ANSWER FOR POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

1. What are the specific features, that you choose Brgy. Siana, Mainit, Surigao del Norte, is
chosen as a study area?

The area is situated near major fault lines, specifically the Philippine Fault Zone, which presents a
unique opportunity to study seismic hazards and their implications on local geology. The barangay's
susceptibility to geohazards such as flooding and landslides, influenced by its topography and soil
composition, provides a compelling case for studying disaster risk management and sustainable
resource utilization. These features make Barangay Siana a captivating and relevant area for
geotechnical study.

1. Among all the geohazard mentioned in your report what geohazard do you deem more dangerous
to the area? Why?
Among the geohazards in Barangay Siana, landslides pose the greatest danger due to
several key factors. The area's clayey upland and alluvial soils are highly susceptible to instability
when saturated with water from heavy rainfall, increasing the likelihood of slope failures.
The region's rolling hills and steep slopes further exacerbate this risk, creating conditions
conducive to landslides. Recent incidents, such as the landslide on May 11, 2024, which damaged
homes and displaced families, highlight the immediate threat to the community.
Additionally, the proximity to the Philippine Fault Zone means that seismic activity can destabilize
slopes, compounding the risk. Overall, the combination of unstable soil, challenging topography,
recent landslide events, and seismic hazards makes landslides the most significant threat to
Barangay Siana, necessitating focused risk mitigation efforts.

2. Did you conduct soil testing; if yes, what are the result? If no, why?
No!!! Because you haven’t taught us how to perform soil testing yet sir.

Here are fifteen possible questions your professor might ask about the geotechnical study of
Barangay Siana, along with detailed answers:

1. **What are the primary geohazards identified in Barangay Siana?**

- The primary geohazards identified in Barangay Siana include flooding, landslides, and
earthquakes. Flooding is a significant concern due to the area's proximity to water bodies, such as
Lake Mainit, which can overflow during heavy rainfall. Landslides are prevalent because of the
steep terrain and unstable soil composition. Additionally, the region is located near the Philippine
Fault Zone, making it susceptible to seismic activity.

2. **Why is Barangay Siana considered vulnerable to landslides?**

- Barangay Siana is vulnerable to landslides due to several interrelated factors. The area has
clayey upland and alluvial soils, which are prone to instability when saturated with water from
heavy rainfall. The steep topography of the region further exacerbates this risk, as the combination
of saturated soils and inclined slopes creates conditions conducive to slope failures. Recent events,
such as the landslide on May 11, 2024, illustrate the immediate threat posed by this hazard.
3. **What geological features contribute to the area's susceptibility to earthquakes?**
- The susceptibility of Barangay Siana to earthquakes is primarily due to its location near the
Philippine Fault Zone, a significant tectonic feature known for its seismic activity. The Surigao
segment of this fault is located approximately 11 kilometers east of Siana, and the area has a
history of producing substantial ground shaking. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has classified this fault as active, indicating a potential for significant
seismic events that could impact the community.

4. **How do mining activities impact the geohazards in Siana?**

- Mining activities in Barangay Siana, particularly those associated with the Siana Gold Project,
can significantly impact geohazards. The excavation and alteration of land can destabilize soil
structures, increase erosion, and disrupt natural drainage patterns. These changes can heighten
the risk of landslides, especially during heavy rainfall. Additionally, mining operations can lead to
the accumulation of water in pits, which can further exacerbate flooding and landslide risks.

5. **What role does climate play in the geohazards faced by Barangay Siana?**
- The climate in Barangay Siana is classified as Type II, characterized by heavy rainfall during the
northeast monsoon season, particularly from November to January. This climate pattern
contributes to the accumulation of water in the soil, increasing the risk of flooding and landslides.
The frequent occurrence of typhoons in the region further exacerbates these hazards, as intense
rainfall can lead to rapid water accumulation and soil saturation, making the terrain more
susceptible to geohazards.

6. **What recent event highlighted the dangers of landslides in the area?**

- A significant landslide occurred on May 11, 2024, in Barangay Siana, which damaged 25 homes
and displaced over 200 families, affecting a total of 1,033 individuals. This event underscored the
immediate threat that landslides pose to the community, particularly in light of heavy rainfall and
the instability of the surrounding soil. Fortunately, preventive evacuation measures were
implemented, which helped avoid fatalities.

