So we are going to I will show all these things.

00:15

So you already know what a rectifier circuit is, right.

00:19

So what is a rectifier circuit?

00:20

What does it do?

00:23

It converts an AC with AC.

00:26

So if I provide a AC input.

00:30

what should I have I should I should have for a half wave rectifier I should only have the first
positive half cycle in the output right.

00:41

So, but there is a in today step there is a controlled rectifier.

00:48

So, what does this mean that means, we have control over the output right.

00:53

So, we we can if you want we can have we can controlHow much portion of the positive half we
will get?

01:01

All right, so if you want we can start the output from this position, right?

01:09
From this position we can get the output.

01:13

We have already seen this in your first wave, right?

01:15

So how how do we achieve this?

01:18

We can achieve this using an what SCR.

01:21

If we use an SCR then we can control how much of the.

01:26

half, positive half we get in the output.

01:29

So, if we give a triggering pulse in this point to the SCR, then our output will be 0 in this
position and we will start when the SCR will get a gate pulse.

01:46

So, can anyone tell me, if we get only these portions, so is the average DC value of the output
reduced or increased?

01:58

Now, we are not getting the full half wave.

02:01

We are getting only a portion of it.

02:04

Obviously, the average DC value will be reduced.

02:07
So, this is actually the controlling part.

02:09

So, we are controlling the output average DC voltage, right.

02:13

So, So the point at which we give the triggering pulses, that here will turn on and we will have
the output from that point, all right.

02:22

So how do we get these triggering pulses?

02:26

So OK, one more thing.

02:29

So for the ICR to turn on, there are two conditions that we have already studied in the first lab,
which is being it has to be in forward bias condition and we need gate carrier.

02:42

So these these are the gate pulses, right?

02:44

So how do we get these gate pulses?

02:47

We need triggering circuits.

02:48

All right, the triggering circuits will give us the gate pulses.

02:52

So there are in this lab we studied 2 triggering circuit.

02:56
One is UJT triggering circuit which is used to what provide gate pulse to SCR and we will also
see a diode triggering circuit which will be used to trigger triad.

03:09

We have already studied SCR and triad, right?

03:14

So do you know what a UJT is?

03:16

Anyone.

03:18

So UJT is actually uni junction transistor.

03:22

Alright, it has only one junction, you can see here in the construction there is only one p-n
junction that is why it is a uni-junction transistor.

03:31

So, you know what a transistor does, right?

03:34

What does a transistor do?

03:36

Yeah, switching and amplification.

03:40

So, for UDT it is used as a switching device.

03:45

So, it will use to switch on or off transistor, right?

03:50
So, this is the symbol of UGT and this is the construction.

03:54

We will have an emitter.

03:56

There are three terminals in the UGT.

03:58

There will be an emitter terminal and two base terminals.

04:01

One is same as base one and the other is base two.

04:05

So, if you see the construction, the emitter is connected to the P terminal and from the L part you
will get the two base terminals.

04:16

Now if you observe it carefully.

04:20

OK, first let us see the equivalent circuit of the PN junction.

04:26

You see this is the PN junction.

04:30

So we can replace the PN junction using an ideal diode.

04:34

So this one is for the PN junction.

04:36

The ideal diode is for the what PN junction.

Now you know since there are potential barrier.

04:50

and there is significant amount of paths here, we can replace those using two resistors.

04:57

Now, if you look closely, can you tell anyone, can you tell me which resistance will be higher,
RB1 or RB2 from the figure?

05:11

Yeah, it will be RB1, since the path is longer from B1 to emitter, so we will haveRB1 greater
than RB2.

05:26

All right, so has everyone understood the UJT circuit?

05:32

So this is the equivalent circuit of the UJT.

05:34

We will use a diode and two voltage divider resistor as an equivalent circuit of the UJT.

05:43

So now if you want to see the UDT working principle, so we bias the UDT between the two base
circuits.

05:50

You know what biasing means, right?

05:52

Just providing a voltage across the base.

05:56
So if you provide VBB and we provide an input here, let us say this is the emitterSo, and this is
the ideal diode as we have already said.

06:08

So, dealing if in initial condition, let us say we have no input, the input is 0.

06:15

So, what will be if we apply a voltage divider rule here, what should be the voltage across R p1?

