How can we address gender biases?

Conventions on the Elimination 1979

Eh di ipa GAD natin! of All Forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
WHAT IS GAD, then?
Beijing Platform for Action 1995
• GAD is a development perspective that (BΡΙΑ)
recognizes the different roles, interests and 2000
needs of women and men
Millennium Development Goals
• It reflects a change in focus from women and
their exclusion from development initiatives to
RELATIONS OF INEQUALITY BETTER MEN
Sustainable Development 2015
AND DELIBERATELY ADDRESSES THEM
Goals
In the processes of developing, budgeting,
implementing, monitoring and evaluating
programs, projects and services, particularly in
government agencies.

WHY GAD?
Because, GAD –
• Sharpens the focus of development on people
• Enhances the capacities of women and men
to contribute to the attainment of development
goals On September 25th 2015, countries adopted a
• Reduces social inequities that stem from set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet
unequal gender relations. and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new
sustainable development agenda. Each goal
More importantly, A gender-responsive has specific targets to be achieved over the
development is crucial in attaining GROWTH next 15 years. For the goals to be reached,
with EQUITY everyone needs to do their part: governments,
GROWTH, because GAD empowers women to the private sector, civil society and people like
be effective as half of the national producers of you.
goods and services
Our country is also a signatory to the following:
EQUITY, aims to address equities that stem
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights which
gender relations.
establishes women’s rights as human rights;
WHY US? • Equal Remuneration Convention and
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)
• Gender issues affect all of us. But instead of
Convention
solving them, we all contribute to their
perpetuation. • International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
• Everyone who believes in the vision of
attaining a full and satisfying life for all has an • International Covenant on Economic, Social
obligation to help pursue GAD. and Cultural Rights
• We are mandated by international Other National Laws on Women
treaties/commitments, laws and policies
• Anti-Discrimination Law (RA 6725)
UN’s declaration of the International Women’s • Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act
Year 1975 (RA 8042)
Our Country’s International Commitment to • Solo Parents’ Welfare Act of 2000 (RA 8972)
Promote Gender Equality and Empowerment of
• Anti-Mail Order Bride Law (RA 6955)
Women
• Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (RA 7877)
• Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353) barriers to accessing tools and opportunities
• Anti-Violence Against Women and their are eliminated
Children Act (RA 9262) • The cause of inequality was addressed. The
• Special Protection of Children Against Child systematic barrier has been removed.
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act (RA Conclusion: Gender roles, attitude, expectations
7610) and characteristics are learned, thus they can
• Sexuality Education (LOI, 47, 1972 also be unlearned.
• Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)
Where do we go from here?
A. Personal
RA 9710 – Magna Carta of Women (MCW)
• Start from your own body -understand how
• All government departments, including their
your own attitude and values perpetuates
attached agencies, offices, bureaus, state
gender based discrimination and stereotypes
universities and colleges, government owned
(sexism and violence)
and controlled corporations, local government
units and all other government instrumentalities • Educate yourself about the issue
shall adopt gender mainstreaming as a strategy
•Confront and act on the issue- be a personal
to promote women’s human rights and
advocate!
eliminate gender discrimination in their
systems, structures, policies, programs, B. Our own agency
processes and procedures. • make spaces for disadvantaged men and
women
Policies and Imperatives for GAD
Mainstreaming, Planning and Budgeting GENDER MILESTONES
• RA 7192 – Women in Development and Nation Gender Blind - Lack of recognition of gender as
Building Act an essential determinant of life chalces that are
• General Appropriations Act available in society.

• RA 9710-Magna Carta of Women Act Gender Aware - Recognition of gender

• DBM, NEDA and PCW Joint Circular 2012-1 inequality, that there are differences between
men and women in terms of access to and
• DILG, DBM, NEDA and PCW Joint control over resources, including opportunities
Memorandum Circular 2013-1 for development.
• CHED Memorandum Order No. 01, series of
Gender Sensitive - Recognition of the
2015
underlying and hidden cause of gender
• DepEd Order No. 32, series of 2017 inequality. Differences ara felt undesirable and
unjustifiable. Problems resulting from inequality
and discrimination are identified.

Gender Responsive - Presence of programs,

projects and processes that systematically
incor-porate or address gender concerns and
issues.

Gender Fair & Equity - Society where women

and men equitably share in the responsibilities,
Equality is giving everyone the same resources power authority and decision making and enjoy
or opportunities. the benefits.