7. **What measures can be taken to mitigate the risks of geohazards in Siana?**

- To mitigate the risks of geohazards in Barangay Siana, several measures can be implemented.
These include integrating geosynthetics, such as geogrids and geotextiles, to strengthen soil
structures and prevent erosion. Chemical stabilization techniques, involving the addition of
materials like fly ash or lime, can enhance soil properties and reduce landslide risks. Public
awareness programs can educate residents about geohazard preparedness, while strict
environmental policies can ensure that mining and land-use practices adhere to best practices for
risk reduction.

8. **How does the topography of Barangay Siana influence its geohazard risks?**
- The topography of Barangay Siana, characterized by rolling hills and steep slopes, significantly
influences its geohazard risks. The steep terrain creates conditions that are conducive to
landslides, particularly when the soil becomes saturated with water during heavy rainfall. The
combination of inclined slopes and unstable soil increases the likelihood of slope failures,
especially during extreme weather events, making the area particularly vulnerable to landslide
occurrences.

9. **What are the mineral resources found in Barangay Siana, and why are they significant?**
- Barangay Siana is rich in mineral resources, particularly epithermal gold and porphyry-type
copper-gold deposits. These mineral resources are significant for several reasons: they contribute
to the local economy through mining activities, provide employment opportunities, and have the
potential to attract investment in the region. However, the extraction of these resources must be
balanced with environmental considerations to mitigate the associated geohazards.

10. **What is the importance of understanding the geological settings of Barangay Siana?**
- Understanding the geological settings of Barangay Siana is crucial for several reasons. It aids in
improving disaster risk management by identifying areas prone to geohazards and informing
community preparedness strategies. Additionally, knowledge of the geological composition and
environmental conditions can guide sustainable resource utilization, ensuring that mining and
agricultural practices do not exacerbate geohazards. This understanding is essential for the long-
term safety and resilience of the community.

11. **What types of soil are present in Barangay Siana, and how do they affect land use?**
- The soils in Barangay Siana include alluvial soils found in river valleys and floodplains, which
are fertile and suitable for agriculture, particularly for crops like rice and corn. Upland soils, located
in higher elevations, are used for coconut cultivation. The presence of these soil types influences
land use decisions, as fertile alluvial soils support agricultural productivity, while upland soils may
be more susceptible to erosion and landslides.

12. **How does the presence of Lake Mainit affect the geohazards in Barangay Siana?**
- Lake Mainit, located near Barangay Siana, plays a significant role in the area's geohazards. Its
proximity to the barangay means that heavy rainfall can lead to overflow, increasing the risk of
flooding in nearby residential areas. Additionally, the lake's natural drainage function can be
compromised during extreme weather events, exacerbating flooding risks. The interaction
between the lake and surrounding topography must be carefully managed to mitigate these
hazards.

13. **What are the potential impacts of climate change on geohazards in Barangay Siana?**
- Climate change may exacerbate geohazards in Barangay Siana by increasing the frequency and
intensity of extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfall and typhoons. This could lead to more
frequent flooding and landslides, as saturated soils become less stable. Additionally, changes in
precipitation patterns may affect water availability and agricultural productivity, further impacting
the community's resilience to geohazards.

14. **What role do local government and community organizations play in disaster risk
management in Siana?**
- Local government and community organizations play a vital role in disaster risk management
in Barangay Siana by implementing policies, conducting risk assessments, and organizing
preparedness initiatives. They are responsible for educating residents about geohazards,
coordinating evacuation plans during emergencies, and ensuring that infrastructure development
adheres to safety standards. Collaboration between government and community stakeholders is
essential for effective risk reduction.

15. **How can technology be utilized to enhance geohazard monitoring and management in
Barangay Siana?**
- Technology can enhance geohazard monitoring and management in Barangay Siana through
the use of remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and early warning systems.
Remote sensing can provide real-time data on rainfall patterns and land movement, while GIS can
help visualize and analyze geohazard risks. Early warning systems can alert residents to impending
hazards, allowing for timely evacuations and preparedness measures.

1. **As a student, what can you do to mitigate further geohazards?**

- As a student, you can contribute to mitigating geohazards in several ways:
- **Awareness and Education:** Educate yourself and your peers about the geohazards specific
to Barangay Siana, such as flooding, landslides, and earthquakes. Share this knowledge through
workshops, presentations, or social media to raise awareness in the community.
- **Community Engagement:** Participate in local community initiatives focused on disaster
preparedness and risk management. Volunteer for organizations that promote environmental
sustainability and geohazard awareness.
- **Research and Advocacy:** Conduct research on effective mitigation strategies and advocate
for their implementation. Engage with local government and stakeholders to propose evidence-
based solutions for reducing geohazard risks.
- **Sustainable Practices:** Promote sustainable land-use practices among your peers,
encouraging responsible mining and agricultural practices that minimize environmental impact
and reduce geohazard risks.
- **Emergency Preparedness:** Encourage the development of emergency preparedness plans
within your community, including evacuation routes and safety protocols during geohazard
events.