06:22

The voltage across R p1 is phi R p1 equals to R b1 divided by R b1 plus R bb into V bb.

06:28

We all know this, this is a simple voltage divider circuit.

06:33

So we replace this RB1 divided by RB1 plus constant which is beta.

06:39

It is the intrinsic standoff ratio right?

06:43

So the voltage across this one, this one beta V VB.

06:49

Now see when will this diode turn on?

06:52

It will turn on when?

06:56

And the voltage on this side is higher than the voltage at this point.

07:01

That means if V is greater than eta VBB, then we will get what?
07:07

The diode will turn on.

07:10

Now see, what does this mean?

07:11

The diode is turning on.

07:13

When V is greater than eta VBB, that means the potential barrier across this is breaking.

07:21

So, when this breaks, the charges will starts to flow.

07:25

And the current will also start to flow right.

07:30

When TE is greater than ETA BBB, the diode will be in forward bias condition and the current
will start to flow.

07:37

That means what the the potential barrier across this point it is breaking down.

07:42

What does that mean?

07:44

The potential barrier is breaking down.

07:46

That means the resistance that we are getting here is reducing.

07:52
That is why the current is flowing.

07:54

Can everyone understand?

07:57

Since the diode is in now forward bias condition, the condition barrier is breaking down and
hence the resistance is decreasing.

08:09

So, we are having current flow that is the current is increasing I and RB2 is 1, so RB1, it is
decreasing, right.

08:22

So, what is the voltage?

08:23

The voltage is also decreasing, but it is supposed to happen like this.

08:32

From also what do we know?

08:34

V promotional to I promotional to V, right?

08:41

So, as voltage increase the current also is increasing, but in this case we are seeing the voltage is
decreasing, but the current is increasing.

08:49

So, a simple way to understand is this.

08:52

Like in short circuit.

08:54
So this is a say this is a simple short circuit.

08:58

What happens in a short circuit?

09:01

The current is infinite.

09:02

The current rises too much.

09:05

But what is the voltage?

09:06

The voltage across the short circuit is what?

09:08

0 volt.

09:09

So a similar kind of thing you can imagine here.

09:11

So that means what?

09:13

When the, let me indicate, when emitter voltage is higher than this voltage,Our diode is in
forward biased condition that means the condition variable is breaking down and the current will
starts to flow.

09:29

The charges will starts to flow and the current will also starts to flow.

09:32
But the voltage is what?

09:34

Reducing.

09:36

Since since the resistance is also reducing that means this is the negative resistance region, right?

09:45

Since it is negative that is why with the increase of the current the voltage is reducing.

09:49

09:53

09:58

10:02

10:06

10:10

10:15

10:20

resistance of comb resistance, current of bulk resistance, but voltage comb resistance.
10:26

So, this is a negative resistance region.

10:29

So, if we see the V-a characteristics, what is happening?

10:33

See, we are increasing the input voltage, VE, the voltage across limiter.

10:39

It is increasing and when it reaches, when it exceeds eta VBB, that means our diode is in what?

10:45

Forward bias condition.

10:48

So, when it reaches a point, a peak point BT, that means what?

10:52

Our potential barrier is breaking and the current is increasing rapidly and the voltage is reducing.

11:00

So, the voltage will start to reduce up to a point, valley point.

11:03

And after this point there will be no, there will be no potential barrier, but there is a resistance
across this part.

11:12

That's why after that point it will follow the Ohm's law.

11:15

Alright.

11:16
So, this is this point, this part, this is a negative instance region and the rest of and the minus
continuous it is a saturation region.

11:25

All right.

11:27

Everyone understood?

11:29

So, we actually use this region as a UGPT in our UGPT circuit we use this region.

11:38

All right.

11:40

So, did everyone understood?

a variable resistor.

00:00

So we will come to this part later.

00:07

So this one we have already seen, right.

00:08

So now we are having this bias VBB across the bases and there will be a capacitor and a variable
resistor.

00:18

So see how does it work?

00:21

When we apply a bias initially, the capacitor will start charging, right.
00:27

So the capacitor starts start starting through the variable resistance.

00:33

So this is the voltage across the capacitor, VC.

00:37

So it first gradually starts rising, alright.