Equity is giving people what they need to reach Gender Accountable - Equity is viewed as the
an equal outcome. key commitment of the organization it assumes
responsibility to make gender an integral part of
Social Justice what the organization is and what it does.
• It requires that the systems which create and
perpetuate inequalities be restructured so that
 SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY Gender Roles
The Evolution of Musculinity and femininity • roles assigned to men and women based on
their gender
What is Sex?
• The anatomical, physical, and genetic • refers to activities which are considered
characteristics associated with being male or appropriate and acceptable for boys or girls;
female It is constant across time and across men or women.
culture.
• part of gender norms; it is society’s evaluation
• Female Male of behavior as masculine or feminine.

Sex Roles MALE- Productive Role

Male FEMALE-Reproductive Role

• Ovum Fertilization
COMMUNITY ROLE
• Sperm determines sex of the child Gender stereotype – a form of Prejudgment,
bias or limitation given to roles and
Female
expectations of males and females.
•Gestation
1. Gender Stereotype In Social Roles
•Child bearing Men
•Lactation
•Provides financially for the family
Sex- role function- role which male and female
•Works as managers, construction builders,
assumes because of basic physiological or
engineers
anatomical differences
•Portrayed as leaders
Male- lifting heavy things (hard work)
Women
Female- child bearing; child rearing
•Takes care of the house and children
Biological Determinism – belief in Biological
sex as the necessary and sole cause of •Works as nurse, teacher, secretary
behavioral differences in gender roles.
Sex Role Stereotypes 2. Gender Stereotype in Capacities
Men
• Stereotypes – persons/things seeming to
conform to heavily accepted types just like sex •Good in Math and Science
role stereotypes as rigidly held and overly
simplified beliefs that females/males possess • Physically strong
distinct and similar psychological traits and
characteristics, as in: • Firm decision-makers

Female – emotional, dependent, gentle, tactful, Women

etc.
•Good in arts and less intellectual pursuits
Male – strong, aggressive, independent, etc.
•Physically weaker and fragile
What is gender? •Wishy-washy or fickle minded in decision-
making
• The roles, attitudes, and values assigned by
culture and society to men and women 3. Gender Stereotypes in Traits and
Characteristics
• Changes across time and across cultures
Men
Male/Masculine,Androgynous,
•Active
Female/Feminine
•Aloof be unlearned.
Sex characteristics Gender
• Aggressive are universal characteristics are not
universal. It may differ
• Brave
from society to
Women society

•Passive
ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO
• Loving GENDER ROLES
GENDER SENSITIVE KA NA BA???
•Peaceful
“Sex is a biological characteristics; gender is a
• Dependent
social characteristics."
•Fearful
HOW DID WE ACQUIRE GENDER ROLE?
Traditional gender roles divide men and
women from each other. Socialization

 Deny women access to the public • The process by which an individual learns to
world of: work, power, achievement, conform to the norms of the group where one:
Independence - is born with
-internalizes these norms
 Deny men access to: The Nurturant,
-acquire status
Emotive, Other oriented world of
-plan corresponding roles
domestic life.

Gender Role can be affected by: WHO INFLUENCES GENDER ROLE

•Race SOCIALIZATION?
•Ethnicity • Social Institutions
•Social class • Family
•Religion • School
•Geographic • Church/ Religion
• Workplace
• Government
• Media

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• perpetuates the assignment of characteristics
associated with women and men

• influences gender roles socialization

• Mechanism of social control that maintains

gender roles

1. Social Institutions: Family

• has the most influence because the formative
Differentiating sex and gender
years of every individual is almost always spent
SEX GENDER
with and developed by the family.
Biological Fact Socially and culturally
constructed 4 processes involved in Gender Socialization
Natural attribute that Created, produced,
a person is born with reproduced and 1. Manipulation - means that people handle
maintained by social girls and boys differently as infants.
institutions Example:
Natural. Born. Fixed. Acquired/learned. Can • Mothers tend to use more physical stimulation
on male infants and more verbal stimulation on and control to resources
female infants.
5. Social Institutions: The State
• Boy babies are tossed in the air.
• Creates laws and policies that ensure the
• Girl babies get more delicate handling maintenance of the system.

2. Canalization - means that people direct • Instrumental in passing laws that are
children's attention to gender-appropriate discriminatory to women and other sexual
objects orientations.

