MODULE 01

INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Describe why computer literacy is so important in today's world.

2. Describe the five components of a computer: input devices, output devices, storage
devices, and processors, and communication devices
3. Separate system software from application software.
4. Differentiate between computer kinds, sizes, and functions.
5. Personal computers (desktop), mobile computers and mobile devices, game consoles,
servers, mainframes, supercomputers, and embedded computers are examples of
these categories.
6. Describe how home users, small office/home office users, and mobile users, power
users, and enterprise users all interact with computers in different ways.
7. Discuss how computers are used in society for education, finance, and
government,health care, science, publishing, tourism, and manufacturing are all
examples of industries.
8. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks that users encounter while interacting with
computers

LOADING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Learning the components and operations of a computer is the thrilling
journey you are about to embark on. You will learn the fundamentals of
computers in this module. You will get knowledge of a computer's parts. This
lesson also covers the many types of computers, computer users, and social
applications.

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 INITIALIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE

I. Develop awareness on the University and Hospitality Management Department

VMGO and the QSU Hymn by doing the following activities:
a. Make a minimum of 300-words reflection paper on the university VMGO and
Computer Department (CITCS) Write your reflection on your BIG NOTEBOOK. Refer
to the Assessment Guides for the Reflection rubrics (Rubric #1).
b. Take a video of yourself singing the QSU Hymn with the following criteria (Mastery of
the lyrics of the hymn = 50%; Timing = 35%; Rendition = 15%). Save your video and
wait for further notice on the submission.
II. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer.
1. Which of the following options encompasses computer literacy, also known as digital
literacy?
a. Computer programming b. Computers and their uses c. Computer repair
d. All of the above
2. What term is used to refer to a collection of unprocessed items, which may include text,
numbers, images, audio, and video?
a. Data b. Instructions c. Programs d. Information
3. What comprises the programs responsible for controlling or maintaining the operations of
the computer and its devices?
a. A graphical user interface (GUI) b. A communications device
c. System software d. Application software
4. Which two types of computers are desktop computers and notebook computers?
a. Servers b. Supercomputers c. Mainframe computers
d. Personal computers
5. Which category includes smart phones, PDAs, handheld computers, portable media
players, digital cameras, and wearable computers?
a. Mobile devices b. Notebook computers
c. Desktop computers d. Tower computers
III. Identify the hardware and label the image shown below. Identify the device
according to its components.
Name of the
1 5 hardware:
2 6
Name of the hardware: Name of the hardware: Component
Component: :
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hardware:
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12
hardware: Name of Name of the
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the
Name of the 9 Component
hardware:
hardware: :
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Component: 10
Name of the
Name of the hardware:
hardware: 11 Component:
14 Component:

Name of the
hardware:
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Name of the Name of the

Name of the hardware: hardware:
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hardware: Component: 15 Component:
13 2
Component:
 LESSON 1
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

LET’S PROCESS

Earliest Computer

Prior to the invention of computers, calculations were performed by people. Usually,

these human computers were working on calculating a mathematical phrase. Years of
mathematical expertise were necessary for the complex and expensive calculations of this
era.
The word "computer" first appeared in print in
1613 and was first used to describe a person who
performed calculations. This use of the word persisted
through the middle of the 20th century.

Tally Sticks

An old method of keeping track of and Tally Stick

documenting numbers, amounts, or even messages
was the tally stick.

Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical tool that helps people with mathematical calculations. In Babylonia,
the abacus was created in the year 2400 B.C. Around 500 B.C., the abacus in its most well-
known version was first utilized in China. It once performed a number of simple mathematical
operations.

Modern Abacus
Earlier Abacus
Napier’s Bones

John Napier created it in 1614. By moving the rods and positioning them in
specifically designed boards, the operator was able to multiply, divide, and calculate
square and cube roots.Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply,
divideand calculate squareand cube rootsby moving the rods around and placing them in
specially constructed boards.

Napier’s Bones
John Napier

3
Slide Rule
William Oughtred created it in 1622. Napier's theories on logarithms serve as its
foundation. used mostly for trigonometry, roots, multiplication, division, and logarithms.
Useless for addition or subtraction ordinarily.

William Oughtred
Slide Rule

Pascaline

Blaise Pascal created it in 1642. Its limitation to addition and subtraction was the
cause. It is too costly.

Blaise Pascal
Pascaline

Stepped Reckoner

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created it in 1672. the device with automatic multiplication,
division, addition, and subtraction.

Stepped Reckoner

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Jacquard Loom

Joseph-Marie Jacquard created the mechanized loom known as the Jacquard loom in
1881. It is an automatic weaving machine run by punched cards.

Joseph-Marie
Jacquard Joseph
Loom
4
Arithmometer

In 1820, Thomas de Colmarin created the TA mechanical calculator. a calculator that

was the first to be effective, reliable, and profitable. The four fundamental mathematical
operations might be completed by the machine. first commercially successful calculator.

Thomas de Colmar Arithmometer

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

It is a mechanical, automatic calculator that can compute polynomial functions. created in 1822 and 1834
by Charles Babbage, the inventor of the modern computer. The earliest mechanical computer is this one.

First Computer Programmer

Augusta Ada Byron offers the binary scheme to Babbage in
1840. She creates the Analytical Engine's programs.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine Augusta Ada Byron

Per Georg Scheutz created it in 1843. based on the difference engine invented by
Charles Babbage. the first calculator with printing.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Per Georg Scheutz

5
Tabulating Machine
Invented by Herman Hollerithin 1890. To assist in summarizing information and
accounting.

Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine

Havard Mark 1
Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by
Howard H. Aikenin 1943. The first electro-mechanical computer.

Mark 1
Howard H. Aiken
Z1
The first programmable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from
1936 to 1938. To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a
punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.

Konrad Zuse

Z1

Atanasoff-Berry Computer(ABC)
It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John
Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and
1942.

Professor Atanasoff-Berry
John Computer
Atanasoff

6
ENIAC
ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first
electronic general-purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.

ENIAC

UNIVAC 1

The UNIVAC I(UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer.
Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

UNIVAC 1

EDVAC

EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. The First
Stored Program Computer. Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both
a stored program as well as data.

EDVAC

The First Portable Computer

Osborne 1–the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.

OSBORNE 1

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The First Computer Company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded
in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
There are five generations of computer:
•First generation–1946 -1958
•Second generation–1959 -1964
•Third generation–1965 -1970
•Fourth generation–1971 -today
•Fifth generation–Today to future

The First Generation

The original computers, which frequently occupied entire
rooms, relied on magnetic drums and vacuum tubes for circuitry and
memory, respectively.
They were incredibly expensive to run and produced a lot of
heat in addition to needing a lot of electricity, which frequently led to
failures.
A single problem could only be solved at a time by the first
generation of computers, which used machine code, the lowest level
of programming language that computers could understand.

Printouts were used for output and punched cards and paper tape for input.

Examples:
–ENIAC
–EDSAC
–UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

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The Second Generation
The second generation of computers was introduced by
transistors, which took the place of vacuum tubes.
In place of 40 vacuum tubes, one transistor was used.
enabling the development of smaller, quicker, less expensive,
more energy-efficient, and more dependable computers.
However, a lot of heat was still produced, which could
harm the computer.
Symbolic, or assembly, languages were introduced to
second-generation computers in place of the opaque binary
machine language, enabling programmers to define commands in words.
Punch cards were still used by second-generation computers for both input and output.
These were also the first computers to use a magnetic core rather than a magnetic drum
to store instructions in memory.

Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, PhilcoTransact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch,
IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

The Third Generation

The third generation of computers were distinguished
by the advancement of the integrated circuit.
Computer speed and efficiency significantly increased after
transistors were shrunk and installed on silicon chips, or
semiconductors. In billionths of a second, it could execute
commands.
Compared to second generation computers, it is much
smaller and less expensive.

