"Othello" is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603.

Set in
Venice and Cyprus, the play tells the story of the Moorish general Othello, who is manipulated
by his ensign Iago into believing that his wife Desdemona has been unfaithful. "Othello"
explores themes of jealousy, race, love, and betrayal, and is considered one of Shakespeare's
greatest achievements.
Plot Summary
The play opens in Venice, where Iago, a Venetian ensign, and Roderigo, a wealthy gentleman,
are discussing their hatred for Othello, the Moorish general of the Venetian army. Iago reveals
that he hates Othello because he has passed him over for promotion and instead appointed
Cassio as his lieutenant. Iago hatches a plan to destroy Othello by making him believe that his
wife Desdemona has been unfaithful with Cassio.
Act 1 Synopsis: The play opens with Roderigo expressing his love for Desdemona, the
daughter of a Venetian senator named Brabantio. Iago manipulates Roderigo into informing
Brabantio of Desdemona's secret marriage to Othello. Brabantio is outraged and accuses
Othello of using witchcraft to seduce his daughter. The Duke of Venice intervenes and allows
Othello to explain his side of the story. Desdemona confirms that she married Othello of her own
free will, and the Duke sends Othello to Cyprus to defend against a Turkish invasion.
Act 2 Synopsis: Othello sails to Cyprus, followed by Desdemona, Cassio, and Iago. During the
voyage, a storm destroys the Turkish fleet, and Othello and Desdemona are reunited in Cyprus.
Iago begins to put his plan into action by suggesting to Othello that Desdemona has been
unfaithful with Cassio. Cassio, meanwhile, is consumed with guilt over a drunken brawl that
resulted in his demotion.
Act 3 Synopsis: Iago continues to manipulate Othello, planting seeds of doubt about
Desdemona's fidelity. He encourages Othello to believe that Desdemona and Cassio are having
an affair, using circumstantial evidence and outright lies to support his claims. Othello becomes
increasingly jealous and suspicious, while Desdemona remains faithful and innocent.
Act 4 Synopsis: Othello's jealousy reaches its peak, and he becomes consumed with rage.
Convinced of Desdemona's infidelity, he resolves to kill her. Iago convinces Othello to strangle
Desdemona with a handkerchief, which Othello believes is proof of her betrayal. Desdemona
pleads for her life, but Othello is unmoved by her protests.
Act 5 Synopsis: Desdemona is murdered by Othello, who then learns of Iago's treachery.
Emilia, Iago's wife and Desdemona's maid, reveals the truth about the handkerchief, and Iago's
villainy is exposed. Othello is devastated by his actions and takes his own life. Iago is arrested
and brought to justice, but the damage he has caused cannot be undone.
Characters
Othello Description: The Moorish general of the Venetian army, Othello is a complex and tragic
figure. He is brave, honorable, and highly respected by his peers, but he is also vulnerable to
manipulation due to his insecurity about his race and his marriage to Desdemona.
Desdemona Description: Othello's wife, Desdemona is a virtuous and faithful woman who loves
her husband deeply. She is accused of infidelity by Othello, but she remains loyal to him to the
end, even in the face of death.
Iago Description: Othello's ensign, Iago is the play's main antagonist. He is cunning,
manipulative, and utterly devoid of moral scruples. He resents Othello for passing him over for
promotion and sets out to destroy him out of spite.
Cassio Description: Othello's loyal lieutenant, Cassio is a young and inexperienced soldier
who is promoted over Iago. He is falsely accused of having an affair with Desdemona, which
contributes to Othello's jealousy and ultimately leads to tragedy.
Emilia Description: Iago's wife and Desdemona's maid, Emilia is a pragmatic and outspoken
woman who is fiercely loyal to her mistress. She unwittingly becomes a pawn in Iago's
schemes, but ultimately exposes his treachery.
Roderigo Description: A wealthy gentleman who is infatuated with Desdemona, Roderigo is
manipulated by Iago into aiding his plot against Othello. He is ultimately killed by Iago in a failed
attempt to murder Cassio.
Themes Jealousy Description: "Othello" is a study of the destructive power of jealousy.
Othello's jealousy, fueled by Iago's manipulations, leads him to commit unspeakable acts of
violence and ultimately results in his own downfall.
Race Description: The play explores themes of race and ethnicity, with Othello's blackness
making him an outsider in Venetian society. Othello's insecurities about his race and his
marriage to Desdemona are exploited by Iago for his own nefarious purposes.
Love and Betrayal Description: "Othello" examines the complexities of love and betrayal.
Othello and Desdemona's love for each other is genuine and deep, but it is ultimately destroyed
by Iago's lies and manipulation.
Appearance vs. Reality Description: The play is filled with instances of characters being
deceived by appearances. Iago is a master of deception, using his skill to manipulate those
around him into believing things that are not true.
Power and Control Description: "Othello" explores themes of power and control, with
characters vying for dominance over each other. Iago's manipulation of Othello and others is
driven by his desire to exert control over their lives.
Significance "Othello" is considered one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, renowned for its
powerful exploration of jealousy, race, love, and betrayal. The play's complex characters,
intense drama, and timeless themes continue to resonate with audiences around the world.
Adaptations "Othello" has been adapted into numerous films, stage productions, and literary
works. Some notable adaptations include:
Film: Laurence Olivier's 1965 adaptation, Orson Welles' 1952 adaptation, and Oliver Parker's
1995 adaptation starring Laurence Fishburne as Othello and Kenneth Branagh as Iago.
Stage: Sir Patrick Stewart's 1997 production, directed by Jude Kelly and featuring Stewart as
Othello and Ewan McGregor as Iago.
Literature: "Othello" has been the inspiration for numerous literary works, including novels,
short stories, and poems.