Scribd
Upload
9 views16 pages

Carnot Cycle

The document provides an overview of power cycles in thermodynamics, detailing the essential components such as working substances, heat sources, and engines. It explains the Carnot cycle, its efficiency, and the formulas related to heat addition, rejection, and entropy changes. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate the application of these concepts in calculating various thermodynamic properties.

Uploaded by

luvleyvidal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views16 pages

Carnot Cycle

The document provides an overview of power cycles in thermodynamics, detailing the essential components such as working substances, heat sources, and engines. It explains the Carnot cycle, its efficiency, and the formulas related to heat addition, rejection, and entropy changes. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate the application of these concepts in calculating various thermodynamic properties.

Uploaded by

luvleyvidal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Thermodynamics 1

Prepared by:
ENGR. FRED MARK R. DELA TORRE
Course Facilitator
POWER CYCLES
Power Cycles
➢ Elements of a cycle (for Heat Engines or Power Cycles)
❖ Working Substance
Ex. Air and Steam
❖ Heat Source (Heat Reservoir)
Ex. Boiler
❖ Heat Sink (Heat Receiver)
Ex. Condenser, Cooling Tower, and Spray Pond
❖ Engine
Ex. Turbine and Engine
POWER CYCLES
 Power Cycle follow the concepts of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics applied to
cycles.
QA

Wnet

QR

𝑬𝒊𝒏 = 𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑸𝑨 = 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 + 𝑸𝑹
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑸𝑨 – 𝑸𝑹
GENERAL FORMULA FOR POWER CYCLES
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = : 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑅
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝐴

𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑅
𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = =1−
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐴

Where:
𝑄𝐴 = Heat Added
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = Available Energy
𝑄𝑅 = Heat Rejected or Unavailable Energy

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where:
𝑉𝐷 = Volume Displacement
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑝 = Mean Effective Pressure
GENERAL FORMULA FOR POWER CYCLES

 Entropy Change General Formulas


𝑇2 𝑉2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln + 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛 ;@ 𝑇 = 𝐶
𝑇1 𝑉1
𝑇2 𝑃2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ln + 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛 ;@ 𝑇 = 𝐶
𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑃2 𝑉2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln + 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑙𝑛 ;@ 𝑃 = 𝐶
𝑃1 𝑉1
Carnot Cycle
 Carnot Cycle (STST)
 Nicholas Sadi Carnot (1796 – 1832), a French engineer, was the first develop the
theory of heat engines in 1824. Carnot cycle is the most efficient hypothetical
cycle which is composed of four reversible processes.
 Two isothermal processes
 Two isentropic processes

1 – 2 Isentropic Compression
2 – 3 Isothermal Expansion (Isothermal Heat Addition)
3 – 4 Isentropic Expansion
4 – Isothermal Compression (Isothermal Heat Rejection)
Analysis of Carnot Cycle
 Cycle Efficiency
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑅
𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = = =1−
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐴
or
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 =
𝑇𝐻
Carnot Efficiency
𝑇𝐿 𝑉4
𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 − and 𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 − ( )1−𝑘
𝑇𝐻 𝑉3
 Heat Added
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑇𝐻∆𝑆 𝑜𝑟 𝑇1 (𝑆1 − 𝑆4 )
 Heat Rejected
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑇𝐿∆𝑆 ; 𝑇2 𝑆2 − 𝑆3 ; 𝑇2 𝑆1 − 𝑆4
 Heat Temperature Relations
𝑇𝐿 𝑄𝑅
=
𝑇𝐻 𝑄𝐴
 Specific Heat Ratio
𝐶𝑝
𝑘=
𝐶𝑣
Analysis of Carnot Cycle
 Net Work or Work Done
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑇𝐻∆𝑆 − 𝑇𝐿∆𝑆 = 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 ∆𝑆
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑆1 − 𝑆4
 Entropy for Carnot Cycle
∆𝑆 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆1
 Process 2 – 3 ; T = C
𝑇3 𝑉3
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ln + 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑉2
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑉1
 Recalling Constant Entropy Process: (S = C) ; Isentropic
𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
𝑃1 𝑉1𝐾 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝐾
𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.4
Note: Use absolute units for pressure and temperature.
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑘−1 𝑇1 𝑉1 1−𝑘
=( ) 𝑘 ; =( )
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑉2
 Example
1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70𝑜 F and
500𝑜 F. The pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is 400 psia and
at the end of isothermal expansion is 185 psig. Determine (a) the volume at
the end of isothermal compression, (b) ∆𝑆 during an isothermal process,
(c)𝑄𝐴 , (d) 𝑄𝑅 , (e) W, (f) e, (g) the ratio of expansion during isothermal
heating and the overall ratio of expansion, and (h) the mean effective
pressure.
2. A Carnot engine operating between 775K and 305K produces 54 kJ of work.
Determine (a) 𝑄𝐴 , (b) ∆𝑆 during heat rejection, and (c) e.

You might also like