Third-generation computers were controlled by users

using keyboards, monitors, and an operating system. This
method allowed the computer to execute multiple
applications at once while being controlled by a central Integrated Circuit
software that kept track of the memory.

Due to their advancements in size and price, computers were finally made available to
the general public.
Examples: Burroughs 6700, Control Data 3300, 6600, 7600, Honeywell 200, IBM
System/360, System 3, System 7

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The Fourth Generation

The fourth generation of computers emerged with the consolidation of numerous

integrated circuits onto a single silicon chip, enabling the microprocessor to deliver enhanced
capabilities. This advancement allowed these compact computers to be interconnected in
networks, ultimately leading to the inception of the Internet. Additionally, fourth generation
computers saw the development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices.

Microprocessor

The Fifth Generation

Artificial Intelligence (AI),
which is currently under
development, is being
propelled towards reality by
technologies like
superconductors and
parallel processing. The aim
is to design machines
capable of learning, self-
organizing, and responding
to input in natural
language. Various
programs, such as voice
recognition, are already in
use to achieve this goal.

SELF–CHECK!

1. This ancient technique involved recording numbers, quantities, or messages, dating back
to prehistoric times.
2. An early mechanical invention originating in Babylonia approximately around 2400 B.C.
3. Regarded as the inaugural computer with programming capabilities.
4. This groundbreaking invention represented the world's first general-purpose electronic
computer.
5. It was the initial computer utilized for business purposes.
6. The credit for inventing the modern computer goes to whom?
7. Counting the current one, there have been five computer generations in total.
8. Describe the characteristics of computers belonging to the first generation.

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 LESSON 2
BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS

LET’S PROCESS
A World of Computers

Computers are ubiquitous in today's society (Figure 1). Most cell phones and other
portable gadgets fall under the umbrella term "computer." For billions of people, computers
are the primary means of both local and global communication. Workers talk to customers,
students with teachers, and households with each other.
Due to computers, information from all around the world may be quickly accessed by
society. Local and national news, weather reports, sports scores, flight schedules, phone books,
maps, directions, job postings, credit reports, and a vast library of educational materials are
all available at any time. A computer is a multipurpose tool that allows you to make phone
calls, interact with others, share photos and videos, express yourself, shop, plan trips, file
taxes, learn new skills, receive reminders and even automate your home.
In addition to writing emails, memos, and letters, workers utilize computers for
managing calendars, calculating payroll, tracking inventories, and generating invoices.
Teachers utilize computers to supplement classroom lessons. The majority of pupils now utilize
computers for schoolwork and research. There are some students who opt to never set foot in
a classroom, instead attending lessons exclusively online.

Figure 1-1 In today's society, people use computers of many sizes and kinds.

They partake in a wide range of pastimes such as gaming, music listening, video
watching, filmmaking, reading, story telling, family history digging, photo editing, and
vacation planning.
Many people now think that knowing how to use computers is crucial to their future
success. Literacy in the digital age refers to fluency in using and understanding today's
computing devices. If you want to maintain your computer literacy as technology develops,
you'll need to stay up with these shifts.
It's possible that this module will teach you whatever you need to know about
computers right now.

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

A computer is a piece of electrical equipment that can receive data as input, process
that data according to a set of rules, generate output, and store that output for later use. The
instructions contained in its memory direct its operations.Computers process data and
produce knowledge. Text, numbers, images, music, and video are all examples of unprocessed
data that can be part of a set. For each person, information has value and meaning.

Computers are essential for many daily operations, while others heavily rely on data
obtained from them. A computer, for example, processes several pieces of data to generate a
cash register receipt, as shown in Figure 1-2.

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Figure 1-2 A computer can turn raw data into useful knowledge. In this abbreviated example, the item ordered,
the item price, the number of items ordered, and the amount received all function as data. The computer
processes the input and generates the cash register receipt. (information).

Information Processing Cycle

The information we provide into computers is transformed into what we see on the
screen. Procedures are carried out by computers following instructions, which detail the
actions to be taken by the computer in order to complete a given task. Software is a set of
interconnected programs designed to do a specific task. A computer will often save information
for later use. The information processing cycle describes the repeated steps of data acquisition,
analysis, presentation, and storage. Most computers today are networked and can exchange
information with one another. As a result, communication has matured into an essential stage
of the data processing life cycle.

LESSON 3
THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

LET’S PROCESS
The term "hardware" is used to describe the physical, electrical, and electronic
components of a computer system. A system unit, storage devices, communication
devices, input/output devices, and other devices make up these components. Some typical
elements of computer hardware are seen in Figure 1–4.

1. INPUT DEVICES

An input device is any type of hardware that can be used to enter data or instructions
into a computer. To name just a few examples of input devices, we have the keyboard, mouse,
microphone, scanner, and camera. (See Figures 1-4).
 Data is entered into a computer by typing it in using the keyboard. The added security
of a fingerprint scanner on some keyboards is contingent on your being able to
successfully recognize your fingerprint before the keyboard will allow you to do any
actions.
Function keys spread out across the top of the keyboard and are prefaced. With the use
of the letter F. Their functionality changes as a result of using the
software.
A modifier key is a modifier key (like the Alt, Ctrl, or Shift keys) that, when pressed in
conjunction with another key, alters the function of the second key.
The numeric keypad The right side of most keyboards is dedicated to a different group of keys.
Designed to be used like a calculator for speedy numeric input.
Arrow keys, These keys, located between the numeric keypad and the main keypad,
are often used to control the cursor's horizontal and vertical movement
in various software.
The Insert, Delete, Page Up, and Page Down in word processors and similar programs,
the keys are used to do a variety of tasks, including entering text and objects, removing
them, and navigating between screens.

Source: https://www.memorila.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/03/Computer-
keyboards-keys-and-their-functions.jpg

Figure 1-3 The keys on a keyboard are

pressed to provide information to the
computer.
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• A mouse is a portable, mini input device. In order to navigate the screen and make selections,
you must use a pointing device called a mouse.
• A microphone enables text-to-speech conversion when typing. A scanner takes paper
documents and digitizes them for use on a computer.
• A Web cam is a digital video camera that records video and images to a computer rather than
traditional media like tape or film.

2. OUTPUT DEVICES

Any piece of hardware used to relay information to a human being is considered an output
device. A printer, a screen, and a pair of speakers are all examples of output devices (Figure
1-4).

A printer is a device that physically creates text and images on a media like paper. The screen
of a monitor can be used to view many media formats. Speakers are devices that transmit
sound to an audience.

Figure 1-4 Keyboards, mice, scanners, Webcams, printers, displays, audio systems, central processing units, hard
drives, external hard drives, optical disc drives, USB flash drives, card readers/writers, memory cards, and modems
are all examples of common computer hardware components.

3. SYSTEM UNIT
The system unit (SU) is the housing for the computer's data-processing electrical
components (Figure 1-4). Typically, a circuit board known as the motherboard contains or is
connected to the system unit's circuitry.
Two main components on the motherboard are the processor and memory.

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The processor, or central processing unit (CPU), is the piece of hardware responsible
for decoding and enacting the computer's fundamental operating instructions.
The CPU is the "brain" of a computer system. It accesses stored programs and runs
them. Control and arithmetic/logic units are the two main parts of the central
processing unit. Everything is coordinated and controlled by the control unit. The
arithmetic/logic processor handles a variety of arithmetic (adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing) and logical (comparing) tasks.

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 Modern central processing units (CPUs) are comprised of many tiny electric switches
(transistors) on tiny silicon semiconductor chips. A computer's internal clock generates
periodic electrical pulses. The rate of activities can be managed and kept in harmony
with the help of these pulses. With a faster clock speed, more instructions may be
processed in the allotted time. The hertz (Hz), megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz) is
the unit of measurement for clock speed, with 1 Hz equaling 1 pulse per second.

Figure 1-5. A computer's motherboard is the central hub that links all of its components.