00:41

So when it reaches this point, VP, as I mentioned earlier, this peak point, so when the capacitor,
it first starts, it first starts starting and after reaching the VP point, the peak point, what will
happen?

00:57

the UDT will turn on, right, like before.

01:00

So, when the UDT turns on, the capacitor will start discharging through this path, alright.

01:11

When the UDT turns on, the capacitor starts discharging through this path.

01:16

So, here the voltage is now reducing, alright.

01:20

See, when the capacitor reaches this VT point, what will happen?

01:24

The same thing, again.

01:27

it will rupture and the current will start flow, that means the utility turns on.
01:33

So, when the utility turns on this path, the capacitor will start discharging along this path, right.

01:40

So, when it reaches up to a point eta VBB, that means what?

01:45

The utility turns off, because now it is in a reverse biased condition, that diode, alright.

01:53

So, in this way again it startscharging and when it reaches beeping, it will start discharging.

02:00

Now we are taking the output along this path, from this point, from the RD1, right, BRD1, we
are taking the output.

02:12

This will go to a SCR, this is the triggering path, right, we will get pulses from this point.

02:18

So when the VC starts discharging that means this path is onSo, we will get the output when the
capacitor starts discharging.

02:28

So, we will get the same voltage here.

02:31

Again the EJT is turned off, there will be no voltage, and when it reaches VP, it will start
discharging through the valve, and we will get this one.

02:40

We will get this pulses, right.

02:46

So, one thing to observe here is that,You see there are, this is the variable resistance here, right.
02:54

So, the charging path, the resistance of the charging path is higher than the resistance of the
discharging path, alright.

03:02

That means, it will take more time to charge than it takes to discharge, because you know the
time constant comes to half c right.

03:14

So, if the time constant is higher, the charging time will be higher.

03:17

That is why.

03:18

So, the discharge path has lower resistance, that is why we are having low discharge time.

03:23

So, if we can tweak the variables here, we can change the what?

03:30

Charging and discharging time.

03:31

So, since we are having a variable resistance here, so we can change the what?

03:35

The resistance of the charging path.

03:37

So, by varying the resistance of the charging path, we can change the charging time.

03:43

So, ifIf it was like this, so if you reduce the variable resistance, what will happen?
03:57

The charging path will have lower resistance and it will charge faster.

04:01

So we can have something like this, right.

04:08

Now it is starting faster.

04:10

So, in this way we can change the charging time.

04:13

So, it will be like this maybe.

04:17

Alright.

04:19

So, what is happening?

04:21

The frequency has what?

04:23

Increased.

04:25

So, by changing the variable resistance, we can control the frequency of the what?

04:29

The triggering pulses.

04:31
All right, everyone understood?

04:32

The charging time.

04:38

See, here the capacity is charging through this path, all right?

04:50

So the charging path has higher resistance, we have here, very resistance here.

04:57

And this charging part has lower resistance, that's why he's takingless time to discharge, but
more time to charge.

05:05

But we have variable resistance here, that means we can change the charging part, right.

05:11

We can change the resistance of the charging part.

05:14

So, if we increase the variable resistance, the charging part resistance will increase, that means it
will take more time to charge.

05:22

But if we reduce the variable resistance, it will take less time to charge, alright.

05:27

So, now the charging time is from this point to this point, right.

05:31

So, after reducing the variable resistance, we can have the charging time in this point.

05:36
If we have the charging time, it will discharge and it will charge again.

05:42

So, we are now reducing the charging time.

05:43

So, by reducing the charging time, we are getting pulses more frequently.

05:48

Alright, that means what?

05:49

The frequency of the pulses has increased.

05:52

So, in this way we can control that at which point our SCN is gettingthe pulses right, we can
move it left right, this way we can control the frequency.

06:05

Has everyone understood?

06:09

Anyone has any question?

06:28

Any question?

06:49

then you can take the you will see I hope everyone understood.

07:03

If this will have any question you can ask.

07:33

The diode is, in your first stage you have already started triad, right.
07:37

What is a triad?

07:38

It is basically two FCR facing and opposite direction.

07:42

So, you had a controlling unit.

07:43

So, you can control how much portion of the, how to wheel we have.

07:49

But in diac, we are actually having two zener diodes facing in opposite direction.

07:54

That means it can flow current in both positive and negative direction without any control.