2. **Give me an overview or summary of your report.**

- The report focuses on the geohazards present in Barangay Siana, Mainit, Surigao del Norte,
highlighting the area's vulnerability to flooding, landslides, and earthquakes. It discusses the
geological and environmental factors contributing to these risks, such as the region's clayey soil
composition, steep topography, and proximity to the Philippine Fault Zone. The report emphasizes
the impact of climate, particularly heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, on exacerbating
these hazards.

Additionally, it addresses the influence of mining activities on the stability of the land and the
potential for increased geohazard occurrences. Recent events, including a significant landslide in
May 2024, underscore the urgent need for effective risk management strategies. The report
concludes with recommendations for mitigating geohazards, including the integration of
geosynthetics for soil stabilization, public awareness programs, and strict environmental policies
to guide sustainable land use. Overall, the report aims to provide actionable insights for improving
disaster risk management and ensuring community safety in Barangay Siana.

SCRIPT FOR REPORT

Here's a suggested script for each subtopic based on the content of your report on Barangay Siana.
You can adjust the wording to fit your style and presentation needs.

### Slide 1: Title Slide

"Good [morning/afternoon], everyone. Today, I will be presenting our report on the GEOLOGIC
REPORT OF Barangay Siana, Mainit, Surigao del Norte. This study aims to understand the
geological risks in the area and propose strategies for mitigation."

### Slide 2: Introduction

"In this section, we will discuss the importance of understanding geohazards in Barangay Siana.
The barangay is located near major fault lines and has a unique geological composition that makes
it susceptible to various environmental risks. Our goal is to uncover the critical factors contributing
to these geohazards and provide actionable insights for disaster risk management."

### Slide 3: About the Study Area

"Barangay Siana, with a population of 970, is situated in a mountainous region of Surigao del
Norte. It is characterized by rolling hills and is close to Lake Mainit, the deepest lake in the
Philippines. The geographical features and elevation of the area play a significant role in its
vulnerability to geohazards."

### Slide 4: Physiography, Climate, and Vegetation

"The physiography of Barangay Siana includes moderately hilly terrain with elevations reaching
about 56 meters above sea level. The region experiences a Type II climate, with heavy rainfall
during the northeast monsoon. This climate pattern contributes to the area's susceptibility to
flooding and landslides, especially during intense weather events."

### Slide 5: Environmental Features

"Several notable environmental features surround Barangay Siana, including Lake Mainit and the
Mapaso Hot Spring. The area is rich in biodiversity, with distinct habitats such as forests, wetlands,
and agricultural lands. However, these natural features also influence the geohazards faced by the
community."

### Slide 6: Land Use and Infrastructures

"Mining operations, particularly the Siana Gold Project, are a significant aspect of land use in the
area. The presence of mining infrastructure, such as processing plants and power stations,
supports economic development but also raises concerns about environmental stability and
geohazard risks."
### Slide 7: Mineral Resources
"The Siana area is rich in mineral deposits, including epithermal gold and porphyry-type copper-
gold. These resources are economically valuable, but their extraction must be managed carefully
to prevent exacerbating geohazards like landslides and soil erosion."

### Slide 8: Soil/Rock Characteristics

"The soil and rock types in Barangay Siana include alluvial soils, which are fertile and suitable for
agriculture, and upland soils used for coconut cultivation. The geological features, such as andesite
porphyry and intruded sediments, influence land use and the area's susceptibility to geohazards."

### Slide 9: Fault Lines

"Barangay Siana is located near the Philippine Fault Zone, which is known for its seismic activity.
The proximity to this active fault increases the risk of earthquakes, making it essential to
understand the potential impacts on the community and infrastructure."

### Slide 10: Geohazards

"In this section, we will discuss the specific geohazards affecting Barangay Siana. These include
flooding, landslides, and earthquakes. Each of these hazards poses unique risks to the community,
and understanding their causes is crucial for effective management."

### Slide 11: Flooding

"Flooding is a significant concern in Barangay Siana due to its low-lying areas near rivers and water
bodies. Heavy rainfall can lead to overflow, impacting residential areas. The combination of
topography and climate increases the vulnerability to flooding events."