Bits and Bytes

In its most basic form, a computer is just a bunch of wires and buttons. Each
switch has only two possible settings, on and off. Putting data into a computer is as
easy as turning on a series of switches. The value of the switch is 1 if it is turned on.
In the off position, the value of the switch is 0. Bits are the individual 0s and 1s that
are used as digits in the binary number system. In a computer, a byte is the smallest
unit of storage. There are eight bits in a byte.
All sorts of information, from numbers to characters, can be represented by a
string of bytes. The computer system will automatically encode and decode data based
on the encoding method, relieving the programmer of this task. When entering data into
a computer, characters, numbers, and symbols must be encoded according to a specific
set of rules called an encoding scheme. The letter "C," for instance, takes up one full
byte in the widely used ASCII encoding.

The capacity of a computer's memory is expressed in bytes and their multiples

as follows:
 A kilobyte (KB) is about 1,000 bytes.
 A megabyte (MB) is about 1 million bytes.
 A gigabyte (GB) is about 1 billion bytes.
 A terabyte (TB) is about 1 trillion bytes.

 Memory

In a computer, data and instructions are kept in memory, which is a sequential

array of bytes. Memory serves as the processor's staging location during program
execution. Before the central processing unit (CPU) can run a program, the program and
all of its data must be loaded into the computer's memory.

As can be seen in Figure 1.6, each byte of memory is assigned its own address.
When storing or retrieving data, the address is referenced to find the specific byte. The
memory is also known as random-access memory (RAM) since its bytes can be
accessed in any order.

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 Figure 1-6. Data and code are kept in memory at certain locations that can be accessed by
their respective addresses.

4. STORAGE DEVICES
Data, instructions, and information are all stored in storage for later use. The names
and addresses of hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of customers could be stored on a
computer. These objects are being kept in storage indefinitely.
Storage media are where a computer saves its data, instructions, and information. USB
drives, hard disks, optical discs, and memory cards are all types of storage media. A storage
device can either store data on a medium or retrieve it from that medium. Devices that store
data and then read it into memory can act as input sources.

Three (3) Main Types of Storage Devices

 USB flash drives are small enough to

fit on a keychain or in a pocket, and
they are lightweight enough to be
carried easily. About 4 billion
characters can be stored on the
typical USB flash device. Source:
 https://www.everythingusb.com/media/dual
 Hard disks have substantially more -flash-drives.jpg
storage space than thumb drives. Figure 1.7. There's a lot of data that can be
stored on USB flash drives, and they're
More than 320 billion characters can
portable.
be stored on a typical hard drive. The
enclosure of a hard drive is
hermetically sealed to prevent air leakage. Some can be taken with you, but the most
majority are permanently installed in the mainframe (Figure 1-8). External or
detachable hard drives serve as the portable storage option. A removable hard drive
is one that you plug into your computer or another device that connects to your
computer, while an external hard disk is its own standalone unit.

• An optical disc is a portable, circular, plastic-coated metal disc. Optical discs

include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. Between 650 million and 1 billion characters
can be stored on a CD. Two feature-length films or 17 billion characters can be stored
on some DVDs (Figure 1-9). Blu-ray discs have a storage capacity of around 100
billion characters, or 46 hours of standard video.

Mobile devices, such as digital cameras, can store data on memory cards.
Transferring data, such as digital photographs, from a memory card to a computer
or printer, is possible with the help of a card reader/writer (Figure 1-4).

15
 Figure 1-8 The majority of disk drives Figure 1-9 A DVD in a DVD drive
reside within the main computer case.

5. COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

A computer's ability to communicate and receive data, commands, and information from
and to other computers and mobile devices is made possible via a communications device. A
modem (Figure 1–4) is a common type of communication device.

Cables, phones, cellular networks, satellites, and other forms of transmission media are
used to facilitate communication. Wireless refers to the absence of physical lines or wires in a
transmission medium, such as in the case of satellites and cellular radio networks.

 A dial-up modem transmits data over a phone line at rates of up to 56,000 bps (bits
per second).

 While dial-up modems are slow, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection may carry
data 20 times quicker than over a regular phone line.

 Since cable companies already own and operate the infrastructure for cable TV, cable
modems typically offer faster speeds than DSL.Connecting a computer to a LAN is the
job of a network interface card (NIC), which is depicted in Figure 1.10. Local area
networks (LANs) are widely deployed in many institutional settings. The 1000BaseT
high-speed NIC can send and receive data at a rate of 1 Gbps.

 Wireless networking has recently become very common in offices, cafeterias, and
classrooms. Every single laptop computer on the market right now has a built-in
wireless LAN and Internet connection, thanks to an integrated wireless LAN adapter.

Source: https://cdn5.vectorstock.com/i/1000x1000/24/09/lan-network-diagram-vector-16642409.jpg
Figure 1.10. Local area networks link together electronic gadgets that are physically close together.

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software, often known as a program, is a set of instructions for a computer, outlining
what that machine should do and how it should go about doing it. A program's user interface
is the means by which you engage with it. A graphical user interface (GUI) is common in today's
software. A graphical user interface (GUI, pronounced "gooey") allows you to communicate
with computer programs through the use of on-screen text, pictures, and icons. Icons are small
pictures that stand in for larger things like apps, instructions, and files. With the click of a
mouse, you can activate shortcuts that do things like launch a software.
System software and application software are the two types of computer programs.
Each of these types of software, illustrated in Figure 1-11 and discussed in greater detail below.

Figure 1-11 These days, a graphical user interface (GUI) is standard fare for both system
software and application software.

System Software
The programs that manage or keep the computer and its peripherals running are
called "system software." The system software is the layer between the user and the
computer's hardware through which the applications run. The operating system and
the utility software are two examples of system software.
 Operating System

A computer's physical devices can't function without an operating system,

which is a collection of applications that manages their interactions. It allows
people to interact with their computers and other programs. Many modern
computers run either Apple's Mac OS or Microsoft's Windows, the latter of
which is depicted in Figure 1-8.
Parts of the operating system are loaded into memory during startup from
the hard drive. These OS components live on in RAM as long as the machine
is powered on.

 Utility Program
A utility application is a sort of software that helps users manage and
maintain their computers, peripherals, and software. To burn digital images onto
a disc, for instance, all you need is a utility tool. The majority of OSes come with
a suite of device and media management utilities that may be used to control
things like disk drives and printers. Additional computer administration
capabilities are available as paid-for utility programs.

Application Software
Application software refers to any program that aids the user in some way,
whether it is through increased efficiency or simpler completion of certain tasks. Web
browsers, which allow users with an Internet connection to access and see Web pages
17
 or access applications, are a common form of communication-related application
software. Word processors, spreadsheet programs, database managers, and
presentation programs also rank high on the list of most-used application software.
There are many additional kinds of application software that allow people to do
different things. Personal information management, note taking, project management,
accounting, document management, CAD, desktop publishing, paint/image editing,
audio and video editing, multimedia authoring, Web page authoring, personal finance,
legal, tax preparation, home design/landscaping, travel and mapping, education,
reference, and entertainment (e.g. games and simulations) are all examples of popular
uses of computers.
You may find software at every store that sells computers, as well as on numerous
websites online.

INSTALLING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS

When you buy software from a store, the disc(s) containing the application will usually
be packaged in a box. You could be able to "download" software from a website, meaning that
it would go from the website to your computer's hard drive.
The software's instructions are saved to disk or the cloud. Locally stored software
requires installation before it can be used. This includes software on both hard drives and
optical discs. In contrast, web apps typically do not necessitate installation because they are
hosted remotely.
When you install software, you set it up so that it can communicate with your
computer, printer, and other devices. Most computers these days come with a few programs
already loaded onto the hard drive. The computer will be ready for use from the very first boot.
Insert the CD into the optical disc drive to start installing the software from the disc. When
you download software from the Internet, the site usually includes installation instructions to
help you get it set up on your computer.
The software can be used immediately after installation. The term "loading" refers to
the process by which a computer copies an executable program from its permanent storage
location into RAM when instructed to launch an already installed program. The computer will
execute the program's instructions once the program has been loaded into memory. The
process of software installation and launch is depicted in Figure 1-12.