08:00

In CYAC we had a controlling element, but in DYAC we do not have any earth and angle gate
terminal.

08:06

In CYAC we had a gate terminal, but in DYAC we do not have that one.

08:09

So, whenever we give an AC input it can conduct in both directions.

08:16

So, if you if you look at the B-A characteristics curve you will see thatbefore reaching a specific
voltage which is the breakover voltage, it will not conduct.

08:28

After crossing the breakover voltage, it will start conducting in both duration.
08:34

So this one is for positive half cycle, this one is for negative half cycle.

08:40

So it has one is LP1 and LP2.

08:42

So we use the diode to even our direction.

08:46

I don't think there is anything else to say here.

08:52

Okay, is DIAC understood?

08:57

Yeah In DIAC you saw, in DIAC you have 2SCR facing opposite direction.

09:02

So DIAC is constructed in this way.

09:04

It is like two zener diode.

09:07

So why zener diode?

09:09

Because it actually works in the avalanche bridge.

09:11

That is what.

09:12
It is basically like two zener diodes in opposite direction.

09:17

like After crossing the break voltage, it will start conducting, all right.

09:23

This is simple thing.

09:27

So, this is the diode to get the circuit, track to get the circuit, all right.

09:32

So, how does this thing work?

09:33

So, this is the diode and this is diode.

09:49

Yeah, in forward part, in SCR, you will see only in the positive in this case, in both direction, it
will contact.

09:57

For SCR, it contacted only for for positive half cycle.

10:03

Yeah, yeahBut in that case, you see that there are some controlling event.

10:11

We can control this part when it will start converting, right?

10:15

But in this case, that is not such .

10:19

Right.
10:21

Okay, so the working procedure is almost same as before, like the .

10:26

So you will be ready to improve the capacitor will do what?

10:35

First it will start charging.

10:37

So, after giving an input it will start starting along this path in both direction.

10:43

For positive half cycle it will charge like in this path and for negative half cycle it will charge in
this path, in the reverse path, alright.

10:50

So, the capacitor is charging initially.

10:52

So, when it increases this breakover voltage, the diode will be what?

10:56

It will start conducting, alright.

11:00

So, when it starts conducting the diode will get activated, okay.

11:04

At that phase, so firstIt will start, let us say it starts charging in this way and the voltage at the
VC is rising.

11:13

So once it reaches VD go, the recover voltage, the diode will start conducting.
11:21

The VC will discharge down in this part.

11:28

flow through this path.

11:29

So, what if we take VBO the capacitor voltage discharge through this path and the diac
continues, the diac turns on and the HCM is also what.

11:40

And in the negative direction it will do the same thing.

11:44

But right now this time I am flowing the opposite direction.

11:48

So, if we look at theYou see it starts rising.

11:53

So when it reaches BVO, it starts discharging through the diode.

12:00

So when it starts discharging, if you take this one.

12:09

We are giving the pulse in this point, this one.

12:12

Right.

12:14

So if you take the pulse, you see.

12:15
Are you familiarized with both the operations?

12:19

When the capacitor is discharging, again it starts starting at the negative position and when it
reaches the breakover voltage, it starts discharging.

12:28

When it starts discharging, we find this voltage at the output of the diode.

12:34

And again the same thing, it starts rising, when it reaches VBO, it starts this side, and when it
starts this side, we get the triggering pulses at the output of the diode.

12:44

So if we provide this triggering pulses to the diode, see, let's say this is our info voltage.

12:52

So when it gets the pulse, triggering pulse, the diode starts conductingSo what what we have to
find the output.

13:03

If you take the output from this point.

13:05

What the value is flowing inside the manual...

13:09

this output.

13:11

Make it in the negative position until we reach, until we have this pulses, the tag transform and
we have this term.

13:22

Do we get it?
13:26

Simple thing.

13:27

Capacitor charge should go away...........

13:30

We get the trigger impulses, and when we get the trigger impulses, we have the output.

13:45

Okay.

13:47

All right.

13:48

The same is in the negative direction.

13:51

Is there any question?

14:00

Can anyone tell me how we can change the representation?

14:28

this way the driving time increases and we can also the frequency along the frequency of the
pulses.

14:34

Everyone understood?

14:36

Please if you have any questions, ask.

14:40
If there is no question, we can continue to our software first.