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Programming Basics With Examples

The document provides a comprehensive overview of programming basics, including data types, casting, operators, constants, variables, and string operations. It categorizes data types into primitive, composite, and abstract types, and explains various operations and methods associated with them. Understanding these fundamentals is essential for effective data manipulation in programming.

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3 views

Programming Basics With Examples

The document provides a comprehensive overview of programming basics, including data types, casting, operators, constants, variables, and string operations. It categorizes data types into primitive, composite, and abstract types, and explains various operations and methods associated with them. Understanding these fundamentals is essential for effective data manipulation in programming.

Uploaded by

hello10203040hello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Basics - Comprehensive Explanation

1. Data Types

Data types define the nature of data that can be stored and manipulated in a programming

language.

Types of Data:

1. Primitive Data Types - Basic types of data that represent single values.

2. Composite Data Types - Collections or groupings of values.

3. Abstract Data Types (ADTs) - Data structures designed for specific functionalities.

Primitive Data Types:

- Integer (int): Whole numbers (e.g., 10, -5, 200)

Example:

```python

age = 25

print(age)

```

- Floating-Point (float): Numbers with decimal points (e.g., 3.14, -0.001, 2.0)

```python

pi = 3.14159

print(pi)

```

- Boolean (bool): Represents True or False values


```python

is_raining = True

print(is_raining)

```

- String (str): Sequence of characters (e.g., "Hello, World!", 'Python')

```python

name = "Alice"

print(name)

```

Composite Data Types:

- List (list): Ordered, mutable collection of elements.

```python

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple

```

- Tuple (tuple): Ordered, immutable collection.

```python

coordinates = (10, 20)

print(coordinates[1]) # Output: 20

```

- Dictionary (dict): Key-value pairs, unordered, mutable.

```python

person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}


print(person["name"]) # Output: Alice

```

- Set (set): Unordered collection of unique elements.

```python

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5}

print(numbers) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

```

2. Casting and Operators

Casting:

- Integer to String:

```python

num = 100

str_num = str(num)

print(str_num) # Output: "100"

```

- String to Integer:

```python

str_value = "50"

int_value = int(str_value)

print(int_value) # Output: 50

```

Operators:

- Arithmetic Operators:
```python

a = 10

b=3

print(a + b) # Addition -> 13

print(a - b) # Subtraction -> 7

```

- Comparison Operators:

```python

x=5

y = 10

print(x == y) # False

print(x < y) # True

```

- Logical Operators:

```python

a = True

b = False

print(a and b) # False

print(a or b) # True

```

3. Constants and Variables

Variables:

```python

name = "John"
age = 25

print(name, age)

```

Constants (Python uses uppercase convention):

```python

PI = 3.14159

print(PI)

```

4. Strings

String Operations:

- Concatenation:

```python

first_name = "John"

last_name = "Doe"

full_name = first_name + " " + last_name

print(full_name) # Output: John Doe

```

- String Indexing:

```python

text = "Hello"

print(text[0]) # Output: H

print(text[-1]) # Output: o

```
- String Methods:

```python

text = "hello world"

print(text.upper()) # HELLO WORLD

print(text.capitalize()) # Hello world

```

Conclusion

Understanding these programming basics is crucial for working with data effectively.

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