Figure 1-12 A computer program installation and launch procedure is depicted in this
diagram.

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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Someone who creates software or writes the instructions that tell a computer how to
turn raw data into useful information is called a programmer or developer. It's not uncommon
for complex computer programs to need millions of instructions.
Computer programs are written in a programming language or with the help of a
program development tool. C++, Visual C#, Visual Basic, JavaScript, and Java are all widely
used programming languages. Figure 1-13 displays a basic Visual Basic script.

Figure 1-13a Visual Basic program Figure 1-13b User sees window after starting
instructions software.

Figure 1-13 The Payroll Information window is the result of a set of Visual Basic instructions written by
a programmer.

LESSON 4
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER

LET’S PROCESS

Computers are often broken down into seven distinct types by industry experts:
desktop PCs, laptops and mobile devices, servers, mainframes, supercomputers, embedded
computers, and game consoles. The category to which a computer belongs is determined by its
size, speed, processing capability, and cost. However, because to the nature of modern
technology, categorization is not always straightforward. As the number of computers and
other devices that use comparable technologies increases (a phenomenon known as
"convergence"), so do the number of new models released by computer makers. Modern
smartphones typically have built-in media players, cameras, and Internet browsers. The
convergence of gadgets means that users may get by with fewer devices that provide the same
level of functionality. Consumers should dispose of old electronics in an eco-friendly manner
when upgrading.
In Table 1 we have a breakdown of the seven different types of computers. In what
follows, we'll take a look at some examples of computers and other gadgets that fit each
category.

19
 Table 1 The table above provides a quick comparison of the various types of computers
available. Because of how quickly technology evolves, these are simply meant to serve as
broad suggestions.

 PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Input, processing, output, and storage can all be handled by a single device in a personal
computer. Input/output devices, storage media, and processing power are all standard
components of every modern personal computer. The ability to communicate is also commonly
seen within personal computers.
Figure 1-14 depicts the PC (windows based) architecture and Figure 1-15 depicts the
Apple architecture, two of the most common types of PC architecture. Any computer that
"works with PCs" is a derivative of IBM's original PC architecture. PCs are sold by several
different manufacturers, including Dell, HP, and Toshiba. Windows is the standard operating
system for personal computers and PC-compatible machines. The Macintosh operating system
(OS) is standard on Apple computers. Desktop PCs and portable/notebook PCs are the two
main categories of personal computers.

Figure 1-14 The Windows operating system is Figure 1-15 Macintosh is the operating
widely used for PCs and PC-compatible systems. system of choice for Apple devices like the
iMac.

Desktop Computers
As seen in Figures 1-14 and 1-15 above, a desktop computer is intended to be used
at a desk or table, with all components fitting neatly on or under the surface. If you're
short on desk space but still need a computer, many models' towers are slim enough to
stand upright on the floor.

20
 Some workstations can also operate as a network server. Other desktop PCs,
including those designed for gaming or media center use, cater to more specific needs.
The desktop gaming PC is designed to provide the best possible experience for both
single-player and online multiplayer games of the highest technical complexity. A home
theater PC (HTPC) is a desktop computer with high-definition video and audio
entertainment features built in, such as a Blu-ray Disc player, a digital video recorder,
and digital cable TV hookups. These high-end computers are more expensive than
regular desktop PCs.
The workstation is a high-end desktop computer built for tasks that demand
extensive computational and graphical resources. The architect's desk is where the
design of houses and other structures takes place. Computer-animated special effects
for feature-length films and video games are created by a graphic designer working at a
workstation.

 MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES

The term "mobile computer" refers to any portable personal computer. A mobile device,
in the same vein, is a portable computer the size of an average smartphone.

The notebook computer is the most widely used form of portable computer. The
notebook PC and other mobile devices will be discussed below.

Notebook Computers

A notebook computer, often known as a laptop computer, is a small, lightweight

personal computer that may be used on the go. Notebooks are portable and small yet
can pack as much processing power as a standard desktop. A netbook is a subset of
notebook computers that is distinguishable from its larger and heavier cousins primarily
by its portability and low system requirements. Netbooks typically cost a few hundred
dollars less than conventional notebook PCs. Another kind of portable computer, an
ultra-thin notebook often measures in at less than an inch in thickness. Touch screens
are available on some laptops, allowing the user to control the machine with a simple
tap of the finger.
The monitor of a standard notebook computer hinges onto the system unit, while
the keyboard sits atop it (see Figure 1-17). Users are able to take their laptops with them
wherever they go thanks to its lightweight design, which ranges from 2.5 pounds to over
10 pounds on average (depending on setup). Most modern laptops may run either on
battery power or plugged into an outlet.

display
Figure 1-16 The display of a notebook
computer typically hinges to the main
keyboard unit and features a keyboard on top.
hinge

optical disc drive

Tablet PCs

Tablet PCs, often known as tablet computers, are a unique kind of notebook
computer with a slate-like form factor that allows you to use your finger or a digital pen
to interact with the screen. A digital pen resembles a standard ballpoint but writes using
pressure rather than ink. To input text or drawings into a Tablet PC, the user presses
his or her finger or a digital pen against the screen. Convertible tablets are a type of
Tablet PC that may be used with a physical keyboard. Slate tablets, another design that

21
doesn't feature a keyboard but yet allows you to type, are depicted in Figure 1-17. Users
of certain Tablet PCs also have the option of speaking commands into the device.
Tablet PCs excel at taking notes in situations where traditional notebook
computers would be impractical, such as in class, at a meeting, or at a conference.

Digital pen

Figure 1-17 Tablet PCs are hybrid devices that bring together the best of notebook
computers and traditional writing implements.

Mobile Devices

Pocketable mobile devices typically don't come equipped with disk drives.
Instead, some gadgets have a dedicated internal memory for storing data and programs,
or they use external memory cards or other portable storage devices. Connecting a
mobile device to a computer allows you to transfer data between the two devices.
Some portable electronic gadgets have wireless Internet access built in.
Communicate via text, send and receive emails and instant messages, and surf the web
all from the convenience of your Internet-enabled device. Mobile gadgets typically have
modest color screens due to their reduced size.
Smartphones, personal digital assistants, e-book readers, handheld
computers, portable media players, digital cameras, and wearable computers are
just some of the more common forms of mobile gadgets.
Smart Phones

A smart phone (Figure 1-18), often known as a smartphone, is an Internet-

enabled phone that typically also includes personal information management
services like a calendar, appointment book, contact book, calculator, and
notepad, and offers the convenience of one-handed use. When you upgrade to a
"smart phone," you can do more than just make and receive phone calls; you can
also check your email and surf the web. Some smartphones are capable of
wirelessly exchanging data with other gadgets and computers. In addition to
playing music and movies, many of these devices also double as cameras,
allowing you to instantly share any images or films you take with friends and
family. The majority of today's smartphones also feature the capacity to host live
video conferences, as well as a suite of useful application applications like word
processors, spreadsheets, and games.

Many modern smartphones have keypads that allow you to both dial
phone numbers and type in text messages with the press of a single button. Some
even include a little keyboard. Several of them include touch-screen interfaces. A
common alternative to making a phone call is sending a text message by tapping
the appropriate buttons on a phone's keypad, small keyboard, or on-screen
picture keyboard. Users can send several forms of text, instant, image, and video
messages from their smartphones.

• A text message is a brief message (less than 300 characters) delivered

or received on a mobile phone or other electronic device.

22
 • An instant message is an online chat that takes place in real time
between two or more people.
• A picture message is an electronic transmission of a still photograph or
other visual content, often accompanied by audio and text. It's common to
refer to a phone with the ability to send and receive images as a "camera
phone."

• A video message is a brief video clip, often under 30 seconds in length,

sent to or from a mobile phone. A video phone is a phone with the ability
to send and receive video messages.

Figure 1-18 Different models of smartphones may feature either touch displays or
miniature keyboards..

