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The document discusses the combustion of hydrogen and its reactions with oxygen, producing water vapor and, in the presence of air, oxides of nitrogen. It also explains the combustion of carbon, the formation of carbon dioxide, and tests for the presence of water using cobalt chloride paper and anhydrous copper sulfate. Additionally, it covers the oxidation of metals, detailing how they react with oxygen to form metal oxides, including examples with magnesium and iron.

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Aftab Younus
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10 views3 pages

Science

The document discusses the combustion of hydrogen and its reactions with oxygen, producing water vapor and, in the presence of air, oxides of nitrogen. It also explains the combustion of carbon, the formation of carbon dioxide, and tests for the presence of water using cobalt chloride paper and anhydrous copper sulfate. Additionally, it covers the oxidation of metals, detailing how they react with oxygen to form metal oxides, including examples with magnesium and iron.

Uploaded by

Aftab Younus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science

So as long as enough oxygen is present for complete combustion, the


two products formed will be carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
A hydrogen fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the
chemical energy stored in hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy.
The process involves combining hydrogen and oxygen in the
presence of a catalyst to produce electricity, water, and heat.

The combustion of hydrogen with oxygen produces water vapor as its


only product: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. However, air is a mixture of gases,
and the most abundant gas in air is nitrogen. Therefore, the
combustion of hydrogen in air produces oxides of nitrogen, known as
NO x.

Coal is a hydrocarbon fossil fuel because it primarily consists of


carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
made up of hydrogen and carbon. Word equation for the reaction of
carbon with oxygen (combustion):-

Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide


When carbon dioxide gas is present in a test, the limewater solution turns
cloudy or milky white. This is because the carbon dioxide reacts with the
calcium hydroxide in the limewater to form a white precipitate of calcium
carbonate.

Two simple tests to check for the presence of water:

1. Cobalt Chloride Paper Test:

 What you need: Cobalt chloride paper (usually blue in color).


 What happens: If water is present, the blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink.
 How it works: Cobalt chloride paper is blue when dry, but it turns pink when it absorbs
water. This is because the paper reacts with the water and changes color.
2. Anhydrous Copper Sulfate Test:

 What you need: Anhydrous copper sulfate (white powder).


 What happens: If water is present, the anhydrous copper sulfate turns blue.
 How it works: Anhydrous copper sulfate is white, but when it comes into contact with
water, it forms a blue copper sulfate solution (hydrated copper sulfate).

These are easy ways to test for water in everyday situations!

1. Bubbles are full of hydrogen:


When hydrogen gas is present, it can form bubbles in a reaction. Hydrogen is a
flammable gas.
2. Lighted splint catches fire:
When you bring a lighted splint near the bubbles containing hydrogen gas, the hydrogen
gas reacts with the oxygen in the air and burns. The reaction is:

2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(g)+heat2H_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2H_2O(g) + \


text{heat}2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(g)+heat

This reaction produces water vapor and energy in the form of heat, which causes the
splint to burn and produce a "pop" sound.

3. Flames continue when the lighted splint is removed:


The hydrogen gas continues to burn for a moment even after the splint is removed,
because the hydrogen is still reacting with the oxygen in the air, and the flame may
continue until the gas supply is used up.
4. Flames go out:
The flame eventually goes out because the hydrogen gas is consumed. Once the hydrogen
is gone, there's nothing left to keep the combustion going.

The flames continue when the splint is removed because the hydrogen is still burning. However,
the flames eventually go out when all the hydrogen has reacted, and no more fuel is available to
maintain the fire.

Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. This is known as oxidation. The reaction can
vary depending on the metal

1. Reaction of Metals with Oxygen (General):

Most metals, when heated or exposed to oxygen, react to form a metal oxide. The basic reaction
looks like this:

Metal+Oxygen→Metal Oxide\text{Metal} + \text{Oxygen} \rightarrow \text{Metal


Oxide}Metal+Oxygen→Metal Oxide

For example:
 Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide:

2Mg+O2→2MgO2\text{Mg} + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}2Mg+O2→2MgO

This reaction is highly exothermic (releases a lot of heat) and the result is a white
powder.

 Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron(III) oxide (rust) over time:

4Fe+3O2→2Fe2O34\text{Fe} + 3\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{Fe}_2\


text{O}_34Fe+3O2→2Fe2O3

This is a slower process and often happens in the presence of water or moisture.

2. Types of Reactions:

 Burning (Combustion): Some metals like magnesium or sodium burn brightly in oxygen
and form metal oxides quickly when heated.
 Slow Oxidation: Some metals, like iron, react slowly with oxygen over time and form a
layer of oxide on the surface. For example, iron forms rust when it reacts with oxygen
and water.

3. Properties of Metal Oxides:

 Most metal oxides are basic in nature, meaning they can react with acids to form salts
and water.
 Some metal oxides (like iron oxide) are not easily reactive and may protect the metal
from further corrosion, but others (like magnesium oxide) react quickly.

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