### Slide 12: Earthquake

"Although PHIVOLCS has deemed Siana relatively safe in terms of seismic hazard, the potential for
ground shaking during major seismic events remains a concern. Intensity VIII ground shaking could
lead to structural damage and disruption of essential services."

### Slide 13: Landslide

"Landslides are a critical geohazard in Barangay Siana, particularly due to the area's clayey soils
and steep slopes. Recent incidents, such as the landslide in May 2024, highlight the urgent need
for effective risk management strategies to protect the community."

### Slide 14: Findings

"Our findings indicate that Barangay Siana is highly vulnerable to geohazards due to its
geographical location, geological composition, and human activities. The interplay between
natural forces and mining operations exacerbates the risks, making it essential to implement
effective mitigation measures."

### Slide 15: Conclusion

"In conclusion, the community of Siana plays a vital role in the ecological and economic landscape
of Surigao del Norte. While the area has significant mineral resources and agricultural potential, it
also faces high geohazard risks. Effective protection and risk management strategies are essential
to ensure the safety and sustainability of the community."

### Slide 16: Recommendations

"To mitigate geohazards in Barangay Siana, we recommend integrating geosynthetics for soil
stabilization, implementing strict environmental policies, and conducting public awareness
programs. Sustainable land-use planning should also be prioritized to guide development and
reduce risks."

### Slide 17: References

"Finally, I would like to acknowledge the sources that contributed to our report. These include
research articles, government reports, and geological studies that provided valuable insights into
the geohazards and environmental conditions in Barangay Siana."

Feel free to modify any part of the script to better fit your presentation style or specific content.
Good luck with your report!

**Title: Geohazards and Their Implications in Barangay Siana, Mainit, Surigao del Norte**

---

**I. Introduction**

*Good day everyone, and thank you for being here today. I am excited to present my case study
on the geohazards and their implications in Barangay Siana, located in Mainit, Surigao del Norte.
This study is crucial as it aims to understand the geological situations, human activities, and natural
processes that contribute to the geohazards in this area.*

- **Purpose of the Study**

- *The primary goal of this study is to explore the complex relationship between the geological
composition of Barangay Siana and the various factors that lead to geohazards. By doing so, we
hope to uncover critical insights that can improve disaster risk management and promote
sustainable resource utilization in the community.*

---

**II. About the Study Area**

*Now, let’s delve into the specifics of the study area.*

- **Location and Demographics**

 - *Barangay Siana is situated in Mainit, Surigao del Norte, with a population of approximately
970, which accounts for about 3.46% of Mainit's total population according to the 2020 Census.
The geographic coordinates of Siana are approximately 9.5391° N and 125.5739° E, and it sits at
an elevation of about 56 meters, or 183 feet, above sea level.*

- **Geographical Features**
- *The terrain is characterized by rolling hills and steep slopes, with notable landmarks such as
Mount Buhangin, which stands at 664 meters, and Mount Tendido, reaching 865 meters.
Additionally, Siana is located near Lake Mainit, the deepest lake in the Philippines, which is about
10 kilometers to the north.*

---

**III. Physiography, Climate, and Vegetation**

*Next, let’s discuss the physiography, climate, and vegetation of Barangay Siana.*

- **Terrain and Soil**

- *The area features moderately hilly terrain that provides suitable conditions for diverse
vegetation. The soil is rich in minerals, particularly gold, and mining activities are evident
throughout the region.*

- **Climate**
- *Barangay Siana experiences a Type II climate, which means there is no consistent dry season.
The northeast monsoon brings heavy rainfall, particularly during the months of November to
January. Furthermore, the barangay is situated within the typhoon belt, making it susceptible to
frequent typhoons.*

- **Vegetation**
- *The fertile alluvial deposits in the valleys support agricultural productivity, allowing for the
cultivation of rice, corn, and root crops. The presence of nickeliferous laterites in some areas
further highlights the region's mineral wealth.*

---

**IV. Environmental Features**

*Now, let’s explore the environmental features of Barangay Siana.*

- **Landmarks and Habitats**

- *Significant landmarks include Lake Mainit and the Mapaso Hot Spring, which is a popular
tourist attraction. The area is home to four distinct habitats: remnants forest, agro-agricultural
land, secondary forest, and wetlands, each contributing to the region's biodiversity.*
- **Ecosystem Impact**
- *The neighboring river systems and highlands sustain a variety of ecosystems, creating a rich
mosaic of habitats that are vital for local wildlife and plant species.*