LET’S TRY THIS

SEND A MESSAGE
1. If your parents don't have a smartphone, you can always write a written message
instead. You can express your appreciation and count your blessings by sending them
an SMS, IM or video call. Wait for their responses. Convert your conversation into a
screenshot/video and send it to my Facebook Messenger: Wilyn Marzo Put a description
of the picture here.
2. Record yourself singing the QSU Hymn and send it to my Facebook Messenger: Wilyn
Marzo

PDA

Calendar, appointment book, address book,

calculator, and notebook are only few of the personal
information management tools available on a PDA
(personal digital assistant) (Figure 1-19). Word
processors, spreadsheets, budget trackers, and games are
just some of the other common applications found on
modern PDAs. Styluses are frequently used as input
devices for PDAs. In order to check e-mail and surf the
Web, many PDAs have Internet connectivity. Some can
double as a camera, a phone, and a media player on the
go. Figure 1-19 An
example of PDA

Handheld Computers

Small enough to hold in one hand, handheld computers are sometimes

known as Ultra-Mobile Personal Computers (UMPCs). Employees that are

23
always on the move, like package deliverers, can take advantage of industry-
specific handheld computers.

Portable Media Players

Digital media can be stored, managed, and

played on the go with a portable media player (Figure
1-20). Music, movies, and TV shows, as well as
images, can all be enjoyed on the screen of the gadget.
Most portable media players require digital media to
be downloaded from a computer or stored on a
removable media card.
Earbuds, or in-ear speakers, are typically
included with portable media players. You may use
your thumb or finger to scroll through your digital
media library, change the volume, and make other
adjustments on the touch screen of certain portable Figure 1-20 One such
media players, while others use a touch-sensitive pad. popular portable media
player is the iPod, which is
displayed above.
Digital Cameras

A digital camera, depicted

in Figure 1-21, is a device that, as
opposed to using film, stores images
digitally. Even though most digital
cameras have their own built-in
memory for storing pictures, most Figure 1-21 A digital camera's built-in
people still utilize external memory viewing screen allows users to instantly
cards or other compact storage evaluate whether or not a captured image is
devices. Users of digital cameras worthy of being kept.
can often preview and even alter
their photos right in the camera.

It is common practice for digital camera owners to transfer their photos to

a personal computer. Another option is to use a card reader, either built into or
attached to your computer, to read the storage media from your digital camera.

Wearable Computer

These days, wearable computers

are all the rage in the tech world. A
wearable computer, sometimes known as
a "wearable device," is a small computer
that may be used as an accessory on the
user's body, such as on the wrist.

Some wearable computers are

designed for a single purpose, like fitness Figure 1-22 One example of a
wearable computer is a Sony
trackers, while others, like the wristwatch,
watch.
offer a wide variety of "smart"
functionalities that are comparable to those found on smartphones.

Basically, devices like watches, cellphones, visors, and clothing are being
outfitted with the ability to run standard computer programs such as email,
database, multimedia, text messaging, online browsing, seeing social network
notifications, and calendar/scheduler.
Most wearable electronics are designed to be worn in one of four common
locations: on the wrist (like a smartwatch), on the arm, on the head, or around
the neck.

24
 GAME CONSOLE

Video game consoles are portable computers built for playing video games, either solo
or with others (Figure 1-23). The traditional game console consists of a portable
controller(s), a television screen, and a storage medium (hard disks, optical discs, and/or
memory cards). Game consoles may be used everywhere there is access to an electrical
outlet thanks to their portable design and small footprint. The Xbox 360 from Microsoft,
the Wii from Nintendo (pronounced "wee"), and the
PlayStation 3 from Sony are three of the most well-
known options. To learn more about the medical
applications developed for the Nintendo Wii, go see
Innovative Computing 1-1.

One can hold a handheld game system in one

hand. The controllers, display, and audio system of
a handheld gaming console are all integrated into a
single unit. Games can be stored in a cartridge, a
memory card, or a tiny optical disc in some models.
For multiplayer gaming, a lot of handheld consoles
can talk to each other wirelessly. Popular choices
include the Nintendo DS Lite and the PlayStation
Figure 1-23 Video games on gaming
Portable (PSP) from Sony.
consoles can be played for long
periods of time.
Many modern game consoles have features
beyond just gameplay, such as media playback,
fitness tracking, online connectivity, and more.

 SERVER

A server is a type of computer that acts as a hub

for a network's data, including files, applications,
and configuration settings (Figure 1-24). Servers can
accommodate anywhere from two to several
thousand users at once. Accessing files, information,
and applications stored on a server is done via client
computers or terminals. A terminal is a device that
has a screen, keyboard, and data storage space.
Figure 1-24 Access to network
resources is managed by a server.

 MAINFRAMES
A mainframe is a massive, high-priced, high-
powered computer that can support thousands of
users at once via network connections (Figure 1-25).
Massive volumes of data, code, and information are
stored in mainframes. The majority of large
companies rely on mainframes to run their
operations. Businesses rely on mainframes to
process billing for millions of customers, payroll for
thousands of staff, and inventory management for
thousands of products. According to research,
mainframes handle over 83% of all global
transactions.
Figure 1-25 Thousands of other
Data and information stored on a mainframe can computers can be linked to a
be accessed by servers and other mainframes. The single mainframe, and it can
mainframe's software is accessible via terminals and handle millions of commands per
PCs as well. second.

25
 SUPERCOMPUTERS

A supercomputer is the world's

most advanced and expensive computer
system (Figure 1-26). More than a
quadrillion instructions can be
processed by the most powerful
supercomputers in a single second.

Supercomputers are used for

applications that necessitate highly
intricate mathematical calculations. A
supercomputer is used for large-scale
simulations and applications in
industries like as medicine, aerospace, Figure 1-26 Over a quadrillion instructions may be
processed by IBM's Roadrunner supercomputer in a
automobile design, online banking,
single second.
weather forecasting, nuclear energy
research, and petroleum exploration.

 EMBEDDED COMPUTERS

An embedded computer is a type of computer designed to serve a specific purpose within

another device. There are embedded computers in many commonplace items, including:
• Consumer electronics
• Home automation devices
• Automobiles
• Process controllers and robotics
• Computer devices and office machines

Embedded computers are often compact and include minimal hardware because they
are meant to function as subcomponents of bigger items. Depending on the needs of the item
in which they are embedded, embedded computers carry out a wide range of tasks. Some
printers have embedded computers that do things like check the quantity of ink or toner, detect
when a paper jam has developed, and so on. Cars have several embedded computers, as seen
in Figure 1-27.

Figure 1-27 Particular characteristics of the embedded computers in modern vehicles are there
to make you safer, more secure, and more efficient.

EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE

Every day, billions of people all around the world use computers for a wide range of
tasks. In this part, we'll take a visual and narrative journey through the lives of five different
26
types of computer users: a home user, a SOHO user, a mobile user, a power user, and an
enterprise user.
Home User

The computer is quickly becoming an integral part of daily life in many

households. Each member of the household uses the computer for a variety of purposes.
Personal finance, the Internet, phone service, and media are all examples.

Users at home can do everything from access a wealth of information to pay bills,
manage assets, shop, listen to music, watch videos, read books, file taxes, make phone
calls, reserve flights, play games, and more. They also use online mediums such as
electronic mail, weblogs, IM, and chat rooms to have conversations with people all over
the world. Users from the comfort of their own homes utilize social networking sites to
exchange opinions, information, media, and more.

Home users can take pictures with digital cameras and share them digitally with
friends and family. Many people at home have portable media players with earbuds so
they may listen to their downloaded music and podcasts whenever they want. Also
common is a video game system or two for entertainment purposes.