Example: Did you know that...

• In the choice of toys, boys are given toy cars
and machines, girls are given dolls and tea sets. The Revised Penal Code gives different grounds
for adultery and concubinage an offense
• Toys teach children what their prescribed referred to in the Family Code as sexual
roles in life will be infidelity.

3. Verbal Appellation - telling children what they For the wife, sexual infidelity means one act of
are and what is expected of them. sexual intercourse with other men.

Example: For the husband, it is sexual intercourse under

• Brave boy, pretty girl scandalous circumstances, keeping another
woman in the conjugal abode or cohabitation
• Boys don't cry, girls don't hit playmates with her in another dwelling.

4. Activity exposure - familiarizing children to ANOTHER PROVISION, ARTICLE 351 ON PRE-

their gender-appropriate tasks MATURE MARRIAGE PROHIBITS WOMEN TO
RE-MARRY WITHIN 301 DAYS FROM THE
Example: DEATH OF HER HUSBAND OR PRIOR TO
• Girls help their mother with housework. DELIVERY IF SHE WAS PREGNANT AT THE
TIME OF HIS DEATH.
•Boys are encouraged to play outside the house
6. Social Institutions: Mass Media
2. Social Institutions: Education/School
• reinforcing gender stereotypes and sex based
• the formal school system promotes and discrimination through media portrayal of men
encourages the different gender roles between and women
men and women.
• Commodification of women's bodies. docile
3. Social Institutions: Religion homemakers... macho men
• Reinforcing gender stereotypes through
religious teachings, doctrines and symbols Commercial advertisement, whether it is on a
Billboard, Television, Newspaper or in a
• esp in the teaching of marriage Magazine, the focus is not the product itself,
but also the women who is being used to
"Good women/wife as martyrs self sacrificing
increase sales.
and conservatives affecting reproductive
choices"

4. Social Institutions: Work

• gender discrimination in relation to occupation

and pay

• Balance of family life and work

• Question of power relations as well access

 6 MANIFESTATION OF GENDER BIAS • 86% did not report the incident to relevant
1. MARGINALIZATION authorities.

2. SUBORDINATION What are the issues and recent experiences of

people of diverse SOGIESC in the area of
3. GENDER STEREOTYPING EDUCATION?

4. MULTIPLE BURDEN • An online survey revealed that experiences of

unfair treatment partially or fully because of
5. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
being LGBTQIA+ is slightly higher in schools
6. OBSTACLES TO PERSONHOOD than in general settings

• 48.79% saying they “often” or “sometimes”

We've begun to raise daughters more like sons... encounter unfair treatment or bias attitude
but few have the courage to raise our sons because of their SOGIESC
more like our daughters.
• Only 12.58% reported the incident to school
-Gloria Steiner authorities.

How do we address the issues experienced by

SOGIESC
the LGBTQIA+ people?
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Expression,
and Sex Characteristics • Promoting women ‘s rights and gender
equality. Enacting a law that prohibits and
What are the issues and recent experiences of
penalizes acts of discrimination based on
people of diverse SOGIESC?
SOGIESC and conducting activities and
• People of diverse SOGIESC also experience interventions that promote equality
lost economic opportunities due to
• Responding to International and National
discrimination in employment.
Commitments/policy Imperatives-Rights
• Prejudicial attitudes of some law enforcers protection of persons of diverse SOGIESC is
and service providers towards LGBTQIA+ embedded in international and national
people deter them from reporting cases of laws/treaties.
abuse and violence committed against them.
Why do we need to talk about SOGIESC?
• The lack of national policy as legal basis to
• There is a need to break misconceptions that
address these discriminatory practices leaves
hamper achievement of gender equality and
the LGBTQIA+ with no recourse for redress,
women empowerment (GEWE)
ADO’s 6 provinces, 22 cities, and 2
municipalities. • All government agencies are duty-bearers
What are the issues and recent experiences of • The MCW mandates us to be trained on GS
people of diverse SOGIESC in the area of and HR
EMPLOYMENT?
• The people of Diverse SOGIESC depend on
• An online survey revealed that 3 out of 10 policies and activities of government agencies
respondents (98 out of 347) experienced unfair to protect and promote for their rights.
treatment while looking for a job or while at
work • It will enable the GFPS, government agencies,
and private organizations to plan and
• 13.2% refused employment. implement inclusive policies, programs,
projects, and activities.
• 9.7% subjected to sexual harassment
• It will help us avoid unconscious insensitivity
• 7.2% were denied promotion or other
incentives in the last five years of their • It will prompt us to spread the word of GAD
employment. and equality.
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Orientation Types

1. Romantic Orientation - Who you are

romantically attracted to meaning
wanting to be in a romantic
relationship with and is unrelated to
sexual attraction.

