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Advanced arithmetic operations Part 4

The document covers advanced arithmetic operations including factorials, combinations, matrix arithmetic, modular exponentiation, prime factorization, complex numbers, summation, fast Fourier transform, and continued fractions. Each topic is briefly defined with examples and applications in fields such as probability, cryptography, engineering, and signal processing. The content serves as an overview of essential mathematical concepts and their practical uses.

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Rehan Zahid
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Advanced arithmetic operations Part 4

The document covers advanced arithmetic operations including factorials, combinations, matrix arithmetic, modular exponentiation, prime factorization, complex numbers, summation, fast Fourier transform, and continued fractions. Each topic is briefly defined with examples and applications in fields such as probability, cryptography, engineering, and signal processing. The content serves as an overview of essential mathematical concepts and their practical uses.

Uploaded by

Rehan Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVANCED ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

3. Factorials & Combinations

 Factorial (n!n!): The product of all integers from 1 to nn (e.g., 5!


=5×4×3×2×1=1205! = 5×4×3×2×1 = 120).
 Combinations (C(n,r)C(n, r)): Used in probability and statistics
to calculate selections from a set without considering order.
o Formula: C(n,r)=n!r!(n−r)!C(n, r) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}.

4. Matrix Arithmetic

 Used in physics, graphics, AI, and engineering.


 Includes matrix addition, multiplication, determinant, and inverse
calculations.
 Example of matrix multiplication: [1234]×[5678]=[(1×5+2×7)
(1×6+2×8)(3×5+4×7)(3×6+4×8)]\begin{bmatrix}1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\
end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix}5 & 6\\ 7 & 8\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}(1×5 + 2×7) & (1×6 + 2×8)\\ (3×5 + 4×7) & (3×6
+ 4×8)\end{bmatrix}

5. Modular Exponentiation

 Used in cryptography (RSA encryption).


 Computes large powers of numbers within a modulus efficiently.
 Example: 3200mod 133^{200} \mod 13 can be computed using
fast exponentiation methods.

6. Prime Factorization & Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

 Prime Factorization: Breaking down numbers into prime


components (e.g., 60 = 22×3×52^2 \times 3 \times 5).
 GCD: The largest number that divides two numbers (e.g.,
GCD(18, 24) = 6).
 Used in number theory and cryptography.

7. Complex Numbers & Imaginary Arithmetic

 Involves numbers of the form a+bia + bi, where i=−1i = \sqrt{-1}.


 Used in engineering, physics, and signal processing.
 Example: (3+2i)×(1−i)=3−3i+2i−2i2=3−i+2=5−i(3 + 2i) \times (1 -
i) = 3 - 3i + 2i - 2i^2 = 3 - i + 2 = 5 - i.

8. Summation & Series

 Arithmetic Series: Sn=n2(a+l)S_n = \frac{n}{2} (a + l).


Geometric Series: Sn=a1−rn1−rS_n = a \frac{1 - r^n}{1 - r} (if
∣r∣<1|r| < 1, then S=a1−rS = \frac{a}{1 - r}).

 Used in finance, physics, and calculus.

9. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)


 Converts signals between time and frequency domains.
 Used in digital signal processing, image compression, and
cryptography.

10. Continued Fractions

 Represent numbers as fractions in an iterative way.


 Used in number theory and irrational number approximations.

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