Most modern households have at least one desktop computer. Some people utilize
wireless networks to connect many desktop computers in their homes. Family members
can share an Internet connection and a printer by setting up one of these tiny networks
in their home.
Software options for home users are plentiful. They use word processing software
to type up everything from letters to homework. A home user's personal finances,
investments, and family budgets can all benefit from the usage of dedicated personal
finance software. Other programs help with things like filing taxes, managing a home
inventory, planning routine maintenance, and safeguarding a computer from malware
and hackers.
Everyone in the household can benefit from reference software like an
encyclopedia, medical dictionary, or road atlas. Home users can have fun with games,
music creation, family history research, and card making thanks to entertainment
software. Both young children and adults can benefit from the use of educational
software to improve their literacy, numeracy, and linguistic skills.

Small Office/Home Office User

When it comes to managing limited resources, computers are a boon to owners

of small businesses and those working from home. Companies with less than 50 workers
and sole proprietors who conduct business from their homes are considered to be
SOHOs. Law businesses, accountancy firms, travel agency, and florist shops all have
small offices. A desktop computer is the common device for SOHO users. Smart phones
are also widely used.
Information such as addresses, directions, postal codes, flights (Figure 1-28a),
and package shipping costs can be accessed by SOHO users over the Internet, and these
users commonly do so wirelessly. A growing number of people are making their living
entirely through online trade. Their websites feature product and service promotions,
and may even offer an online ordering system.

Small businesses commonly use computer networks to share resources and cut
costs on hardware and software. To save money, a single printer is networked into the
office so that everyone may use it.
Word processors and spreadsheet applications, which aid in the creation of
documents and the management of finances, are commonplace among SOHO users
(Figure 1-28b). Other sorts of software designed for their field are undoubtedly in use.
Software that facilitates part lookup, order taking, payment processing, and stock
updating is standard at any auto parts store.

27
 Figure 1-28a (Web Access)

Figure 1-28b (Spreadsheet program)

Figure 1-28 People who work from home and those who work in compact workplaces often
rely on personal computers to perform all or most of their work.

Mobile User
Businesses and educational institutions are increasingly branching out to meet
the needs of customers all over the world. Thus, a growing number of professionals and
students are mobile users who regularly conduct business on the go using a portable
computer or tablet (Figure 1-29). People in sales, real estate, insurance, meter reading,
package delivery, journalism, and education are all examples of mobile users.
Users on the go typically have access to a portable computer and/or mobile
device. The mobile user can access services like e-mail and the Web via these computers
and gadgets by establishing a connection to a local area network (LAN) or the Internet.
Users of mobile devices can share data with users of other computers. The mobile user
relaxes by playing video games on a handheld gaming console and by watching movies
and listening to music on a portable media player.
Word processors and spreadsheet apps are among the staples of the mobile
worker's professional toolkit. Connecting a mobile computer or device to a video
projector displays the presentation in full screen, allowing the mobile user to make and
deliver presentations to a big audience.

Figure 1-29 Users who frequently find themselves away from a wired network have access to a wide
range of portable computers and devices that allow them to continue working, doing homework, sending
messages, connecting to the Internet, and playing games.

28
Power User

A work station, a powerful desktop

computer, is necessary for the tasks that a
power user performs. Proficient computer
users include scientists, engineers,
architects, desktop publishers, and artists
(Figure 1-30). Media experts frequently
employ programs that allow them to deal
with multiple formats at once, including
text, images, sound, and video. Due to the
nature of their profession, these users
require computers with incredibly fast
processors.

Expert users can take advantage of Figure 1-30 This visual designer creates
industry-specific programs on their video games on a high-end computer.
workstations. Software is used by engineers
and architects in the creation of blueprints, models, and even whole vehicles. Desktop
publishing refers to the use of software to create promotional materials. A graphic
designer relies on computer programs to realize their vision. Because of its specialized
nature, this software is typically quite pricey.
Power users can be found in every industry. Some people also have home-based
businesses. The majority of their workstations are equipped with network cards and
Internet access.

Enterprise User

Businesses with hundreds or even thousands of staff and customers spread out
across the country or the globe are called enterprises. An enterprise user is any staff
member or client who makes use of a company computer (Figure 1-31).

Enterprise computing
is a term used by many large
businesses to describe their
extensive computer network.
The network makes it easier
for workers to talk to each
other no matter where they
are. Desktops, laptops, and
smartphones all provide
users with network access.

Businesses rely on
computers and the internet to
handle thousands of
transactions every day. All Figure 1-31 A corporation may employ hundreds or even
businesses, regardless of size thousands of people at locations all across the country or
or type of goods or services perhaps the world.
given, rely heavily on
computers. They may, for instance, process payroll for thousands of workers or bill
millions of customers. Some businesses utilize weblogs to facilitate communication
between staff and clients.
Most businesses today have e-commerce websites where clients and suppliers
can interact digitally. Products, services, and other details about the business are
displayed on the website. This data is available online for customers, suppliers, and
anybody else who might be interested.

Desktop publishing software is used by a company's marketing department to

create promotional materials. Software is used in the accounting department for all

29
 aspects of the business's financial transactions: billing, invoicing, general ledger, and
payroll.
The most common office applications used in businesses are for word processing,
spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. They may also share their schedules online
via calendar programs. They may also rely on mobile devices, such as smartphones, to
save contact information. Communication between staff, vendors, and clients is
facilitated through e-mail clients and web browsers.

Today, many businesses have workers who work from home. Telecommuting
refers to an arrangement in which an employee works outside of the typical office setting
but nevertheless maintains regular electronic contact with coworkers. Telecommuting
allows workers more freedom to balance work and family commitments like child care.

LESSON 5
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY

LET’S PROCESS

The impact of computers on modern civilization is comparable to that of the

industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries.
In industries like education, banking, government, healthcare, science, publishing,
travel, and manufacturing, people have direct contact with computers. In addition, they stand
to gain from developments and innovations in these areas. What follows is a discussion of how
computers have altered how individuals engage with different fields.

Education
Learning is what education is all about. In the
conventional approach, knowledge is gained through
interactions with authoritative figures like parents,
educators, and employers. Books, guides, and
manuals are only few of the printed materials that are
utilized for education. Computers are increasingly
being used by teachers in the classroom nowadays
(Figure 1-32). Figure 1-32 Some classrooms
There are many computer labs and classrooms now allow pupils to use laptops at
their desks during instruction.
in schools and businesses. In order to use the school's
wireless network and the Internet, several institutions
mandate that students have their own mobile computer or mobile device.
Software is used to help students learn and perform tasks. As an incentive for
using computers in the classroom, numerous companies give steep price breaks to
students.
Sometimes classes are taught in one location while students study in another.
For instance, lecturers can provide their courses on the Internet. The percentage of
universities that provide online courses has risen to above 70%. There are also schools
that provide complete degrees via the internet.

Finance
Computers are widely used in households and businesses for budgeting and
accounting purposes. Some people use budgeting and financial planning software to do
things like balance their checkbooks and track their spending. Online features are an
integral part of this type of software. Online banking and stock market tracking are only
two examples of what computer users can do. With online banking, customers can
30
check their account balances, make bill
payments, and download a copy of their
monthly transactions directly from the
bank's computer system (Figure 1-33).
Online investing allows traders to
purchase and sell bonds and stocks
directly, bypassing the need for a
broker. Online investing typically has
substantially lower transaction fees per
trade compared to broker trading.

Government

By formulating and enforcing

laws, a government helps to steer a Figure 1-33 An online banking Web site
society in the right path. latest
government agencies now have
websites where citizens can access the
latest recent reports and statistics. Tax
returns, permit and license
applications, parking ticket payments,
stamp purchases, crime reports,
financial aid applications, and vehicle
registration and driver's license
renewals are just some of the many
services that people can access through
government websites.
Government workers rely heavily
on computers in their work. U.S.
Figure 1-34 Emergency, missing person,
Department of Homeland Security and criminal records stored in computer
officers, together with those from the networks at local, state, and federal agencies
military and other agencies, use a can be accessed by law enforcement officers
shared database to share intelligence using in-vehicle computers and mobile
on potential threats to domestic devices.
security. In-car computers, fingerprint
readers, and mobile devices provide law enforcement with internet access to the FBI's
National Crime Information Center (NCIC) (Figure 1-34). More than 52 million names,
fingerprints, parole/probation records, mugshots, and other pieces of information are
stored in the NCIC, which is a database of missing persons and criminal histories.

