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EDUCATIO1

Education is a discipline focused on teaching and learning methods in formal settings, contrasting with informal socialization. It serves as a means to transmit societal values and knowledge, guiding children to learn their culture and prepare for adult roles. The article explores the history and evolution of formal education, its philosophies, and related aspects such as teaching methods and educational organization.

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13 views2 pages

EDUCATIO1

Education is a discipline focused on teaching and learning methods in formal settings, contrasting with informal socialization. It serves as a means to transmit societal values and knowledge, guiding children to learn their culture and prepare for adult roles. The article explores the history and evolution of formal education, its philosophies, and related aspects such as teaching methods and educational organization.

Uploaded by

njanatha5
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EDUCATION

Education, discipline that is concerned with methods


of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as
opposed to various nonformal and informal means
of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education
through parent-child relationships).

(Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great


Equalizer.”)

Education can be thought of as the transmission of the values and


accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is equivalent to
what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children—
whether conceived among New Guinea tribespeople,
the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle classes of Manhattan—are
born without culture. Education is designed to guide them in learning
a culture, molding their behaviour in the ways of adulthood, and
directing them toward their eventual role in society. In the most
primitive cultures, there is often little formal learning—little of what
one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers. Instead, the
entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as school
and classes, and many or all adults act as teachers. As societies grow
more complex, however, the quantity of knowledge to be passed on
from one generation to the next becomes more than any one person
can know, and, hence, there must evolve more selective and efficient
means of cultural transmission. The outcome is formal education—the
school and the specialist called the teacher.

As society becomes ever more complex and schools become ever


more institutionalized, educational experience becomes less directly
related to daily life, less a matter of showing and learning in
the context of the workaday world, and more abstracted from practice,
more a matter of distilling, telling, and learning things out of context.
This concentration of learning in a formal atmosphere allows children
to learn far more of their culture than they are able to do by merely
observing and imitating. As society gradually attaches more and more
importance to education, it also tries to formulate the overall
objectives, content, organization, and strategies of education.
Literature becomes laden with advice on the rearing of the younger
generation. In short, there develop philosophies and theories of
education.

This article discusses the history of education, tracing the evolution of


the formal teaching of knowledge and skills from prehistoric and
ancient times to the present, and considering the various philosophies
that have inspired the resulting systems. Other aspects of education
are treated in a number of articles. For a treatment of education as a
discipline, including educational organization, teaching methods, and
the functions and training of teachers, see teaching; pedagogy;
and teacher education. For a description of education in various
specialized fields, see historiography; legal education; medical
education; science, history of. For an analysis of
educational philosophy, see education, philosophy of. For an
examination of some of the more important aids in education and the
dissemination of
knowledge, see dictionary; encyclopaedia; library; museum; printing;
publishing, history of. Some restrictions on educational freedom are
discussed in censorship. For an analysis of pupil
attributes, see intelligence, human; learning theory; psychological
testing.

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