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Definition of Linear Transformation

A linear transformation is a function between vector spaces that satisfies additivity and homogeneity. Examples include zero transformation, identity transformation, differentiation operator, and matrix multiplication. Key properties include the zero vector property, preservation of linear combinations, and concepts of rank and nullity, summarized by the Rank-Nullity Theorem.

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5 views3 pages

Definition of Linear Transformation

A linear transformation is a function between vector spaces that satisfies additivity and homogeneity. Examples include zero transformation, identity transformation, differentiation operator, and matrix multiplication. Key properties include the zero vector property, preservation of linear combinations, and concepts of rank and nullity, summarized by the Rank-Nullity Theorem.

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1.

Definition of Linear Transformation


A linear transformation is a function T : V → W , where V and W are
vector spaces over a field F . It must satisfy the following two properties for all
α, β ∈ V and c ∈ F :

• Additivity: T (α + β) = T (α) + T (β)


• Homogeneity: T (cα) = cT (α)

If these two conditions are satisfied, T is a linear transformation.


Example: Let T : R2 → R2 be defined as T (x1 , x2 ) = (2x1 , x2 ).
Verification:

1. Check Additivity:

T ((x1 , x2 ) + (y1 , y2 )) = T (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 ) = (2(x1 + y1 ), x2 + y2 )

On the other hand,

T (x1 , x2 ) + T (y1 , y2 ) = (2x1 , x2 ) + (2y1 , y2 ) = (2(x1 + y1 ), x2 + y2 )

The two results match, so additivity holds.

2. Check Homogeneity:

T (c(x1 , x2 )) = T (cx1 , cx2 ) = (2cx1 , cx2 )

and
cT (x1 , x2 ) = c(2x1 , x2 ) = (2cx1 , cx2 )
The results match, so homogeneity holds.

Thus, T is a linear transformation.

2. Examples of Linear Transformations


1. Zero Transformation: T (v) = 0 for all v ∈ V . This maps every input
v to the zero vector 0 ∈ W .

T (cα + β) = T (0) = 0 = cT (α) + T (β)

2. Identity Transformation: T (v) = v for all v ∈ V . Every vector remains


unchanged.
T (cα + β) = cα + β = cT (α) + T (β)

1
3. Differentiation Operator: If V is the space of polynomials, the differ-
entiation operator D is defined as D(p(x)) = p′ (x).
Example: Let V be the space of polynomials of degree at most 2, and
p(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1. Then,

D(p(x)) = 6x + 2

For c1 p1 (x) + c2 p2 (x),

D(c1 p1 (x) + c2 p2 (x)) = c1 D(p1 (x)) + c2 D(p2 (x))

4. Matrix Multiplication: If A is an m × n matrix, then T (X) = AX,


where X ∈ Rn . This transformation is linear because matrix multiplica-
tion respects addition and scalar multiplication.

3. Properties of Linear Transformations


1. Zero Vector Property: T (0) = 0. Proof:

T (cα + β) = cT (α) + T (β), set c = 0 and β = 0 :

T (0) = T (0 · α + 0) = 0 · T (α) + T (0) = T (0)

2. Preservation of Linear Combinations:

T (c1 α1 + c2 α2 + · · · + cn αn ) = c1 T (α1 ) + c2 T (α2 ) + · · · + cn T (αn )

4. Rank and Nullity of a Linear Transformation


• Range: The range of T , denoted R(T ), is the set of all possible outputs:

R(T ) = {w ∈ W | T (v) = w for some v ∈ V }

• Null Space: The null space of T , denoted N (T ), is the set of all inputs
mapped to 0:
N (T ) = {v ∈ V | T (v) = 0}

• Rank: The dimension of R(T ), denoted Rank(T ).


• Nullity: The dimension of N (T ), denoted Nullity(T ).

Rank-Nullity Theorem:

Rank(T ) + Nullity(T ) = dim(V )

2
5. Matrix Representation of Linear Transforma-
tions
Let T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + x2 , 2x1 − x2 ). Represent this as a matrix:
    
x 1 1 x1
T 1 =
x2 2 −1 x2

The matrix is:  


1 1
A=
2 −1

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