PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESS UNIT I RANDOM VARIABLES

Discrete and continuous random variables Moments - Moment generating functions and their properties. Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Uniform, Exponential, Gamma and normal distributions Function of Random Variable.

UNIT II TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES

Joint distributions - Marginal and conditional distributions Covariance Correlation and Regression - Transformation of random variables - Central limit theorem (for iid random variables)

UNIT III - CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM PROCESS

Definition and examples - first order, second order, strictly stationary, widesense stationary and ergodic processes - Markov process - Binomial, Poisson and Normal processes - Sine wave process Random telegraph process.

UNIT IV CORRELATION AND SPECTRAL DENSITIES

Auto correlation - Cross correlation - Properties Power spectral density Cross spectral density - Properties Wiener-Khintchine relation Relationship between cross power spectrum and cross correlation function

UNIT V LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUTS

Linear time invariant system - System transfer function Linear systems with random inputs Auto correlation and cross correlation functions of input and output white noise.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II UNIT I - FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

Block diagram, Loop gain, Gain with feedback, Effects of negative feedback Sensitivity and desensitivity of gain, Cut-off frequencies, distortion, noise, input impedance and output impedance with feedback, Four types of negative feedback connections voltage series feedback, voltage shunt feedback, current series feedback and current shunt feedback, Method of identifying feedback topology and feedback factor, Nyquist criterion for stability of feedback amplifiers.

UNIT II - OSCILLATORS
Classification, Barkhausen Criterion - Mechanism for start of oscillation and stabilization of amplitude, General form of an Oscillator, Analysis of LC oscillators - Hartley, Colpitts, Clapp, Franklin, Armstrong, Tuned collector oscillators, RC oscillators - phase shift Wienbridge - Twin-T Oscillators, Frequency range of RC and LC Oscillators, Quartz Crystal Construction, Electrical equivalent circuit of Crystal, Miller and Pierce Crystal oscillators, frequency stability of oscillators.

UNIT III - TUNED AMPLIFIERS

Coil losses, unloaded and loaded Q of tank circuits, small signal tuned amplifiers - Analysis of capacitor coupled single tuned amplifier double tuned amplifier - effect of cascading single tuned and double tuned amplifiers on bandwidth Stagger tuned amplifiers large signal tuned amplifiers Class C tuned amplifier Efficiency and applications of Class C tuned amplifier - Stability of tuned amplifiers Neutralization - Hazeltine neutralization method.

UNIT IV - WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATORS CIRCUITS

RC & RL Integrator and Differentiator circuits Storage, Delay and Calculation of Transistor Switching Times Speed-up Capaitor - Diode clippers, Diode comparator - Clampers. Collector coupled and Emitter coupled Astable multivibrator Monostable multivibrator - Bistable multivibrators - Triggering methods for Bistable Multivibrators - Schmitt trigger circuit.

UNIT V - BLOCKING OSCILLATORS GENERATORS

AND

TIMEBASE

UJT sawtooth waveform generator, Pulse transformers equivalent circuit response - Applications, Blocking Oscillator Free running blocking oscillator - Astable Blocking Oscillators with base timing Push-pull Astable blocking oscillator with emitter timing, Frequency control using core saturation, Triggered blocking oscillator Monostable blocking oscillator with base timing Monostable blocking oscillator with emitter timing, Time base circuits Voltage-Time base circuit, Current-Time base circuit Linearization through adjustment of driving Waveform.

COMMUNICATION THEORY UNIT I AMPLITUDE MODULATION SYSTEMS

Review of Spectral Characteristics of Periodic and Non-periodic signals; Generation and Demodulation of AM, DSBSC, SSB and VSB Signals; Comparison of Amplitude Modulation Systems; Frequency Translation; FDM; Non Linear Distortion.

UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION SYSTEMS

Phase and Frequency Modulation; Single tone, Narrow Band and Wideband FM; Transmission Bandwidth; Generation and Demodulation of FM Signal.

UNIT III NOISE THEORY

Review of Probability, Random Variables and Random Process; Guassian Process; Noise Shot noise, Thermal noise and white noise; Narrow band noise, Noise temperature; Noise Figure.

UNIT IV PERFORMANCE OF CW MODULATION SYSTEMS

Superheterodyne Radio receiver and its characteristic; SNR; Noise in DSBSC systems using coherent detection; Noise in AM system using envelope detection and its FM system; FM threshold effect; Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM; Comparison of performances.