---

**V. Land Use and Infrastructures**

*Moving on to land use and infrastructure in Barangay Siana.*

- **Mining Operations**
- *The barangay is well-known for its mining operations, particularly the Siana Gold Project
operated by Greenstone Resources Corporation. This project includes a processing plant, a power
station, and various support facilities that are essential for gold production and related activities
in the region.*

---

**VI. Mineral Resources**

*Let’s discuss the mineral resources found in Barangay Siana.*

- **Geological Composition**
- *The area is rich in mineral deposits, including epithermal gold and porphyry-type copper-gold.
Mineralization occurs in both limestone and basalt formations, with significant ore found in high-
grade "massive sulfide" bodies and disseminated gold within limestone.*

---

**VII. Soil/Rock Characteristics**

*Next, we will look at the soil and rock characteristics in the area.*

- **Soil Types**
- *There are two primary soil types in Siana: alluvial soils, which are found in river valleys and are
fertile for agriculture, and upland soils, which are located in higher elevations and are primarily
used for coconut cultivation.*

- **Rock Types**
- *The rock types include Andesite Porphyry, which hosts gold and sulfide mineralization, and
intruded sediments that are associated with gold mineralization in the area.*

---
**VIII. Fault Lines**

*Now, let’s examine the fault lines in the region.*

- **Seismic Activity**
- *Barangay Siana is located close to the Philippine Fault Zone, a significant tectonic feature that
runs through Eastern Mindanao. The closest section of this fault, known as the Surigao segment,
is about 11 kilometers to the east. This area has a history of seismic activity, which poses risks to
the nearby towns.*

---

**IX. Geohazards**

*Now, we will discuss the geohazards that affect Barangay Siana.*

- **Flooding**
- *Due to its low-lying location near rivers and water bodies, Siana is highly susceptible to
flooding, especially during heavy rainfall. The proximity to Lake Mainit and Dayano Pond increases
the risk of overflow, leading to flooding in residential areas.*

- **Earthquakes**
- *Siana is vulnerable to ground shaking due to its proximity to the Surigao segment of the
Philippine Fault. Although classified as safe by PHIVOLCS, assessments suggest that during major
seismic events, potential intensities could reach up to Intensity VIII, which can cause significant
damage to infrastructure.*

- **Landslides**
- *The soil in the area, primarily upland and alluvial with clayey characteristics, is prone to
landslides, particularly when disturbed by mining activities. A recent landslide incident on May 11,
2024, caused significant damage, affecting over 1,000 people and displacing more than 200
families.*

---

**X. Findings**

*Let’s summarize the key findings from the study.*

- **Geohazard Vulnerability**
- *Barangay Siana is extremely vulnerable to seismic hazards due to its geographical location near
fault lines. The region is also susceptible to flooding, landslides, and soil liquefaction, particularly
during extreme weather events.*
- **Impact of Human Activities**
- *Mining operations have disrupted the natural stability of the land, increasing the risks of
geohazards. The excavation activities have made the area more susceptible to ground movement
during seismic and monsoon events.*

---

**XI. Conclusion**

*In conclusion, the community of Siana is significant for its environmental, economic, and
geological aspects. However, it faces numerous challenges from natural hazards and human
activities.*

- **Importance of Siana**
- *The region's sloping hills and proximity to Lake Mainit create a unique landscape, but the heavy
rainfall and typhoon threats pose challenges for resource management.*

- **Need for Effective Management**

- *It is essential to implement effective disaster risk management strategies and sustainable
practices to mitigate the impacts of geohazards in the area.*

---

**XII. Recommendations**

*Finally, I would like to present some recommendations based on the findings of this study.*

- **Geohazard Mitigation Strategies**

- *First, we recommend the integration of geosynthetics, such as geogrids and geotextiles, to
strengthen soil structures and stabilize slopes.*
- *Second, chemical stabilization techniques can be employed to enhance soil properties,
reducing the risk of landslides.*
- *Public awareness programs should be initiated to educate locals about geohazards and
preparedness strategies.*
- *Strict environmental policies must be implemented to ensure that land use and mining
operations adhere to best practices for reducing geohazards.*
- *Lastly, sustainable land-use planning should incorporate geohazard risk assessments to guide
development and avoid high-risk areas.*

---

**XIII. References**
*I would like to acknowledge the sources that contributed to this study, including government
reports, geological surveys, and academic articles. These references provide valuable insights and
data that support our findings.*

---

**Closing Remarks**

*Thank you all for your attention. I hope this presentation has provided you with a comprehensive
understanding of the geohazards in Barangay Siana and the implications for the community. I
welcome any questions or discussions regarding the findings and recommendations presented
today.*