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Advanced arithmetic operations Part 2

The document outlines advanced arithmetic operations including modular arithmetic, exponentiation, logarithms, factorials, combinations, matrix arithmetic, and more. It highlights their applications in fields such as cryptography, computer science, physics, and finance. Each topic is briefly explained with examples to illustrate their significance and usage.

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Rehan Zahid
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2 views

Advanced arithmetic operations Part 2

The document outlines advanced arithmetic operations including modular arithmetic, exponentiation, logarithms, factorials, combinations, matrix arithmetic, and more. It highlights their applications in fields such as cryptography, computer science, physics, and finance. Each topic is briefly explained with examples to illustrate their significance and usage.

Uploaded by

Rehan Zahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced arithmetic operations

1. Modular Arithmetic

 Used in cryptography and computer science.


 Works with numbers within a fixed range (modulus).
 Example: 17mod 5=217 \mod 5 = 2 (17 divided by 5 leaves a
remainder of 2).

2. Exponentiation & Logarithms

 Exponentiation: Repeated multiplication of a number (e.g.,


25=322^5 = 32).
 Logarithms: The inverse of exponentiation (e.g., log⁡2(32)=5\
log_2(32) = 5).
 Logarithms are used in complexity analysis, signal processing, and
finance.

3. Factorials & Combinations

 Factorial (n!n!): The product of all integers from 1 to nn (e.g., 5!


=5×4×3×2×1=1205! = 5×4×3×2×1 = 120).
 Combinations (C(n,r)C(n, r)): Used in probability and statistics
to calculate selections from a set without considering order.
o Formula: C(n,r)=n!r!(n−r)!C(n, r) = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}.

4. Matrix Arithmetic
 Used in physics, graphics, AI, and engineering.
 Includes matrix addition, multiplication, determinant, and inverse
calculations.
 Example of matrix multiplication: [1234]×[5678]=[(1×5+2×7)
(1×6+2×8)(3×5+4×7)(3×6+4×8)]\begin{bmatrix}1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\
end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix}5 & 6\\ 7 & 8\end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix}(1×5 + 2×7) & (1×6 + 2×8)\\ (3×5 + 4×7) & (3×6
+ 4×8)\end{bmatrix}

5. Modular Exponentiation

 Used in cryptography (RSA encryption).


 Computes large powers of numbers within a modulus efficiently.
 Example: 3200mod 133^{200} \mod 13 can be computed using
fast exponentiation methods.

6. Prime Factorization & Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

 Prime Factorization: Breaking down numbers into prime


components (e.g., 60 = 22×3×52^2 \times 3 \times 5).
 GCD: The largest number that divides two numbers (e.g.,
GCD(18, 24) = 6).
 Used in number theory and cryptography.

7. Complex Numbers & Imaginary Arithmetic


 Involves numbers of the form a+bia + bi, where i=−1i = \sqrt{-1}.
 Used in engineering, physics, and signal processing.
 Example: (3+2i)×(1−i)=3−3i+2i−2i2=3−i+2=5−i(3 + 2i) \times (1 -
i) = 3 - 3i + 2i - 2i^2 = 3 - i + 2 = 5 - i.

8. Summation & Series

 Arithmetic Series: Sn=n2(a+l)S_n = \frac{n}{2} (a + l).


Geometric Series: Sn=a1−rn1−rS_n = a \frac{1 - r^n}{1 - r} (if
∣r∣<1|r| < 1, then S=a1−rS = \frac{a}{1 - r}).

 Used in finance, physics, and calculus.

9. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

 Converts signals between time and frequency domains.


 Used in digital signal processing, image compression, and
cryptography.

10. Continued Fractions

 Represent numbers as fractions in an iterative way.


 Used in number theory and irrational number approximations.

Would you like a deeper explanation of any of these topics? 🚀

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