UNIT V INFORMATION THEORY

Discrete Messages and Information Content, Concept of Amount of Information, Average information, Entropy, Information rate, Source coding to increase average information per bit, Shannon-Fano coding, Huffman coding, Lempel-Ziv (LZ) coding, Shannons Theorem, Channel Capacity, Bandwidth- S/N trade-off, Mutual information and channel capacity, rate distortion theory, Lossy Source coding.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS UNIT I STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS

Introduction to Co-ordinate System Rectangular Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate System Introduction to line, Surface and Volume Integrals Definition of Curl, Divergence and Gradient Meaning of Stokes theorem and Divergence theorem Coulombs Law in Vector Form Definition of Electric Field Intensity Principle of Superposition Electric Field due to discrete charges Electric field due to continuous charge distribution - Electric Field due to charges distributed uniformly on an infinite and finite line Electric Field on the axis of a uniformly charged circular disc Electric Field due to an infinite uniformly charged sheet. Electric Scalar Potential Relationship between potential and electric field Potential due to infinite uniformly charged line Potential due to electrical dipole - Electric Flux Density Gauss Law Proof of Gauss Law Applications.

UNIT II STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD

The Biot-Savart Law in vector form Magnetic Field intensity due to a finite and infinite wire carrying a current I Magnetic field intensity on the axis of a circular and rectangular loop carrying a current I Amperes circuital law and simple applications. Magnetic flux density The Lorentz force equation for a moving charge and applications Force on a wire carrying a current I placed in a magnetic field Torque on a loop carrying a current I Magnetic moment Magnetic Vector Potential.

UNIT III ELECTRIC MATERIALS

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MAGNETIC FIELDS

IN

Poissons and Laplaces equation Electric Polarization-Nature of dielectric materials - Definition of Capacitance Capacitance of various geometries using Laplaces equation Electrostatic energy and energy density Boundary conditions for electric fields Electric current Current density point form of ohms law continuity equation for current. Definition of Inductance Inductance of loops and solenoids Definition of mutual inductance simple examples. Energy density in magnetic fields Nature of magnetic materials magnetization and permeability - magnetic boundary conditions.

UNIT IV TIME VARYING ELECTRIC FIELDS

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MAGNETIC

Faradays law Maxwells Second Equation in integral form from Faradays Law Equation expressed in point form. Displacement current Amperes circuital law in integral form Modified form of Amperes circuital law as Maxwells first equation in integral form Equation expressed in point form. Maxwells four equations in integral form and differential form. Poynting Vector and the flow of power Power flow in a co-axial cable Instantaneous Average and Complex Poynting Vector.

UNIT V ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Derivation of Wave Equation Uniform Plane Waves Maxwells equation in Phasor form Wave equation in Phasor form Plane waves in free space and in a homogenous material. Wave equation for a conducting medium Plane waves in lossy dielectrics Propagation in good conductors Skin effect. Linear, Elliptical and circular polarization Reflection of Plane Wave from a conductor normal incidence Reflection of Plane Waves by a perfect dielectric normal and oblique incidence. Dependence on Polarization. Brewster angle.

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNIT I - IC FABRICATION FOR LINEAR ICS

AND

CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION

Advantages of Ics over discrete components Manufacturing process of monolithic Ics Construction of monolithic bipolar transistor Monolithic diodes Integrated Resistors Monolithic Capacitors Inductors. Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage References, BJT Differential amplifier with active loads, General operational amplifier stages -and internal circuit diagrams of IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop configurations.

UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters, adder, subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters.

UNIT III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell Variable transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, Application of PLL for AM detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing.

UNIT IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter specifications weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R 2R Ladder types - switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold circuits, A/D Converters Specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single Slope type Dual Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling A/D Converters.

UNIT V WAVEFORM GENERATORS FUNCTIONS ICS

AND

SPECIAL

Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038 function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator - Monolithic switching regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto-couplers and fibre optic IC.

CONTROL SYSTEMS UNIT 1 CONTROL SYSTEM MODELING

Basic Elements of Control System Open loop and Closed loop systems Differential equation - Transfer function, Modeling of Electric systems, Translational and rotational mechanical systems - Block diagram reduction Techniques - Signal flow graph

UNIT 2 TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

Time response analysis - First Order Systems - Impulse and Step Response analysis of second order systems - Steady state errors P, PI, PD and PID Compensation, Analysis using MATLAB

UNIT 3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS

Frequency Response - Bode Plot, Polar Plot, Nyquist Plot - Frequency Domain specifications from the plots - Constant M and N Circles - Nichols Chart - Use of Nichols Chart in Control System Analysis. Series, Parallel, series-parallel Compensators - Lead, Lag, and Lead Lag Compensators, Analysis using MATLAB.

UNIT 4 STABILITY ANALYSIS

Stability, Routh - Hurwitz Criterion, Root Locus Technique, Construction of Root Locus, Stability, Dominant Poles, Application of Root Locus Diagram Nyquist Stability Criterion - Relative Stability, Analysis using MATLAB

UNIT 5 STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

State space representation of Continuous Time systems State equations Transfer function from State Variable Representation Solutions of the state equations - Concepts of Controllability and Observability State space representation for Discrete time systems. Sampled Data control systems Sampling Theorem Sample & Hold Open loop & Closed loop sampled data systems.