19th Century as Rizal

& the Philippines

Context

Bernard John C. Abad, LPT

How did Rizal become who he
was?

19th century
To better understand how Rizal
became who he was, let’s look
back at what was happening in
the 19th century.
 Questions to Ponder
● What were the reasons why nationalism developed in
the 19th century?
● How did the political, economic, and religious beliefs
affect national development?
● What was the Political Situation of the Philippines during
the 19th Century?
● How did this affect the Philippines? Did it have a
positive or negative effect? if yes what are these?
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
● identify the conditions of the Philippines during

Rizal time;
● examine the developments of the world during

the 19th century;

● relate these conditions to the present time; and

● identify events in Philippine history that arouse

Filipino consciousness about nationalism.

 The 19th Century: A Time of Transformation

Birth of modernity
– it is a break from
traditional ways.
 What is nationalism???

● A sense of feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe

that they possess common traditions, culture, and common ideas
or goals (Rizal’s impact of national identity).

● A sense of loyalty or psychological attachment that members of a

nation share, based on a common language, history, culture, and
desire for independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000).
 Growth and Development of Nationalism
● French Revolution of 1789
● American Revolution - Liberty
of 1776 - Fraternity
- Equality
 Nationalism…

● Unity ● Superiority
● Progress ● Aggressive/chaos
● Independence
 Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and
Democracy
● Liberalism ● Democracy
- Promulgate laws
- Liberty - Undertake reforms
- Equality - Abolition of slavery
- Suffrage
- People's rights
 Political Instability in SPAIN

● There was a struggle between liberals and

conservatives.
● Charles & Isabella II
● Spain lost most, if not all of its colonies in
South America in the 19th century.
 Political Instability

● Constant Practice of replacing Governor-Generals

● Failure to make consistent policies
● Graft and corruption
● Failure to provide for basic needs
● Taxes were never fully utilized
● Limited participation of Filipinos in the government
Economic Development (Pre-Spanish Era)
 Economic Development

1. Why there was economic growth in the 19th

Century?
● Mercantilism to Free Trade;

● The Philippines was officially opened to foreign trade

by 1834;
● Disadvantage for the colony (Spain) advantage to the

Philippines;
 Economic Development

● Opening of the ports to world trade/The opening of the

Suez Canal in 1869;
● Rise of the export economy;
● Rise of the Filipino in the middle class; and
● Education of their children
Illustrados
 Administrative Organization
● Governor-General
● Appointed by the Monarch
● Kings Official Representative to the Colony
● President of the Audiencia
● Vice Royal Patron
● Commander-in-Chief
● Cumplase
● Encomienda System
 Administrative Organization

● Provinces/Alcaldias
- Alcalde Mayor
● Towns

- Gobernadorcillo
- Elected by All married males
- Tax Collectors
● Cities

- Ayuntamiento
- Alcalde
 Barangay
- Cabeza de Barangay
- Maintain peace and order
- Collect taxes
- Smallest unit of government
● Friars-
● - Supervising representative of the government for all local
affairs.
- Reason for frequent changes of government
- Frailocracy
● Guardia Civil
- A corps of native police under the leadership of
Spanish officers for the purpose of dealing with
outlaws and renegades.
- Organized in 1867.
- Filibusteros
- Erehes
● Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia
- Established in 1583 to act as the Supreme Court of the
colony, served as an advisory body to the governor,
and audited the expenditures of the government.
● Residencia

- Judicial institution headed by the incoming governor-

general and other Spanish officials for the purpose of
punishing those guilty of corruption, but the case may be
appealed to the king of Colony.
● Visitador-General
- Investigator sent by the King or an official
dispatched by the Council of Indies in Spain
to check the behavior of the high officials in
the colony.
 Social Structures of Filipino Society: Birth
of the Middle Class
● Peninsulares
● Insulares
● Mestizo
● Middle Class
● Indio
 Educational System
● UST
- Jesuits are responsible for the creation of Escuela
Normal de Maestros and Ateneo de Municipal
- Instilled among Filipino students a sense of
nationalism through their humanistic form of
education (human dignity, justice, and equality of all
men).
 The Jesuits did not surely
teach us the love of country,
but they have shown us all
Educational that is beautiful and all that is
best.
System
 Educational System
● Weaknesses of the Spanish
Edu. System.
● Educational decree of
- Over-emphasis on religion
1863 - Limited and irrelevant curriculum
● Spanish shall be the - Obsolete classroom facilities
medium of instruction - Inadequate instructional materials
in all schools. - Absence of academic freedom
- Racial prejudice against the
Filipinos
 Economic Situation

● The country was open to foreign trade in 1834.

 Unification of the Philippines
under Spanish Rule

● Spain ruled for more than 300 years.

● Reduccion by Fr. Juan de Plascencia
 During his time there was a
widespread call for
FREEDOM in the Philippines

Political Condition

To understand better, we
need to look back to the
16th century.
 Political Condition

Love one another; all men are

equal.
They used
religion to
justify their
actions.
Early resistance to Spanish rule

● Taxation
● Polo y Servicio
● Indulto de Comercio
● Galleon trade
● Government monopolies
Early resistance to Spanish rule

● Revolts
● regain their lost freedom

● agrarian unrest/problem

● Resist against the imposed institution

● Desire to revert to their native religion

 The emergence of Filipino Sense
of Nationhood
● The emergence of the Filipino STRONG sense of nationhood took
place on the last years of Spanish rule in 1890. The development of
nationalism in the 19th century was attributed to the ff:
● Industrial Revolution
● Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
● Rise of the Class Media
● Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
● Racial Discrimination
● Secularization Controversy
● Cavite Mutiny of 1872
 Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela
Torre
● Carlos Ma. Dela Torre demonstrated his democratic and liberal
philosophy in governing the country. For the first time, Filipinos
were allowed to talk about freedom and democracy openly.
● Freedom of Speech and press was guaranteed and recognized.
● Father Burgos and other Filipino clergy were motivated to work
for the Filipinization of parishes throughout the country.
● Rafael de Izquierdo.
 Secularization Controversy
● Began as a religious issue on the right of regular
and secular priests to administer the parishes.
● The issue became a racial controversy.
● Fr. Pedro Pelaez vicar of Manila in 1861.
 GOMBURZA

● Father Jose Burgos

- He continues what father Pelaez
started.
- Fought for equality between
regulars and secular.
- Transformed an ecclesiastical
conflict to a larger issue of
Filipino equality with the
Spaniards.
● Father Burgos became a
threat to the friars and the
Spanish colonial government
in the country.
● He, along with Father Gomez
and Zamora was accused of
starting the Cavite Mutiny.
 Conclusion

● Instability in colonial administration- frequent changes of policies.

● Corrupt Colonial officials
- corrupt, incompetent, and cruel.
- arrogant and superior because of fair skin and long noses.
- Became rich by illegal means
● No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
- Ventura de los Reyes
● Human Rights denied to Filipinos
- Spaniards enjoyed human rights but were denied to the Filipinos
● No equality before the law
- Filipinos were forced to embrace Christianity and brothers and sisters.
● Maladministration of Justice
- partial, biased, and slow
Nationality is the basis of winning the case
● Racial Discrimination

● Frailocracy

- Fernando Bustamante
● Forced labor

● Haciendas owned by the friars

● Guardia Civil
 Formation of Nation

Jose Burgos Marcelo H. del Pilar Rizal Bonifacio

If Rizal were born today,
would he still be the same
Rizal that we knew?
 “We all make choices, but in
the end, our choices make us”

Andrew Ryan
Strategy: Fill it up
Instruction: Make a summary of the topic discussed using the graphic organizer
provided below.