channel spacing

Medium Wave: 526.5 – 1,606.5 kHz with 9 kHz channel spacing
Short Wave: 2.3 - 26.1 MHz with 5 kHz channel spacing

(There are small differences in the frequency ranges used in different countries)

The FM radio band is from 88 to 108 MHz

between VHF television Channels 6 and 7.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 9

Amplitude Modulation

Modulating signal, 𝑚 𝑡

Carrier Signal, 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

(for simplicity, let us take 𝐴𝑐 =1)

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 10

Double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation

If 𝑚 𝑡 ↔ 𝑀 𝑓
1
𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ↔ [𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 ]
2

Spectrum of modulated signal

Spectrum of baseband signal

• Note the two sidebands, upper and lower sidebands.

• There is no discrete component of carrier frequency.
• 𝑓𝑐 ≥ 𝐵 to enable recovery of 𝑚 𝑡 during demodulation.
𝑓
• In AM radio broadcasting, we keep 𝐵𝑐 ≫ 1 to avoid distortion caused by
transmit antenna.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 11

 Demodulation
Synchronous Detection or Coherent Detection

Multiply the modulated signal by a carrier (same as the one used for
modulation) followed by a low-pass filter.

1
𝑒 𝑡 = [𝑚 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡]
2

1 1
𝐸 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑓 + {𝑀 𝑓 + 2𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 − 2𝑓𝑐 }
2 4

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 12

 What is the effect of phase (or frequency) error in
coherent detection ?

Let the signal cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + ∅ is used to recover the signal instead of cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡.

The recovered signal (after filtering) will have an additional component

proportional to

𝑚 𝑡 . cos ∅

If ∅ remains constant in time, we can use an amplifier to adjust the volume.

Otherwise, the detector output will have additional variation, other than the
variation in 𝑚 𝑡 .
𝜋
Note the quadrature null effect, when ∅ = ± 2 .

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 13

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Instead of generating a local carrier at the receiver, we send the carrier

along with the modulated signal.

𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

= [𝐴 + 𝑚 𝑡 ] cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡

1 𝐴
𝑠 𝑡 ↔ {𝑀 𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑀 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 }+ {𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐 )+ 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐 )}
2 2

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 14

 AM signal and its envelope.

If 𝐴 + 𝑚(𝑡) ≥ 0 for all 𝑡,

we can use Envelope

detection for
demodulation.

I Sem 2020-21 ECE/EEE F311 Communication Systems 15

 Envelope detector for AM:

AM uses more power for transmission (due to additional carrier power),

but allows cheaper receivers (since envelope detectors can be used).
- Ideal for broadcasting (one transmitter, a large number of receivers).

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