Health Care
Computers are used in practically all
medical specialties nowadays. When you go
to the doctor for a routine checkup, have lab
work or an outpatient test done, or are
hurried into the operating room for an
emergency, you can rest assured that the
medical personnel around you is using
computers for a variety of reasons:
The Internet and specialized medical
software have become indispensable tools
for doctors conducting research and making
Figure 1-35 Medical professionals rely on
diagnoses.
computers and other electronic gadgets that
 Doctors routinely communicate
employ computers to aid in diagnostic
with patients via electronic mail. procedures.
 Pharmacy claims are submitted
electronically using computers.
 Hospitals now use robots to bring medication to the nurses' stations.
31
  Computers and mobile devices are used in hospitals and by doctors to store
and retrieve patient information.
 The use of computers and other electronic equipment in the medical field.
 In hospitals and at home, patients' vital signs are tracked by computers.

Telemedicine and telesurgery are examples of long-distance health care

delivery systems. Telemedicine allows doctors and nurses to hold virtual face-to-face
meetings regardless of their physical locations. A radiologist at one hospital can discuss
a bone X-ray with a radiologist at another hospital. The X-ray and each doctor's live
view are shown on their respective computers.
Through the use of telesurgery, an operation can be carried out on a patient who
is not present in the same room as the surgeon. With the help of computers and a fast
internet connection, doctors can use telesurgery to control surgical robots remotely.

Science
Computers are used in every scientific discipline to aid in the processes of data
collection, analysis, and modeling. In addition, scientists rely on the web to keep in
touch with their peers all around the world.
The use of computers by scientists has led to numerous advances in the fields of
surgery, medicine, and treatment. These days, miniaturized computers can simulate
the brain, the retina, and the cochlea. A deaf individual can hear again with the help of
a cochlear implant. Tremors caused by Parkinson's disease can be eliminated by
implanting electrodes in the brain. Swallowing a tiny camera, also known as a "camera
pill," can help diagnose polyps, cancer, and other diseases (Figure 1-36).

Figure 1-36 This diagram explains how a camera pill captures images.

Publishing

Putting out things into the public

domain is known as publishing. Books,
periodicals, newspapers, songs, movies, and
videos all fall into this category. Graphic
designers use specialized software to put
together web pages with text, images, and
media; musicians use it to write and
improve their songs; filmmakers use it to
shoot and edit their films; journalists and
mobile users use it to record and edit video.
Figure 1–37 shows that several
publishing houses make their books
available online. You can download books Figure 1-37 The articles from several
and songs from some websites and keep periodicals are now freely available online.
them on your computer, cell phone, or other
portable media player.

32
Travel

These days, navigation systems are

standard in many automobiles. There are
many who prefer to use handheld
navigation systems while on the go, as
shown in Figure 1-38.

Reserving a car, hotel room, or plane

ticket are all common pre-trip tasks. These
kinds of services are widely available on the
Internet. Airline tickets, for instance, are
available for purchase online. You can get a Figure 1-38 This mobile device
provides users with voice-prompted,
map and directions from the Internet and
turn-by-turn instructions to their
use them in the car if you're driving there
chosen location.
and don't know the way.
Manufacturing

When computers are used to aid in

fabrication and assembly, this is known as
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
Robots frequently perform tasks in a CAM
setting. Many different sectors make use of
CAM, from the oil and gas industry to the
electricity and food industries to the
automotive sector. Industrial robots are
used in many manufacturing processes,
including the assembly of automobiles
Figure 1-39 Industrial robots are used
(Figure 1-39). to weld the bodies of cars in assembly
Hospitality and Tourism Industry lines.

Computers are being used to organize a rapidly expanding industry and to

accommodate an ever-
increasing number of guests in
far-flung locales that were
previously unknown to the wider
market until limited
destinations were able to make
themselves known to the wider
market via this medium.
From the perspective of
the holidaymaker, computers
and, more specifically, the
internet are allowing them to
browse and find the ideal
vacation that is tailored to their
specific needs and budget by
Figure 1-40 Hotel and Travel Industry Online Reservations
comparing the offerings of a wide
range of competing companies.
Entertainment

The entertainment business has been drastically altered because of computers.

Movies, games, chat, movie theater tickets, multimedia editing, visual and audio effects,
etc. may all be downloaded and viewed on a computer. Music can be listened to,
downloaded, shared, and even composed by the users.

Advertising
The computer is an effective instrument for marketers. Electronic mail, product
reviews written by various customers, and online banner ads are all effective forms of
advertising. An advertisement's visuals and audio are also produced by computers.
Advertisers may reach a global audience through the widespread use of computers.
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 Nowadays, nearly no business can afford to ignore the promotional potential of the
internet. As a matter of fact, web advertising is crucial to Google's economic strategy.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

Using computers has had numerous positive effects on society. Anyone who interacts
with a computer or makes use of the data it produces is considered a user. Access to global
data in real time has helped people in both the commercial world and at home make more
educated judgments. Another category of end-users who benefit from these resources are
students.
Advantages of Using Computers

Since computers provide benefits in areas such as speed, reliability, consistency, storage, and
communications, their use can lead to a variety of positive outcomes.

 Speed: Data, instructions, and data in a computer travel at lightening speeds along its
electronic circuits. In a single second, many computers perform billions or trillions of
calculations. Computing (adding, subtracting, etc.), sorting (alphabetizing), organizing,
exhibiting pictures, playing sounds, and playing videos are all examples of processing.

 Reliability: Modern computers are built with robust and trustworthy electronic
components that rarely break or fail.

 Consistency: A computer's output is always reliable if the same input and procedures
are used. trash in, trash out is a computing saying that emphasizes how the quality of
a computer's output is directly related to the quality of its input. If you don't use the
flash on your digital camera inside, for instance, the photographs you take may be too
dark to utilize when you upload them to your computer.

 Storage: Data can be quickly moved between storage and memory, processed, and then
stored again for later use in a computer system. Massive volumes of information are
stored in numerous computers and made accessible for processing whenever required.

 Communications: Most modern computers have the ability to exchange data with one
another, usually in a wireless format. Input, processing, output, and storage are all
parts of the information processing cycle that can be shared among computers having
this capacity.

Disadvantages of Using Computers

Disadvantages of computers include effects on people's health and privacy, as well as

on public and workplace safety and productivity.

 Violation of Privacy: Privacy breaches and identity theft have occurred frequently
when people's private and sensitive information was improperly stored in digital form
on computers.
 Public Safety: People of all ages are utilizing the internet to publish their private lives
online, including images, videos, diaries, and musical compositions. Some of these
helpless victims were simply using the internet without knowing the dangers they were
exposed to.
 Impact on Labor Force: While computers have increased output and generated an
entire industry with tens of thousands of new jobs, they have also rendered millions of
workers obsolete. Therefore, it is essential that employees maintain their level of
knowledge. Another factor having an effect on the workforce is the trend of certain
businesses to send work overseas rather than to their own country's residents.
 Health Risks: Damage to the body can occur from incorrect or excessive computer use.
The health of computer users can be protected through ergonomic workplace design,
correct sitting position, and regular breaks. Computer addiction and technological
overload are two dangers to mental health. When a person develops a compulsive need
to use a computer, we say that they are addicted to computers. People with a problem

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 with technology dependency experience distress when they are forced to go without their
laptops and smartphones.
 Impact on Environment: Both the production of computers and their byproducts,
electronic waste, are causing serious environmental damage. Computing more
efficiently and with less impact on the environment is known as "green computing."
Recycling, regulating manufacturing methods, prolonging the life of computers, and
promptly giving or properly disposing of replaced systems are among strategies that
assist green computing.