2. Sexual Orientation - Who you are

sexually attracted to meaning who
you get turned on by or who you
would want to engage in sexual
behaviors with.

• Each person's capacity for profound

emotional, affectional, and sexual attraction to,
as well as intimate and sexual relations with
individuals of different gender, of the same
gender, or more than one gender.

TO WHOM AM I ATTRACTED?

Common Gender Identities

Cisgender a person whose gender identity and

GENDER IDENTITY biological sex assigned at birth matched
Each person’s deeply felt internal and individual Gender Fluid - a person who is gender fluid may
experience of gender, which may or may not always feel like a mix of the two traditional
correspond with the sex assigned at birth. genders (man and woman)
WHO AM I? Transgender - a person whose gender identity
does not align or is different from the sex
assigned at birth
Agender - a person without gender identity or • Maybe as a sexual orientation, gender identity
doesn’t identify with a particular gender or gender expression

Cisgender Transitioning

• A person whose gender corresponds to sex at • Gender-affirming acts

birth
• Altering one’s birth sex is not a one-step
Prefix “cis” means “on this side of” procedure; it is a complex process that occurs
over a long period of time
 Eg. A person with a penis, and is male,
and considered himself a man, then • Internal, social, legal, medical
he’s a cisgender man
• You do not need to undergo all four
Sex assigned at birth: male
• Outdated term: sex change
Gender: man (ccisman
GENDER EXPRESSION
Non-binary – a person who does not conform • The way in which a person expresses gender
to gender norms identity, typically through their appearance,
dress, and behavior
Agender - not having a gender or a “lack of” a
gender. Agender people see themselves as
neither a man nor a woman, or both. They’re
gender-neutral and often describe themselves
as gender-free or genderless.

Bigender - a person whose gender identity is a

combination of more than one gender or is
sometimes one gender and sometimes another
gender : gender-fluid, genderqueer. A bigender
person might alter their gender expression at
different times and might not.

Pangender - also known as "omnigender"

people identify as many or infinite genders. It is SEX CHARACTERISTICS
a non-binary, multigender, and transgender • Biological
identity. It is also sometimes said to be under
• Physical traits that indicate biological sex
the polygender umbrella term. Sometimes the
such as chromosomes, genitalia, gonads,
number of genders that pangender people
hormones, and reproductive organs
identify as is unknown or may change.
• OM, F, and I (1 in 1500-2000, ISNA)
Genderfluid - a person does not have a fixed
gender identity. Instead, their gender is flexible
and may shift and change. It is a type of
nonbinary gender identity.

Demigender – partial identification to a

particular gender (demiboy, demigirl, demitrans)

Queer - an umbrella term for people who are

non-heterosexual or are not cisgender.
Originally meaning 'strange' or 'peculiar'

Historical context: faggots, weird, strange

Reclaimed - A person who rejects “gender

binary”
Primary Sex Characteristic ✓ SOGIESC should be discussed.

MEN ✓ We invest on our differences.

• Penis, testes (androgen and testosterone), ✓ We are duty-bearers mandated to protect and
scrotum, sperm, vas deferens, etc. promote the rights of everyone.

✓ We can’t force anyone to disclose SOGIESC

and ASSUME!

TWO GOLDEN RULES!

1. Huwag mag ASSUME!

2. Magtanong with RESPECT!

DISCRIMINATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Family

WOMEN • Family and neigborhood bullying and violence

• Uterus, ovaries (estrogen and progesterone) • Bakla as a derogatory word

ovum, fallopian
• “Corrective rape”

• Bugbugin!

• LGBT couple

• Cannot sign consent forms

• Investments and properties

• Cannot adopt as a couple

• Cannot be a beneficiary

Ex. UP Housing Policy

Late UP prof’s same-sex partner says hospital,

funeral services staff refused to recognize him
as family

‘COMING OUT’

• Process of voluntarily sharing one’s sexual

orientation and/or gender identity with others.

• This process is unique for each individual and

there is no right or wrong way to come out.

