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Anglais

The presentation explores how devices communicate in networks and distributed data processing systems, detailing network architectures such as LAN, WAN, and P2P models. It covers communication protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP/HTTPS, addressing and routing data through IP addresses and DNS, and emphasizes the importance of security measures like encryption and firewalls. Additionally, it discusses distributed data processing techniques, including data partitioning and consensus protocols, highlighting their applications in technologies like blockchain and web applications.

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cedric dosso
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2 views14 pages

Anglais

The presentation explores how devices communicate in networks and distributed data processing systems, detailing network architectures such as LAN, WAN, and P2P models. It covers communication protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP/HTTPS, addressing and routing data through IP addresses and DNS, and emphasizes the importance of security measures like encryption and firewalls. Additionally, it discusses distributed data processing techniques, including data partitioning and consensus protocols, highlighting their applications in technologies like blockchain and web applications.

Uploaded by

cedric dosso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation: How Devices

Communicate in a Network and


Distributed Data Processing System

---

Introduction

Communication between devices is the


foundation of modern systems, whether
it's accessing a website, using a real-
time application, or managing a complex
infrastructure like a blockchain. This
interaction relies on a combination of
hardware and software technologies that
coordinate the transfer of data effectively,
reliably, and securely. This presentation
provides a detailed exploration of how
this communication works.
---

1. Network Architecture

Networks act as bridges between


devices to exchange information. The
most common network types include:

1.1. Local Area Network (LAN)

Enables fast and stable connections


within a limited area (office, home).

Uses switches to connect devices, often


via Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi.

Example: Shared printers in an office.

1.2. Wide Area Network (WAN)


Connects local networks over long
distances, often using fiber optics,
satellites, or undersea cables.

The Internet is the largest WAN.

1.3. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model

In this model, each device acts as both a


client and a server.

Used for decentralized systems like file


sharing (e.g., BitTorrent) or blockchains.

1.4. Client-Server Model

Clients (computers or applications)


request resources or services from a
central server.

Example: A user accessing a website


hosted on a remote server.

---

2. Communication Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules governing


data exchange between devices.

2.1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control


Protocol/Internet Protocol)

The backbone of internet


communication.

IP handles addressing and routing of


data packets.
TCP ensures data arrives complete and
in order.

2.2. HTTP/HTTPS

Used to display web pages.

HTTPS adds a security layer via


SSL/TLS encryption.

2.3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Enables file transfers between a client


and a server.

Often used for managing websites or


transferring large datasets.
2.4. WebSocket

Provides real-time, bidirectional


communication, commonly used in
interactive web applications like chat or
online games.

---

3. Addressing and Routing Data

3.1. IP Address

Every device on a network has a unique


IP address, which can be:

IPv4: Standard format (e.g.,


192.168.1.1).
IPv6: A newer format designed to
accommodate more devices.

3.2. DNS (Domain Name System)

Translates domain names (e.g.,


www.google.com) into IP addresses.

Functions as the phonebook of the


internet.

3.3. Data Routing

Routers use algorithms to direct data


packets across the network:

Dynamic Routing Algorithms: Adjust


paths based on network traffic.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): Used to
manage routes between large networks
(autonomous systems).

---

4. Data Exchange

4.1. Synchronous Communication

Devices interact in real-time.

Example: A video call or live streaming.

4.2. Asynchronous Communication

Data is sent without waiting for an


immediate response.
Example: Sending an email or
processing an API request.

---

5. Communication Security

5.1. Encryption

SSL/TLS: Secures data in transit against


interception.

VPN (Virtual Private Network): Creates a


secure tunnel to protect sensitive
communications.

5.2. Authentication and Authorization


Devices use keys, passwords, or
certificates to ensure only authorized
entities can access data.

5.3. Firewalls and Intrusion Detection


Systems

Filter traffic and block unauthorized


access attempts.

---

6. Distributed Data Processing

6.1. Data Partitioning

Data is divided into small chunks, called


partitions, to be processed across
multiple nodes.

6.2. Consensus Protocols

Paxos or Raft ensure that all nodes in a


distributed system agree on the state of
data.

6.3. Fault Tolerance

Distributed systems are designed to


continue functioning even if some nodes
fail.

Achieved by using redundant copies of


data (replication).
6.4. Load Balancing

Tasks are distributed across nodes to


avoid overloading a single device and
maximize efficiency.

---

7. Practical Applications

7.1. Blockchain

An example of a peer-to-peer system


where each node maintains a copy of the
ledger.

Transactions are validated using


consensus protocols like Proof-of-Work
or Proof-of-Stake.
7.2. Web Applications

Web servers distribute user requests to


ensure smooth experiences even under
heavy loads (e.g., Amazon or Google).

---

Conclusion

Communication between devices relies


on complex layers of architectures,
protocols, and security mechanisms.
Understanding these principles enables
the construction of reliable and high-
performance systems that are essential
to our connected world. These concepts
underpin modern
technologies like IoT, cloud computing,
and blockchains, redefining how we
interact with the digital world.

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