SELF–CHECK!

I. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer. Write your answers in your Big Notebook.

1. Which of the following options encompasses computer literacy, also known as digital
literacy?
a. Computer programming b. Computers and their uses c. Computer repair
d. All of the above

2. What term is used to refer to a collection of unprocessed items, which may include text,
numbers, images, audio, and video?
a. Data b. Instructions c. Programs d. Information

3. What comprises the programs responsible for controlling or maintaining the operations of
the computer and its devices?
a. A graphical user interface (GUI) b. A communications device
c. System software d. Application software

4. Which two types of computers are desktop computers and notebook computers?
a. Servers b. Supercomputers c. Mainframe computers
d. Personal computers

5. Which category includes smart phones, PDAs, handheld computers, portable media
players, digital cameras, and wearable computers?
a. Mobile devices b. Notebook computers
c. Desktop computers d. Tower computers

II. Matching. Match the terms with their definitions

_____ 1. Information processing cycle a. recordsthe
a. Performs (writes) and/or
task of retrieves
writing and/or (reads)
itemsitems
reading to andtofrom
and storage mediamedia.
from storage
_____ 2. processor
b. Ab.portable deviceon
mobile device used for storing,
which you can store,
_____ 3. storage device managing, and playing digital media.
organize, and play digital media
c. The swiftest and most robust computer,
_____ 4. portable media player
alsoc. being
fastest,
themost
mostpowerful
costly. computer — and
_____ 5. digital camera theelectronic
d. An most expensive
element responsible for
interpreting and executing fundamental
d. electronic component that interprets
computer instructions.
and carries out the basic instructions for a
e. Refers to a sequence of activities
computer
involving input, processing, output, and
storage.
e. series of input, process, output, and
f. Astorage
gadget activities
that enables users to capture
pictures and digitally store the images,
f. device
replacing that
the allows
need users to take
for traditional pictures
film.
and store the photographed images
digitally, instead of on traditional film

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 III. Identify the hardware and label the image shown below. Identify the device
according to its components.

Name of the
1 5 hardware:
2 6
Name of the hardware: Component:
Name of the hardware:
Component: Component: Name of the
hardware:
Component:

7
Name of the
hardware:
Component:
3
Name of the
hardware:
Component:

Name of the
12 hardware:
Name of the Name of the
Component: 4 8 hardware:
hardware:
Name of the Component: 9 Component:
hardware:
Component:
10

Name of the
Name of the hardware:
hardware: 11 Component:
Component:
14
Name of the
hardware:
Component:

Name of the Name of the

hardware: hardware:
Name of the
Component: 15 Component: 16
hardware:
13
Component:

DEBUG YOUR SKILLS

1. List at least 5 Computer Technology used in Information Technology and cite its features
and specifications. Follow the template below:
Computer Technology Description Features and Specifications
1.
2. Conceptualize a new technology that can be used in Information Technology Industry. Follow
the template below:
a. Name of technology:
b. Description of technology:
 Illustration - (Draw the physical appearance of the technology)
 Materials to be used – (What are the materials used for this technology?)
 Functions – (How does it works? What are it’s uses?)
c. Benefits of this technology
 Who will be the beneficiaries of this technology?
 How will they be benefited?

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 iCONNECT

You can visit these links for additional information about Computers.
1. https://youtu.be/-M6lANfzFsM
2. https://youtu.be/ExxFxD4OSZ0
3. https://youtu.be/z3KnlfATUek

COMPILE YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. One of the earliest recorded uses of the word "computer" was in reference to a person
who performed calculations or computations in 1613, and the term was used in this
sense all the way up to the middle of the 20th century.
2. The computer industry has seen five distinct generations:
The first generation lived from 1946 to 1958, the second from 1959 to 1964, the third
from 1965 to 1970, the fourth from 1971 to the present day, and the fifth from the
present day forward.
3. In order to be considered computer literate (or digitally literate), one must be up to date
on all the latest information regarding computers and their applications. Many people
now consider proficiency in using computers to be critical to their future happiness and
prosperity. You need to keep up with the latest developments in technology if you want
to maintain your proficiency with computers.
4. A computer is an electronic device that can take in information, process it according to
certain rules, generate and store the resulting information for later use. Hardware refers
to the electrical, electronic, and mechanical parts of a computer, such as the keyboard,
mouse, monitor, system unit, storage devices, and networking components. Data and
commands can be entered into a computer using an input device. Information is shared
with one or more individuals via an output device. Data processing computers have a
number of electronic parts housed in what is called the system unit. A storage device is
a machine that can store data and retrieve it later. Data, instructions, and information
can be sent and received between computers thanks to a communications device.
5. Software, often known as a program, is a set of related instructions written for a specific
purpose that instructs a computer on what to do and how to do it. System software and
application software are the two types of computer programs. The programs that
manage or keep a computer and its peripherals running are known as the system
software. The operating system is a sort of system software responsible for coordinating
the operation of the many components of a computer, whereas utility applications are
responsible for routine upkeep and management of the computer, its components, and
its software. To increase efficiency and convenience, application software can be used
for both work and play. Web browsers, word processors, spreadsheet programs,
database managers, and presentation programs are all examples of popular application
software.
6. A personal computer is one that processes all data by itself, from input to output to
storage. A mobile device is a portable computer or laptop that fits in the palm of your
hand, while a mobile computer is a portable personal computer. A gaming console is a
portable computer system that may host either solo or cooperative video games. A server
is a computer on a network that stores and processes data and programs and regulates
user access to the network's hardware and software. A mainframe is a supercomputer
that can store vast amounts of data and instructions and support hundreds or
thousands of users at once. Applications that need extremely complicated and advanced
mathematical computations are ideal candidates for usage on a supercomputer, the
world's fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computer. An embedded computer
is a type of computer designed to serve a specific purpose within another device.
7. Seven types of computer users can be identified: the casual user, the student, the artist,
the professional, and the business executive. A home user is a member of the household
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 who utilizes a computer for a number of purposes, including but not limited to, personal
finance management, Internet access, communication, and entertainment. Any
business with less than 50 workers or any sole proprietor who does business from home
is considered a small office/home office (SOHO), and both use standard business
applications as well as specialized ones for their respective fields. Workers and students
who use their computers away from the traditional workplace or classroom are known
as "mobile users." A power user is someone who works with specialized software on a
powerful computer, and they can be found in any industry. An enterprise user is
someone who works for or interacts with a large organization that relies on computers
and networks capable of handling large numbers of transactions quickly and efficiently.
8. Pupils utilize computers and software to supplement their education or participate in
distance learning. Online banking and online investing allow consumers to conduct
financial transactions and have access to financial information from the comfort of their
own homes. The public has access to up-to-date information through government
websites, and government workers often utilize computers in the course of their work.
Computers have several applications in the medical field, including patient record
keeping, diagnostic aid, insurance claim filing, surgical accuracy, and even as implants.
Computers are used in every scientific discipline to facilitate communication among
researchers and to aid in the processes of data collection, analysis, and modeling.
Computers help publishers create pages and distribute their works online. These days,
it's common to see at least one online navigation system installed in many cars, vans,
and trucks. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is used in the manufacturing
industry to aid in the manufacturing process. Online reservation systems, online
bookings, and other similar uses of computers are commonplace in the hospitality and
tourism industries. The efficiency of internal processes in the hospitality business is
also tracked, reported, and analyzed using computers.
9. Anyone who interacts with a computer or makes use of the data it produces is
considered a user (9). Quickness, dependability, consistency, storage, and
communication are just few of the benefits of utilizing a computer. Privacy and security
concerns, as well as those related to the workforce and potential health and
environmental hazards, are among the drawbacks.

REFERENCES

1.http://cslabcms.nju.edu.cn/problem_solving/images/f/f6/Discovering_Computers_Funda
mentals_Living_in_a_Digital_World_Gary_B._Shelly%2C_Misty_E._Vermaat.pdf
2. https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/csca0201_ch01.pdf

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