• Vs. Outing (making public the sexual

In a nutshell: orientation or gender identity of another who
would prefer to keep this information secret)
✓ We live in a world of diversity.

✓ SOGIESC should not be used for unequal Deadnaming and Misgendering

treatment and discrimination.
• Deadnaming occurs when someone,
intentionally or not, refers to a person who’s • Transgender students were barred from
transgender by the name they used before they wearing the garb of their choice in their
transitioned. graduation rites due to requirements that their
clothing should conform to the sex reflected in
• “birth name” or their “given name.” their school records (PCW)
Pronouns Religion
• Ask respectfully. Don’t assume. Offer yours “Love the sinner, hate the sin”
first to create a safe space
“Ang naquiquilaro sa kapwa babayi o kapwa
• Use inclusive language lalaki ng may cahalayang asal”
• He/she/they/them • Against same-sex union
• Mr/Ms./Mx. • Hope for improvement with Pope’s Francis
statement:
• Put your pronouns in online meetings, email
signatures and other profiles “On that occasion I said this: If a person is gay
and seeks out the Lord and is willing, who am I
• Avoid misgendering because it is
to judge that person? I was paraphrasing by
dehumanizing
heart the Catechism of the Catholic Church
where it says that these people should be
MICROAGRESSION
treated with delicacy and not be marginalized.”
• Everyday insults and snubs intentional or not (McElwee, 2016)

• Ceremonial marriages
School-related violence
Ex. Rice and Ann (Open Table MMCC)
•Violence on the basis of SOGIE

Forms: physical, psychological and sexual WORKPLACE

violence, cyberbullying and social
• X 30% of LGBT reported being harassed,
discrimination and exclusion
bullied, or discriminated while at work (UN
Effects: study)

• Academic performance Discrimination in the Media

• General well-being • Stereotyping (films, songs, etc.)

• Student’s economic opportunities and • As a form of entertainment and not to be

employment prospects taken seriously

University • Homophobic/transphobic language

• SOGIE-based bullying and discrimination • Call for more gender-inclusive films

• 70 victim-survivors. Health

• Nature of cases: • Stigma surrounding HIV and AIDs Self-

medication for HRT Limited expertise and
• Physical and sexual threats facilities for Trans health

• Voyeurism and online bullying With the onset of the pandemic...

• Discriminatory remarks • Worsening inequality

• Deadnaming and misgendering • “exacerbates the patterns of social exclusion

and violence....” (UN Independent Expert, 2020)
• Loss of jobs (esp. Informal sector) and Cultural Rights

• Part of those who were not part of the Social • International Covenant on Civil and Political
Amelioration Program/ ayuda (PWD, LGBT. Rights
Solo parent, elderly)

• Limited access to hormone replacement Ano sa tingin nyo ang SOGIESC ko?
therapy
Sexual Orientation - Matter of the heart,
invisible to others
Organizing and Political Participation
Gender Identity - Between our ears, Invisible to
• Blossoming of LGBTQIA++ organizations and
others
their allies/support group
Expression – Physical appearance that is
• Failure to to have political representation
visible to others.
• Ang Ladlad Partylist
Sex Characteristics - Between our legs
• Repression
“ANG MGA USAPIN NA MAY KINALAMAN SA
• Free Pride 2020 KASARIAN AT PANGKASARIAN AY HINDI
MALILIIT NA BAGAY NA PILIT LANG NA
SOGIE Equality Bill Update PINAPALAKI; BAGKUS MALALAKING BAGAY
NA PILIT LANG PINALILIIT.”
• 17th Congress – The landmark bill awaits its
counterpart measure from the Senate
(September 20, 2017); languished in 2019

• House Bill 4982-working draft of the 17th

Congress (Bag-ao, Roman et al)

• Passed unanimously, with 198 yes

• 18th Congress

• 16 ADB versions

• UHB 6294 by Brosas et al: HB 134 by Roman

et Al

• Refiled as Senate Bill No. 1934 (2020).

Pending 2nd reading

House Bill 6294/SB 1934

• House Bill 6294 (SOGIE); SB 1934 (SOGIESC-

based Anti-Discrimination Act)

• The State’s commitment to upholding the

dignity and equality of all persons:

• Article 2, Section 11, 1987 Constitution:

“the State values the dignity of every human

person and guarantees full respect for human
rights”

• As signatory to:

• International Covenant on Economic, Social