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Advanced arithmetic operations Part 5

The document covers advanced arithmetic operations including subtraction of sums and differences, factorials, combinations, matrix arithmetic, modular exponentiation, prime factorization, complex numbers, summation, Fast Fourier Transform, and continued fractions. Each topic is briefly explained with rules, formulas, and examples. These concepts are applicable in various fields such as mathematics, physics, engineering, and cryptography.

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Rehan Zahid
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Advanced arithmetic operations Part 5

The document covers advanced arithmetic operations including subtraction of sums and differences, factorials, combinations, matrix arithmetic, modular exponentiation, prime factorization, complex numbers, summation, Fast Fourier Transform, and continued fractions. Each topic is briefly explained with rules, formulas, and examples. These concepts are applicable in various fields such as mathematics, physics, engineering, and cryptography.

Uploaded by

Rehan Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced arithmetic operations

Subtraction of a sum

Sometimes we need to subtract a sum of elements from another element.


Rule:
a−(b+c)=a−b−ca−(b+c)=a−b−c
 This is also true in algebraic expressions.
We can operate according to the rule: apply the subtraction sign to each
of the elements included in the parentheses.
Likewise, we can act according to the order of mathematical operations
starting with the parentheses - calculate the sum and only then subtract
it.

For example, in the exercise:


21−(7+2)=21−(7+2)=

Option 1 - according to the rule:


We will subtract each element in the parentheses separately and it will
give us:
21−7−2=1221−7−2=12

Option 2 - according to the order of operations:


21−9=1221−9=12

Click here for a more detailed explanation about subtracting a sum.


Subtraction of a difference

It is valid when we need to subtract a difference of elements from


another element.
Rule:
a−(b−c)=a−b+ca−(b−c)=a−b+c

 This is also valid in algebraic expressions.


We can operate according to the rule: apply the subtraction sign to each
of the elements included in the parentheses and always remember that,
minus times minus gives plus.
Likewise, we can act according to the order of mathematical operations
starting with the parentheses - calculate the difference and only then
subtract it.

For example, in the exercise:


33−(9−3)=33−(9−3)=

Option 1 - according to the rule:


We will separately subtract each element in the parentheses and it will
give us:
33−9+3=33−9+3=

24+3=2724+3=27
Option 2 - according to the order of operations:
33−6=2733−6=27

3. Factorials & Combinations

 Factorial (n!n!): The product of all integers from 1 to nn (e.g., 5!


=5×4×3×2×1=1205! = 5×4×3×2×1 = 120).
 Combinations (C(n,r)C(n, r)): Used in probability and statistics
to calculate selections from a set without considering order.
o Formula: C(n,r)=n!r!(n−r)!C(n, r) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}.

4. Matrix Arithmetic

 Used in physics, graphics, AI, and engineering.


 Includes matrix addition, multiplication, determinant, and inverse
calculations.
 Example of matrix multiplication: [1234]×[5678]=[(1×5+2×7)
(1×6+2×8)(3×5+4×7)(3×6+4×8)]\begin{bmatrix}1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\
end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix}5 & 6\\ 7 & 8\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}(1×5 + 2×7) & (1×6 + 2×8)\\ (3×5 + 4×7) & (3×6
+ 4×8)\end{bmatrix}

5. Modular Exponentiation

 Used in cryptography (RSA encryption).


 Computes large powers of numbers within a modulus efficiently.
 Example: 3200mod 133^{200} \mod 13 can be computed using
fast exponentiation methods.

6. Prime Factorization & Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

 Prime Factorization: Breaking down numbers into prime


components (e.g., 60 = 22×3×52^2 \times 3 \times 5).
 GCD: The largest number that divides two numbers (e.g.,
GCD(18, 24) = 6).
 Used in number theory and cryptography.

7. Complex Numbers & Imaginary Arithmetic

 Involves numbers of the form a+bia + bi, where i=−1i = \sqrt{-1}.


 Used in engineering, physics, and signal processing.
 Example: (3+2i)×(1−i)=3−3i+2i−2i2=3−i+2=5−i(3 + 2i) \times (1 -
i) = 3 - 3i + 2i - 2i^2 = 3 - i + 2 = 5 - i.

8. Summation & Series

 Arithmetic Series: Sn=n2(a+l)S_n = \frac{n}{2} (a + l).


Geometric Series: Sn=a1−rn1−rS_n = a \frac{1 - r^n}{1 - r} (if
∣r∣<1|r| < 1, then S=a1−rS = \frac{a}{1 - r}).

 Used in finance, physics, and calculus.

9. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)


 Converts signals between time and frequency domains.
 Used in digital signal processing, image compression, and
cryptography.

10. Continued Fractions

 Represent numbers as fractions in an iterative way.


 Used in number theory and irrational number approximations.

Would you like a deeper explanation of any of these topics? 🚀

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