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Introduction

The document provides an overview of computational mathematics, focusing on numerical analysis methods for solving problems in higher mathematics. Key topics include interpolation, curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration, and the numerical solution of algebraic, transcendental, and ordinary differential equations. It emphasizes the importance of efficient algorithms in obtaining numerical results from given data.

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3 views

Introduction

The document provides an overview of computational mathematics, focusing on numerical analysis methods for solving problems in higher mathematics. Key topics include interpolation, curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration, and the numerical solution of algebraic, transcendental, and ordinary differential equations. It emphasizes the importance of efficient algorithms in obtaining numerical results from given data.

Uploaded by

kgizachewy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computational Mathematics

P. Sam Johnson

December 29, 2019

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 1 / 10


Introduction

Numerical analysis is a process to develop and evaluate the methods for


computing required numerical results from given numerical data.

The given data may be called input information, the results obtained may
be called output information.

The methods applied to obtain output information may be termed as


algorithm.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 2 / 10


Objectives

In practical applications, one would finally obtain results in a numerical


form. For example, from a set of tabulated data derived from an
experiment, a system of linear algebraic equations is to be solved.

The aim of numerical analysis is to provide efficient methods for obtaining


numerical answers to such problems.

We focus mainly on methods of numerical analysis for solving problems


arising in the following different areas of higher mathematics.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 3 / 10


Interpolation

Given a set of data values

(xi , yi ), i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n

of a function
y = f (x),
where the explicit nature of f (x) is not known, it is often required to find
the value of y for a given value of x, where x0 < x < xn .

This process is called interpolation.

If this process is carried out for functions of several variables, it is called


multivariate interpolation.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 4 / 10


Curve Fitting

Given a set of data values

(xi , yi ), i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n

a smooth curve can be drawn to pass through near the plotted points.
Such a curve is called an approximating curve.

The equation of this curve may be taken as an approximate relation


between x and y and it is called an empirical equation.

The general problem of finding equations of approximating curves which fit


a given data is called curve fitting.

The method is to fit a curve which passes through the data points and
then use the curve to predict the intermediate values. This problem is
usually referred to as data smoothing.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 5 / 10


Numerical Differentiation and Integration

It is often required to determine the numerical values of


dy d 2 y
, 2 at some x in [x0 , xn ], and
Zdx xndx
y dx
x0

for the given set of data values

(xi , yi ), i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.

The explicit nature of y (x) is not known.

For example, if the data consist of the angle θ (in radians) of a rotating
rod for values of time t (in seconds), then its angular velocity and angular
acceleration at any time can be computed by numerical differentiation
formulae.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 6 / 10


Numerical Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental
Equations

The equations of the form


f (x) = 0
are called algebraic and transcendental according as f (x) is purely a
polynomial in x or contains some other funtions such as exponential,
logarithmic and trigonometric functions etc.

The problem of solving nonlinear equations of the type

f (x) = 0

is frequently encountered in engineering.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 7 / 10


Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations

Engineering problems are often formulated in terms of an ordinary


differential equation.

For example, the mathematical formulation of a falling body involves an


ordinary differential equations. In most cases, exact solutions are not
possible and numerical methods have to be adapted.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 8 / 10


Numerical Solution of Systems of Linear Equations

Simultaneous linear algebraic equations occur in various fields of science


and engineering. Cramer’s rule is very much useful for smaller systems but
the method is found to be impracticable for large systems, since the
calculations are tedious. To solve such equations, there are numerical
methods, which are particularly suited for computer operations.

The problem of solving systems of linear algebraic equations and the


determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices are major
problems of disciplines such as differential equations, fluid mechanics,
theory of structures, etc.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 9 / 10


References

1. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis -


Theory and Applications, Cengage Learning, Singapore.
2. Kendall E. Atkinson, An Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Wiley
India.
3. David Kincaid and Ward Cheney, Numerical Analysis -
Mathematics of Scientific Computing, American Mathematical
Society, Providence, Rhode Island.
4. S.S. Sastry, Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis, Fourth
Edition, Prentice-Hall, India.

P. Sam Johnson (NITK) Introduction to Computational Mathematics December 29, 2019 10 / 10

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