8.

4 Trigonometric Substitutions 479

Then
"4 + x 2
x

L 24 + x L 24 sec u L 0 sec u 0
dx 2 sec2 u du sec2 u du
u = =    2sec 2 u = 0 sec u 0
2 2
2

L
FIGURE 8.4 Reference triangle for p p
= sec u du    sec u 7 0 for - 6 u 6
x = 2 tan u (Example 1): 2 2
x
tan u = = ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 + C   
2
and
24 + x 2 x
24 + x2 = ln ` + ` + C.    From Fig. 8.4
sec u = . 2 2
2
Notice how we expressed ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 in terms of x: We drew a reference triangle for
the original substitution x = 2 tan u (Figure 8.4) and read the ratios from the triangle.

EXAMPLE 2   Here we find an expression for the inverse hyperbolic sine function in
terms of the natural logarithm. Following the same procedure as in Example 1, we find
that

L 2a2 + x2 L
dx
= sec u du    x = a tan u, dx = a sec 2 u du

= ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 + C

2a 2 + x 2 x
= ln ` a + a ` + C  Fig. 8.2

From Table 7.11, sinh-1 (x>a) is also an antiderivative of 1> 2a2 + x2 , so the two anti­
derivatives differ by a constant, giving

x 2a2 + x2 x
sinh - 1 a = ln ` a + a ` + C.

Setting x = 0 in this last equation, we find 0 = ln 0 1 0 + C, so C = 0. Since

2a2 + x2 7 0 x 0 , we conclude that

x 2a2 + x2 x
sinh - 1 a = ln a a + ab

(See also Exercise 76 in Section 7.7.)

EXAMPLE 3  Evaluate

L 29 - x 2
x2 dx
.

Solution We set

p p
x = 3 sin u, dx = 3 cos u du, - 6 u 6
2 2
9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sin2 u = 9 ( 1 - sin2 u ) = 9 cos2 u.

M08_THOM9799_13_SE_C08.indd 479 04/04/16 3:24 PM

 480 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

Then
9 sin2 u # 3 cos u du
L 29 - x 2 L
3 x x2 dx
=
u 0 3 cos u 0

L
"9 − x 2 p p
= 9 sin2 u du    cos u 7 0 for -
2
6 u 6
2
FIGURE 8.5 Reference triangle for
x = 3 sin u (Example 3):
L
1 - cos 2u
= 9 du
sin u =
x 2
3
9 sin 2u
and = au - b + C
2 2
29 - x2
cos u = .
3 9
= (u - sin u cos u) + C    sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
2

asin-1 - #
9 x x 29 - x2
= b + C  From Fig. 8.5
2 3 3 3

9 -1 x x
= sin - 29 - x2 + C. 
2 3 2

EXAMPLE 4  Evaluate

L 225x2 - 4
dx 2
, x 7 .
5

Solution We first rewrite the radical as

4
225x2 - 4 = 25 ax2 - b
B 25

2 2
= 5 x2 - a b
C 5

to put the radicand in the form x2 - a2. We then substitute

2 2 p
x = sec u, dx = sec u tan u du, 0 6 u 6
5 5 2
2 2 4 4
x2 - a b = sec2 u -
5 25 25
4 4
= (sec2 u - 1) = tan2 u
25 25

2 2 2 2 tan u 7 0 for
x2 - a b = 0 tan u 0 = tan u.   0 6 u 6 p>2
5x
C 5 5 5
"25x 2 − 4
With these substitutions, we have
(2>5) sec u tan u du
L 225x - 4 L 5 2x - (4>25) L 5 (2>5) tan u
u dx dx
2 2
= 2
= #
FIGURE 8.6 If x = (2>5)sec u,

5L
0 6 u 6 p>2, then u = sec-1 (5x>2), 1 1
= sec u du = ln 0 sec u + tan u 0 + C
and we can read the values of the other 5
trigonometric functions of u from this
1 5x 225x 2 - 4
right triangle (Example 4). = ln ` + ` + C.  From Fig. 8.6
5 2 2

M08_THOM9799_13_SE_C08.indd 480 04/04/16 3:24 PM